word or gesture give any intimation of the state of the game until concluded and scored, nor should they walk round the table to look at the different hands. No one should look over

the hand of a player against whom he is betting.-Dummy is played by three players. One hand, called dummy's, lies exposed on the table. The laws are the same as those of whist, mencement of each rubber. 2. Dummy is not liable to the penalty for a revoke, as his adversaries see his cards; should

with the following exceptions: 1. Dummy deals at the com

he revoke and the error not be discovered until the trick is turned and quitted, it stands good. 3. Dummy being blind

and deaf, his partner is not liable to any penalty for an error whence he can gain no advantage. Thus, he may expose or trick, &c., without incurring any penalty; if, however, he lead from dummy's hand when he should lead from his own, or vice versa, a suit may be called from the hand which ought to have led. Double dummy is played by two play ers, each having a dummy or exposed hand for his partner. The laws of the game do not differ from dummy whist, except in the following special law: There is no misdeal, as the deal is a disadvantage.

some or all of his cards, or may declare that he has the game

be given by a player as to the state of his hand, or of the ton's Mathematical Philosophy demonstrated," game. A player who desires the cards to be placed, or who demands to see the last trick, should do it for his own infor- 1716). He had also attained eminence as a mation only, and not in order to invite the attention of his preacher, when he adopted Arianism, rejected partner. No player should object to refer to a bystander who professes himself uninterested in the game, and able to decide infant baptism, and began to omit portions of any disputed question of facts, as to who played any particu- the litany. The bishop of Ely requested him lar card, whether honors were claimed though not scored, not to fulfil the duties of the Boyle lectureship, or vice versa, &c. It is unfair to revoke purposely; having made a revoke, a player is not justified in making a second in in which he was making his views public, but order to conceal the first. Until the players have made such allowed the continuance of the salary. Whisbets as they wish, bets should not be made with bystanders. Bystanders should make no remark, neither should they by ton resigned the lectureship, and in 1710, after several hearings before the heads of the houses, was deprived of his professorship and expelled from the university. He removed to London, ity" (5 vols., 1711-'12). For five years repeatwhere he published his "Primitive Christianed attempts were made to convict him of heresy; but he reiterated his opinions in his "Brief History of the Revival of the Arian Heresy in England" (1711), "Athanasius convicted of Forgery" (1712), and "Three Essays" on Trinitarianism (1713). A subscription amounting to £470 was made for him in 1721; and he also derived an income from reading astronomical and philosophical lectures. He subsequently published "An Essay toward restoring the true Text of the Old Testament," containing translations of the passages in which the Samaritan Pentateuch differs from the Hebrew (1722); "Collection of Authentick Records belonging to the Old and New Testament" (2 vols., 1727-'8); "The Primitive New Testament" (1745); and "The Sacred History of the Old and New Testament" (6 vols., 1745). He finally became a Baptist, gathered a religious society at his own house, and believed that the millennium was to begin in 1766, when the Jews would be restored. His works on prophecy include an Essay on the Revelation of St. John" (Cambridge, 1706), "The Accomplishment of Scripture Prophecies" (1708), and "The Literal Accomplishment of Scripture Prophecies" (1724). published an autobiography (2 vols., 1749-'50), and made a translation of Josephus (fol., 1737), which, though not accurate, is still reprinted.

WHISTLER, George Washington, an American engineer, born at Fort Wayne, Ind., May 19, 1800, died in St. Petersburg, April 7, 1849. He graduated at West Point in 1819, became second lieutenant of artillery, and in 1821-'2 was assistant teacher of drawing at the military academy. He was then detailed for duty on the northern boundary commission under Col. J. J. Abert, and served till 1828. In 1829 he became first lieutenant, and went to Europe in the employ of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad company. Between 1831 and 1842 he superintended the construction of the Paterson and Hudson River, the Boston and Providence, and the Stonington and Providence railroads, and the Western railroad through Massachusetts. He resigned his commission in 1833. In 1842 he was invited to superintend the system of internal improvements then projected in Russia, where not only the railroads were to be constructed, but the rails and the rolling stock were to be manufactured under his supervision. He was also appointed engineer of the naval arsenal at Cronstadt, and engaged in the construction of fortifications, docks, and bridges, and the improvement of harbors and rivers.

