edicts in the provinces of Holland, Friesland, | approach of the ships. In October, 1574, the estates of Holland placed nearly all authority in the hands of the prince. A conference with the Spanish commissioners at Breda in March, 1575, led to no result. A mutiny among the Spanish soldiers engaged in pillage induced the five provinces which had adhered to Spain to join William and send delegates to the states general at Ghent (October, 1576), at which a league was formed (November) against the common enemy, and freedom of worship was granted to all denominations. In February, 1577, the new Spanish governor, Don John of Austria, issued an edict pretending to grant nearly all the demands of the patriots; but William repelled his attempts, which he had reason to believe were treacherous. His popularity now gave umbrage to a portion of the Roman Catholic nobility, who invited the young archduke Matthias to act as governor general; but his administration was only nominal, while William as lieutenant general was the virtual ruler in conjunction with the states general. Hostilities broke out anew. Don John of Austria overwhelmed the Netherlanders near Gembloux, Jan. 31, 1578, and occupied Louvain and other places. Amsterdam, however, sided with William, and Queen Elizabeth, jealous of the designs of the duke of Anjou, who at the instance of the Catholic nobles had arrived with troops from France, with the double purpose of repelling the Spaniards and supplanting William, subsidized another army of 12,000 men under the count palatine John Casimir; but both expeditions proved abortive. Alexander Farnese, succeeding as governor on the death of Don John, gained over the Walloon provinces, where William had incurred hostility by quelling an outbreak among the Catholics, and in 1579'80 took possession of Maestricht, Mechlin, and Groningen. Before this, however, the prince, through his brother John, had succeeded in uniting Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Friesland, Groningen, Overyssel, and Gelderland in a league for mutual defence and assistance. This union, which is generally regarded as the foundation of the Dutch republic, was concluded at Utrecht in January, 1579; and on July 26, 1581, the United Provinces, in an assembly at the Hague, solemnly proclaimed their independence. The sovereignty was offered to the duke of Anjou. Although "Father William," as he was popularly called, had the confidence of the whole people, he contented himself with the governorship of Holland and Zealand, in order not to give umbrage to France, and Anjou assumed the administration of the other provinces. Even after the expulsion of the latter in 1582, William refused the general government. The duke died in France in June, 1584, and before measures could be taken to appoint his successor William of Orange was assassinated. Several attempts upon his life had been made under the influence of the reward of 25,000 crowns and a patent of nobility

and Utrecht, of which he was the stadtholder. He disapproved of the rash measures of the gueux or "beggars;" but when pacific resistance became evidently unavailing, he proposed to Egmont and Horn, though in vain, forcible measures against the threatened invasion of Spanish troops. In 1567 he pacified Antwerp, where the Calvinists had risen in insurrection, and shortly afterward resigned all his offices and withdrew to Germany, four months before Alva's arrival at Brussels with a Spanish army. Horn and Egmont were seized as traitors; the "blood council" was established, and as William disregarded the summons (January, 1568) to appear before it, he was proscribed, his property was confiscated, and his son the count of Buren was sent to Spain as a hostage. William published an eloquent "Justification against the False Blame of his Calumniators," and began to raise money and troops in concert with the Protestant princes of Germany. The first operations miscarried; his brother Louis was driven back from Friesland, and William with 30,000 men in vain sought to engage Alva in battle in Brabant, and was forced to retire to French Flanders; and in the spring of 1569 he and his brothers Louis and Henry and 1,200 of his soldiers joined the Huguenots under Coligni. He had been approaching the reformed worship step by step, but it was not until four years after this that he first publicly attended communion at a Calvinist meeting. In the autumn of 1569 he returned to Germany, where he issued letters of marque to privateers to prey upon Spanish ships. The capture of Briel in April, 1572, by these "beggars, of the sea," was followed by an almost instantaneous rising throughout the provinces. Flushing, Leyden, Haarlem, Dort, and many other cities, as well as the see of Utrecht, recognized William's authority. In July he crossed the Rhine with 24,000 troops, captured Roermond, and occupied other towns, while his brother Louis had in the mean time taken Mons. But the massacre of St. Bartholomew cut him off from all hope of further assistance from France, and once more he was compelled to disband his army. Mons surrendered to the Spaniards, as well as other towns of Brabant and Flanders. In July, 1573, they sacked Haarlem, after a siege of seven months, in which they had lost upward of 10,000 men; but they failed to reduce Alkmaar, and the patriots achieved naval victories and took Middelburg. William in the mean time had collected 6,000 troops at Bommel, and early in 1574 sent orders to Louis to join him. On the way from France the latter was defeated by Ávila, and perished, together with his brother Henry. The siege of Leyden, which had been interrupted by the Spaniards in order to intercept Louis, was now resumed; but William inundated the country by cutting the dikes, and sent Admiral Boisot with a fleet to relieve the place, the Spaniards taking to flight on the

WILLIAMS. I. The extreme N. W. county of Ohio, bordering on Indiana and Michigan, and intersected by the St. Joseph's and Tiffin rivers; area, 600 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 20,991. The surface is generally undulating and the soil fertile. The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern railroad traverses it. The chief productions in 1870 were 309,099 bushels of wheat, 317,760 of Indian corn, 234,225 of oats, 89,792 of potatoes, 571,752 lbs. of butter, 144,635 of wool, and 30,216 tons of hay. There were 6,761 horses, 6,682 milch cows, 8,257 other cattle, 39,779 sheep, and 17,718 swine; 2 man

carriages and wagons, 5 tanneries, 4 currying establishments, 1 flour mill, 17 saw mills, and 4 woollen mills. Capital, Bryan. II. A Ń. W. county of Dakota, bounded N. E. by the Missouri, not included in the census of 1870; area, about 2,500 sq. m. It is intersected by the Big Knife and Little Missouri rivers. The surface is chiefly rolling prairie.

offered by Philip II. since 1580 for his assassination, and once he was dangerously wounded. The task was at last undertaken by Baltazar Gérard, a Burgundian fanatic, who shot him through the body as he was leaving the dining room. William expired a few minutes afterward in the arms of his wife and sister. The assassin, after undergoing frightful tortures, was beheaded on July 14; but his family was ennobled by Philip and endowed with confiscated estates of the prince. William was about the middle height, and well made, but spare. His complexion was brown, his head was small and symmetrical, and his brow capa-ufactories of agricultural implements, 10 of cious. Next to piety his chief characteristic was firmness. His military genius was early recognized by Charles V., and in political sagacity he had no superior. He left 12 children. By Anne of Egmont he had one son, the count of Buren, and a daughter; by his second wife, Anna of Saxony, two daughters and the celebrated Maurice of Nassau; by Charlotte of Bourbon, six daughters; and by his fourth WILLIAMS, Eleazar, an American clergyman, wife, the widowed Louise de Teligny, daughter who claimed to be Louis XVII. of France, of Coligni, one son, Frederick Henry (1584-born at Caughnawaga, N. Y., about 1787, died 1647), who succeeded Maurice as stadtholder. at Hoganstown, N. Y., Aug. 28, 1858. He was A memorial tower in his honor was inaugura- supposed to be the son of Thomas Williams, ted at Dillenburg, June 29, 1875.-See Schiller, an Indian chief, and grandson of Eunice, daughGeschichte des Abfalls der Niederlande; Ga- ter of "the redeemed captive." (See WILchard, Correspondance de Guillaume le Taci- LIAMS, JOHN.) He was educated at Longmeaturne (5 vols., Brussels, 1847-65); Motley, dow, Mass., served among the Canadian Indians "The Rise of the Dutch Republic" (3 vols., as a secret agent of the United States in the London and New York, 1856); Klose, Wil- war of 1812, and was severely wounded at helm I. von Oranien (edited by Wuttke, Leip- Plattsburgh in 1814. He acted as a lay missic, 1864); and Ernst Herrmann, Wilhelm con sionary of the Episcopal church among the InOranien (Stuttgart, 1873). dians for several years, and was ordained in 1826. He translated the Prayer Book into the Mohawk tongue, and published an Indian spelling book, and a work translated into English under the title "Caution against our Common Enemy" (Albany, 1815). About 1842 he began to make known his claim to be the son of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette, who he asserted had been successfully abstracted from his revolutionary prison in Paris, and brought to America by an agent of the royal family. The Rev. J. H. Hanson of New York set forth the story in "Putnam's Monthly" in 1853, and afterward in a volume entitled "The Lost Prince" (New York, 1854). Williams's "Life of Te-hora-gwa-ne-gen, alias Thomas Williams, a Chief of the Caughnawaga Tribe of Indians," was privately printed (91 pages, Albany, 1859).