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WHITAKER, John, an English clergyman, born in Manchester about 1735, died at Ruan-Langhorne, Cornwall, Oct. 30, 1808. He was educated at Oxford, and became a fellow of Corpus Christi college. In 1771 he published a

History of Manchester" (enlarged eds., 2 vols., 1773, and 3 vols., 1775). In refutation WHISTON, William, an English clergyman, of Macpherson's theory that the modern highborn at Norton, Leicestershire, Dec. 9, 1667, landers are descendants of the Caledonians of died in London, Aug. 22, 1752. He graduated Tacitus, he wrote his "Genuine History of the at Cambridge in 1690, obtained a fellowship, Britons" (1772), maintaining that they repretook orders in 1693, and in 1694 was appointed sent a subsequent Irish colonization. In 1773 chaplain to the bishop of Norwich. In 1696 he was made morning preacher at Berkeley he published his "New Theory of the Earth," chapel, London, but in two months was rein support of the Mosaic account. He was ap- moved. In 1778 he became rector of Ruanpointed rector of Lowestoft in 1698, but re- Langhorne. His works include "Sermons turned to the university in 1701 as deputy pro- upon Death, Judgment, Heaven, and Hell" fessor of mathematics. He succeeded Newton (8vo, 1783); "Mary, Queen of Scots, vindias professor in 1703, and expounded and de-cated" (3 vols. 8vo, 1787; enlarged ed., 2 vols. fended the Newtonian philosophy in his Pra- 8vo, 1790); "The Origin of Arianism dislectiones Physico-Mathematica (1710; trans- closed" (8vo, 1791); "The Course of Hannilated and published under the title "New-bal over the Alps ascertained" (2 vols. 8vo,

1794); "The Ancient Cathedral of Cornwall | 4,076 of wool, and 4,686 of tobacco. There historically surveyed" (2 vols. 4to, 1804); and "The Life of St. Neot" (1809).

igan. In 1862 he resigned on account of ill
health, and was elected to the New York state
senate from Syracuse, and reëlected in 1864.
In 1866 he became president of Cornell univer-
sity, the establishment of which he had greatly
promoted, and in 1868 visited Europe to exam-
ine the organization and management of the
leading schools of agriculture and technology,
and to purchase books and apparatus. From
his own resources he has contributed upward
of $100,000 to the equipment of the institution.
Besides being president, he is professor of
modern history. In 1871 he was one of the
government commissioners sent to Santo Do-
mingo to study the question of annexing that
country. He has published "A Syllabus of
Modern History,"
"The Warfare of Science
(New York, 1876), and many addresses and
pamphlets, including "A Word from the North-
west" (London, 1862), in response to strictures
in the American "Diary " of Dr. W. H. Russell.
WHITE, Gilbert, an English naturalist, born
at Selborne, Hampshire, July 18, 1720, died in
Oxford, June 26, 1793. He was educated at
Oxford, and was made senior proctor of the uni-
versity in 1752. At an early period of his life
he retired to his native village, where he de-
voted himself to natural history. His "Natu-
ral History of Selborne" (4to, 1789; last ed.,
with notes by Frank Buckland, London, 1875)
is one of the English classics. After his death
was published "A Naturalist's Calendar, with
Observations in various Branches of Natural
History," edited from his papers by Dr. Aikin
(1795). A complete edition of his works was
published by W. Markwick (2 vols. 8vo, 1802),
and in 1876 ten of his unpublished letters were
edited by J. E. Harting.

White, with an Account of his Life" (2 vols., 1807; supplementary volume, 1822).