WILLIAM OF WYKEHAM, an English statesman, born at Wickham, Hampshire, in 1324, died at South Waltham, Sept. 24, 1404. He was educated at Winchester, and became secretary to Sir Nicholas Uvedale, governor of Winchester castle. In May, 1356, he was appointed clerk of all the king's works in his manors of Henle and Yeshampsted, and in October "chief keeper and surveyor of the castles of the king at Windsor, Leeds, Dover, and Hadlee." He built a strong castle at Queenborough in the isle of Sheppey. In 1357 the king gave him, though then a layman, the rectory of Pulham in Norfolk. In 1361 he was ordained subdeacon, and in 1362 priest. In 1364 he was made keeper of the privy seal, and in 1366 secretary of state and bishop of Winchester. In September, 1367, he was appointed lord high chancellor of England, which office he resigned March 24, 1371. Charges were made against him in 1376 of misappropriations of money, which were narrowed down to the fact that he had forgiven half of a fine of £80. His property was seized, and he was banished from his see, but was restored after the accession of Richard II. He was again created lord chancellor in 1389, but resigned in 1391. He founded a college at Winchester, and one at Oxford, still called New college, and rebuilt the cathedral at Winchester.

WILLIAMS, Ephraim, an American soldier, born in Newton, Mass., Feb. 24, 1715, killed near Lake George, Sept. 8, 1755. In early life he was a sailor, but afterward became a soldier, and in the Anglo-French war (1740-248) he was a captain in the provincial service in Canada. In 1750 the government granted him 200 acres of land in the present townships of Adams and Williamstown, on which Fort Massachusetts was built. He was placed in command of that and of all the line of border forts W. of the Connecticut river. In 1755, after the renewal of hostilities between England and

France, he was appointed to the command of a cago railway. He has been elected a director regiment intended to cooperate with Sir Wil- of this company yearly since 1856. In 1864 liam Johnson in the projected campaign against Mr. Williams was appointed by President LinCanada. On his way thither, under a presenti- coln a director on the part of the government ment of his early fall, he devised his landed of the Union Pacific railroad, and devoted his and other property for the support of a free attention chiefly to securing the best location school among the settlers, from the avails of through the Rocky mountain region. He was which, 38 years afterward, Williams college reappointed annually till 1869, when he rearose. (See WILLIAMS COLLEGE.) On the morn-signed after the completion of the work and ing of Sept. 8, 1755, at the head of 1,200 men, he was ordered on a reconnoissance of Dieskau's advancing force, fell into an ambuscade of French and Indians near the head of Lake George, and was shot through the head. The alumni of Williams college in 1854 erected a monument to his memory on the spot where he fell. He was never married.

opening of railroad traffic across the continent. In that year he was appointed by the U. S. district court receiver of the Grand Rapids and Indiana railroad; he held that position, and also that of chief engineer, until 1871, having built 200 m. of the work under the orders of the court. In June, 1871, he was appointed chief engineer of the Cincinnati, Richmond, and Fort Wayne railroad, and, having located and built the unfinished portion, 65 m., resigned in 1872.

WILLIAMS, Helen Maria, an English authoress, born in the north of England in 1762, died in Paris in December, 1827. She went to London at the age of 18, and in 1782 published WILLIAMS, John, an American clergyman, "Edwin and Elfrida," a poem. This was fol-known as "the redeemed captive," born in lowed by an 66 Ode on the Peace" (London, Roxbury, Mass., Dec. 10, 1644, died in Deer1783), "Peru, a Poem " (1784), "Poem on the field, Mass., June 12, 1729. He became pastor Slave Trade" (1788), and "Julia, a Novel" of the church in Deerfield in 1688, and in 1704 (1790). She settled in Paris in 1790, and pub- was captured with his wife and six children lished "Letters from France" (2 series, 1790- by a party of French and Indians, and carried '92). She advocated the doctrines of the Giron- to Canada. On the second day's march Mrs. dists, and was imprisoned, but released on the Williams fell from exhaustion, and was desdeath of Robespierre. Her subsequent works patched with a tomahawk. He was well treatare: "Letters containing a Sketch of the Pol- ed in captivity, and in 1706 was redeemed, itics of France, and of Scenes in the Prisons of and arrived in Boston Nov. 21, with 57 other Paris" (4 vols., 1795-'6); “Tour in Switzer-captives, among whom were two of his chilland" (2 vols., 1798); "Sketches of Manners and Opinions in the French Republic" (2 vols., 1801); "Correspondence of Louis XVI., with Observations" (3 vols., 1803); "Narrative of Events in France" (1815); and "Letters on Events in France since the Restoration in 1815" (1819). Collective editions of her poems appeared in 1786 and 1823. She wrote the hymn "While thee I seek, protecting Power."

WILLIAMS, Jesse L., an American civil engineer, born in Stokes co., N. C., May 6, 1807. His family removed to Cincinnati in 1814. He was one of the engineers detailed to make the preliminary survey for the Miami and Erie canal, and continued in the engineer corps of Ohio from 1824 to 1832, constructing a portion of the Miami and Erie canal, and also of the Ohio canal. In 1832 he was appointed by the state of Indiana chief engineer of the Wabash and Erie canal, and in 1837 chief engineer of all the internal improvements of the state, embracing about 1,300 m. of canals, railroads, and other works. With the exception of five years, during which the construction of the public works of Indiana was suspended, he has continued to act as chief engineer of the Wabash and Erie canal, though mainly as an advisory officer; but he has been chiefly engaged for the last quarter of a century in the construction and direction of railroads. In 1853 he became chief engineer of the Fort Wayne and Chicago railroad, afterward consolidated with other roads as the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chi

dren. His daughter Eunice, 10 years of age, was left behind, and married an Indian. He resumed his pastoral charge at Deerfield, and published a narrative of his captivity, entitled "The Redeemed Captive." (See DEERFIELD.)

WILLIAMS, John, an English missionary, born at Tottenham, near London, June 29, 1796, murdered at Dillon's bay in the island of Erromango, New Hebrides, Nov. 20, 1839. At the age of 20 the London missionary society sent him with his wife to Eimeo, one of the Society islands. Thence, after acquiring a knowledge of the language, they removed, first to Huahine, and finally to Raiatea. He was very successful here for about five years, after which he visited the Hervey islands and founded a mission at Raratonga (1823). He learned the language of the Heryey islands, prepared some books, and translated a portion of the Bible. Having no vessel, he made all the necessary tools, and in 15 weeks built and launched a boat 60 ft. long and 18 ft. wide, the sails being made of native matting, the cordage of the bark of the hibiscus, the oakum of cocoanut husks and banana stumps, and the sheaves of ironwood. In this vessel, within the next four years, he explored almost the whole of the South sea islands. During this time the Samoan mission was established, and the translation of the New Testament into the Raratongan language completed. He visited England in 1834, procured the publication of his Raratongan Testament by the British and

foreign Bible society, raised £4,000 for a mis- I went to Salem to become the assistant of Passionary ship, the Camden, published a "Nar-tor Skelton. The general court remonstrated rative of Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands, with Remarks upon the Natural History of the Islands, Origin, Languages, Traditions, and Usages of the Inhabitants" (London and New York, 1837), and prepared plans for a theological school at Raratonga and a high school at Tahiti. After his return in 1838, he sailed with one companion for the New Hebrides, to plant a mission, but both were killed by the natives. Of several memoirs of Mr. Williams, the most complete is that by the Rev. Ebenezer Prout (1843).

WILLIAMS, Monier, an English orientalist, born in Bombay, where his father was surveyor general, in 1819. He graduated at Oxford in 1844, and became professor of Sanskrit at Haileybury college, after the abolition of which in 1858 he superintended oriental studies at Cheltenham for two years. In December, 1860, he was elected Boden Sanskrit professor at Oxford. He has published a "Practical Grammar of the Sanskrit Language, arranged with reference to the Classical Languages of Europe" (1846; 2d ed., Oxford, 1857); an English-Sanskrit dictionary (1851); translations of three Sanskrit dramas (1849-'55); "Original Papers illustrating the History of the Application of the Roman Alphabet to the Languages of India" (1859); "Story of Nala," a Sanskrit poem, with vocabulary and Dean Milman's translation (Oxford, 1860); "Indian Epic Poetry" (1863); "A Sanskrit and English Dictionary" (4to, 1872); "Indian Wisdom" (1875); and several works on the Hindostanee language.