WHITE, Joseph Blanco, an English author, born in Seville, Spain, July 11, 1775, died in Liverpool, May 20, 1841. His grandfather, an Irishman, settled in Seville, became a successful merchant, and was ennobled; his father married a wealthy lady of rank. Blanco at the age of 12 was sent to college to be educated for the Roman Catholic priesthood. He was ordained a priest in 1799, but soon conceived a dislike for the profession, and in 1810 went to England, where he passed the remainder of his life. He conducted in London a Spanish periodical, entitled El Español, from 1810 to 1814, when he received from the English government a life pension of £250. He then joined the church of England, and his religious opinions subsequently passed through various phases. He conducted from 1822 to 1825 a Spanish quarterly entitled Las Variedades, edited the "London Review" during its existence of six months (1829), and published "Letters from Spain" (1822); “Practical and Internal Evidence against Catholicism" (1825); "The Poor Man's Preservative against Popery" (1825); and "Second Travels of an Irish Gentleman in Search of a Religion" (2 vols., 1833), in answer to the work of Moore. His most celebrated production is a sonnet entitled Night." His autobiography was edited by J. H. Thom (3 vols., London, 1845).

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WHITE, Peregrine, the first child born in New England of English parents, born on board the Mayflower, in the harbor of Cape Cod, about Dec. 10 (O. S.), 1620, died in Marshfield, July 20, 1704. He was the son of William and Susannah White, and received on account of his birth 200 acres of land from the general court. He filled various civil and military offices.

WHITE, Richard Grant, an American author, born in New York, May 22, 1822. He graduated at the university of New York in 1839, studied medicine and law, was admitted to the bar, and became a writer for the "Courier and Enquirer" newspaper and for other journals. He has published "A Biographical and Critical Hand Book of Christian Art" (1853);

WHITE, Henry Kirke, an English poet, born in Nottingham, March 21, 1785, died in Cambridge, Oct. 19, 1806. He was the son of a butcher, and assisted his father until his 14th year, but learned French and began to write verses. He was apprenticed to a stocking weaver, but after a year was placed in an attorney's office, and besides the study of law applied himself to the Latin, Greek, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese languages, to some of the sciences, to drawing, and to playing the piano. He began to write for magazines in his 15th year, obtained several prizes, and published "Clifton Grove and other Poems" (1803). Becoming converted from religious indifference to earnest Christian faith, he sought a university education for the purpose of entering the ministry. In 1804 he obtained a sizarship at St. John's college, Cambridge, where for two years he was at the head of his class.ymously (in four books, 1863-'6); "Memoirs He was then appointed a tutor in mathematics; but he had destroyed his health by too much study, and after a visit to London he returned to the college to die of consumption. A tablet to his memory, with a medallion by Chantrey, was placed in All Saints' church, Cambridge, by Francis Boott, an American. Robert Southey published "The Remains of Henry Kirke

Shakespeare's Scholar" (1854); a variorum edition of Shakespeare, with a memoir and a critical essay (12 vols., 1857-'62); "Essay upon the Authorship of the Three Parts of Henry VI." (1859); "National Hymns," an essay embodying hymns written for a prize of $600 offered by a national committee (1861); "The New Gospel of Peace, according to St. Benjamin," a political satire, published anon

of the Life of William Shakespeare, with an Essay toward the Expression of his Genius " (8vo, 1865); and "Words and their Uses" (1870; revised ed., 1872). He has edited "The Book Hunter" (1863), and "Poetry of the Civil War" (1866), and is the author of the "Yankee" letters in the London "Spectator" from 1863 to 1867.

church in Newburyport. In 1741 he married ple water power. The principal manufacturing a widow, whose death in 1768, according to establishments are three saw and planing mills, his friend Winter, "set his mind much at rest." three machine shops, a door factory, and seven She bore him a son, who died an infant.- boat-building establishments. There are six Whitefield was tall in person; his features large lumber firms, and three banks. Two were regular, and his eyes small, blue, and weekly newspapers are published. The village luminous; one of them had a slight cast. His contains a graded free school, and Baptist, Episvoice was marvellously rich, sweet, and sono- copal, Methodist, Presbyterian, and Roman rous. His eloquence has been rarely surpassed. | Catholic (one French and one Irish) churches. His style was severely simple, and in his print--The town was first settled in 1761 by Major ed sermons seems even meagre. He never Philip Skene, who gave it the name of Skenesfell into vulgarity, but delighted in odd illus- borough. The name was changed to Whitetrations, anecdotes, local allusions, colloquial hall in 1786. The Champlain canal was conphrases, and the language of the common peo- structed from this point to Fort Edward in ple. A collection of his sermons, tracts, and 1819, and completed to Troy in 1824. letters was published in London in 1771 (6 vols. 8vo), and his journals were printed du- | ring his lifetime (2d ed., 1756).-See John Gillies, "Memoirs of the Life of the Rev. George Whitefield" (London, 1772); Robert Philip, "Life and Times of Whitefield" (1838); and the Rev. Abel Stevens, "History of the Religious Movement of the 18th Century called Methodism" (New York, 1859-'62).