The

against his settlement there, and complained that he had refused "to join with the congregation at Boston, because they would not make a public declaration of their repentance for having communion with the churches of England while they lived there ;" and besides this, "had declared his opinion that the magistrate might not punish a breach of the sabbath, nor any other offence as it was a breach of the first table." The objections of Williams to the church of England were, first, that it was composed of pious and worldly men indiscriminately, and second, that it assumed authority over the conscience, and was persecuting. The first of these objections the Puritans of Boston shared theoretically with Williams. But while Williams was practically a consistent and rigid separatist from the beginning, his Puritan brethren were, in his view, chargeable with inconsistency and unseemly concession. second objection assailed the theocracy which his brethren themselves were rearing on the shores of New England. His ministry at Salem was brief; before the close of summer persecution obliged him to retire to Plymouth, where for two years he was the assistant of the pastor, Ralph Smith. Here too he formed acquaintance with leading chiefs of the Indians, and gained a knowledge of their language. He was invited to return to Salem, and became the assistant and then the successor of Skelton; and his enemies affirm that "in one year's time he filled that place with principles of rigid separation, tending to Anabaptistry." In the autumn of 1635 the general WILLIAMS, Roger, the founder of the colony court banished him from the colony, ordering of Rhode Island, born in Wales in 1599 (and him to depart within six weeks, because he not in 1606, as supposed by Dr. Elton), died had called in question the authority of magisin Rhode Island in 1683. At an early age he trates in respect to two things, one relating to went to London, and attracted by his short- the right of the king to appropriate and grant hand notes of sermons, and of speeches in the the lands of the Indians without purchase, star chamber, the attention of Sir Edward and the other to the right of the civil power to Coke, who sent him to Sutton's hospital, now impose faith and worship. On the first of the Charterhouse, of which he was elected a these points Williams at one time made explascholar, July 25, 1621, and obtained an exhibi- nations that were deemed satisfactory; on the tion July 9, 1624. According to Arnold, the other the divergence was hopeless, the minishistorian of Rhode Island, he was admitted to ters who gave their advice at the request of Pembroke college, Cambridge, Jan. 29, 1623, the court declaring that opinions which would and matriculated pensioner July 7, 1625. He not allow the magistrate to intermeddle, even took the degree of B. A. in January, 1627. to restrain a church from heresy or apostasy, There is a tradition that he studied law; but if were not to be endured, and he, on the other so, it could have been for a short time only, hand, maintaining with inflexible rigor the for it is certain that he had been a clergyman absolute and eternal distinction between the of the church of England when at the close of spheres of the civil government and the Chris1630 he embarked for America. He became a tian church. In reply to the charges and in Puritan of the extreme wing, and of that sec- defence of his views Williams published a pamtion of the wing whose tendencies toward the phlet entitled "Mr. Cotton's Letter Examined views of the Baptists were the immediate oc- and Answered." The period allowed him to casion of the rapid rise of that denomination prepare for his departure had been extended in England. Arriving at Boston, Feb. 5, 1631, to the coming spring. But his doctrines were accompanied by his wife Mary, he soon in- spreading, and his purpose of founding a colocurred the hostility of the authorities, chiefly ny, close at hand and embodying his princiby denying that the magistrates had a right to ples, had become known. It was therefore depunish for any but civil offences, and shortly termined to send him to England at once, and VOL. XVI.-41

the Languages of America," including observations on the manners, habits, laws, and religion of the Indian tribes. He also published there "The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience, discussed in a Conference between Truth and Peace" (new ed., Providence, 1867). On the occurrence of new difficulties in the colony, he was again sent to England in 1651, and was equally successful. While abroad the second time he published "Experiments of Spiritual Life and Health, and their Preservatives," which he says was written "in the thickest of the native Indians of America, in their very wild houses, and by their barbarous fires;" "The Hireling Ministry none of Christ's, or a Discourse touching the Propagating the Gospel of Christ Jesus;" and "The Bloudy Tenent yet more Bloudy by Mr. Cotton's Endeavor to wash it white in the Blood of the Lamb." He also engaged in teaching, and was intimate with Milton. His employments, as well as the scope and character of his learning, are thus indicated in a letter written to Gov. Winthrop of Connecticut soon after his return: "It pleased the Lord to call me for some time, and with some persons, to practise the Hebrew, the Greek, Latin, French, and Dutch. The secre

a small vessel was despatched to Salem to bring him away. But he was forewarned, and had left before the vessel arrived. In midwinter, abandoning his friends and his family, "sorely tossed for 14 weeks, not knowing what bread or bed did mean," he had gone through the wilderness to the shores of the Narragansett. After purchasing lands of Ousamequin on the eastern shore of the Seekonk river, and planting his corn, he learned that he was within the bounds of Plymouth colony, and set out with five companions on new explorations. In a canoe they went down the stream, turned the extremity of the peninsula, and ascended the river which forms its western boundary, to a spot which tradition has consecrated as their landing. "I having made covenant of peaceable neighborhood with all the sachems and nations round about us," says Williams, "and having, of a sense of God's merciful providence unto me in my distress, called the place Providence, I desired it might be for a shelter for persons distressed for conscience." The fundamental article of government, establishing a pure democracy, with absolute inhibition of control over the consciences of men, which persons admitted to this corporation were required to sign, was in these words: " We, whose names are hereunder, desirous to in-tary of the council (Mr. Milton), for my Dutch habit in the town of Providence, do promise to I read him, read me many more languages. subject ourselves, in active or passive obe- Grammar rules begin to be esteemed a tyranny. dience, to all such orders or agreements as shall I taught two young gentlemen, a parliament be made for public good of the body, in an or- man's sons, as we teach our children English, derly way, by the major consent of the present by words, phrases, and constant talk," &c. He inhabitants, masters of families, incorporated returned to Rhode Island in 1654, and in Septogether in a town fellowship, and others tember of the same year was elected president whom they shall admit unto the same, only in of the colony, an office which he held for two civil things." The method of planting the first years and a half. He refused to persecute the church in Providence, now known as the first Quakers, but in 1672 he met three of the most Baptist church in that city, answers to views eminent preachers of the sect in public debate touching that matter which had been set forth at Newport, and afterward published a controby early English Baptists in Holland, fugitives versial work entitled “George Fox digged out from persecution in England, who had been of his Burrowes." His influence with the Inlikewise teachers of Williams in respect to the dians enabled him to render signal services to rights of conscience. These Baptists had in- the colonies around him, by averting from stituted baptism among themselves by author- them the calamities of savage war; but they izing certain of their own number to be ad- refused to admit Rhode Island into the New ministrators of the rite. At Providence, in England league, and even put obstacles in the March, 1639, Ezekiel Holliman, a layman, first way of her procuring the means of defence. baptized Williams, and then Williams baptized He was buried in his family burying ground, Holliman, "and some ten more." But Wilnear the spot where he landed.-Memoirs of liams seems to have had early doubts of the the life of Roger Williams have been written validity of the proceeding; at any rate, he soon by James D. Knowles (Boston, 1833), William withdrew from his associates in this measure. Gammell (Boston, 1846), and Romeo Elton Various explanations of his withdrawing have (London, 1852). His works, with a volume been given, and prominent among these the of letters, have been reprinted as nearly as absence of "a visible succession " of authorized possible facsimile by the Narragansett club administrators of the rite of baptism. The (6 vo Providence, 1866-'75). A tract by history of Roger Williams, for the succeeding Wuliams, cently discovered, is in the John half century, is the history of Providence and Carter Brown library, Providence.—A monoof Rhode Island. The colony was for some graph was published at Boston in 1876, by H. years a pure democracy, transacting its public M. Dexter, D. D., entitled "As to Roger Wilbusiness in town meetings; but in 1643 Williams and his 'Banishment' from the Massaliams was sent to England to procure a charter. chusetts Plantation, with a few further words He was successful, and returned in 1644. On concerning the Baptists, Quakers, and Relihis voyage to England he wrote his "Key into gious Liberty."