WHITE FISH (coregonus albus, Lesueur), a valuable member of the salmon family, peculiar to North America. It is found in the great lakes from Lake Erie to the Arctic sea, in Lake Champlain, in the smaller lakes of Canada connected with the St. Lawrence on the S. side, and in the Mackenzie, Coppermine, and other rivers flowing into the icy sea, even as low down as brackish water. The mouth is small and without teeth, the body elongated but thick, head small and pointed, tail forked, first dorsal not so long as high in front, and scales large. It attains a length of 1 to 2 ft., and a weight of 3 to 10 lbs., in the clear waters of Lake Superior becoming very large and fat; its general appearance is shad-like, whence it is called lake shad at Burlington, Vt. It is bluish gray on the back, lighter on the sides, and white below. In October they enter the rivers from the lakes to spawn, usually returning in three or four weeks; they are gregarious, and move from place to place according to the supply of food, which consists of insects and larvæ, tender aquatic plants, soft-shelled mollusks, and occasionally small fishes; they die very quickly when taken out of the water. They are caught principally by gill nets, most abundantly when spread under the ice. The flesh is bluish white, changing when boiled to pure opaque white, whence the name. WHITEHALL, a town and village of Washington co., New York, at the head of Lake Champlain, on the Rensselaer and Saratoga and New York and Canada railroads, 65 m. N. N. E. of Albany; pop. of the town in 1870, 5,564; of the village, 4,322; of the town in 1875, 5,039. It is connected with Troy by the Champlain canal. The village is situated at the entrance of Wood creek and Pawlet river into the lake, and steamboats ply daily during the summer between it and the other lake ports. The falls in the streams furnish am

WHITEHAVEN, a seaport and market town of Cumberland, England, on a small creek of the Irish sea, 33 m. S. W. of Carlisle; pop. in 1871, 18,446. It is built at the foot of high hills and has a good harbor. The principal articles of export are coal, iron, and iron ore. The coal mines extend under the town and for more than two miles under the sea. There are manufactories of cotton, linen, iron and earthen ware, bricks, &c.

WHITEHEAD, William, an English poet, born in Cambridge in 1715, died in London, April 14, 1785. He was educated at Winchester school and at Cambridge, and became fellow of Clare hall. In 1741 he published an "Epistle on the Danger of Writing Verse." In 1745 he wrote his tragedy of "The Roman Father," founded partly upon the Horace of Corneille, which was brought out at Drury Lane in 1750. His "Creüsa, Queen of Athens," was brought out in 1754. In 1758 he was made poet laureate. In 1762 he produced a comedy, “The School for Lovers," and in 1770 a farce, "The Trip to Scotland." His productions were twice printed under his own supervision (1754 and 1774). His friend Mason published a third edition in 1788, with a biography.

WHITE LEAD. See LEAD, vol. x., p. 245. WHITELOCKE, Bulstrode, an English statesman, born in London, Aug. 2, 1605, died at Chilton, Wiltshire, Jan. 28, 1676. He was the son of Sir James Whitelocke, judge of the common pleas, was educated at Oxford, entered the Middle Temple, and in 1640 was elected to the long parliament. He was chair man of the committee for managing the im peachment of the earl of Strafford. In 1642 he was made deputy lieutenant of Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, and with Hampden dispersed the commissioners of array assembled at Watlington. In November, 1642, he was present at the defence of Brentford; subsequently was one of the commissioners sent to Oxford to treat for peace; and was a member of the Westminster assembly, where he opposed the adoption of Presbyterianism. In 1644 he was appointed governor of Windsor castle. In 1645 he opposed the self-denying ordinance, became one of the commissioners of the admiralty, and a member of the commission sent to Uxbridge to negotiate with Charles. He re