in clay strata, one of the great number of proofs of an ancient distribution of land and water upon this continent very different from the present, and of remarkable changes of level. -The grampus, a cetacean of the dolphin family, is generally called the killer, from the belief, probably well founded, that it attacks the baleen whale in herds, biting it to death.

blade 5 or 6 in. long and 24 to 3 in. wide, not very thick, but with keen cutting edges, the shank fitted with a long wooden handle; it is used only when the whale rises, and is thrust if possible into a vital part. The harpoon gun hurls the harpoon by the force of powder instead of muscle; all ships carry bomb guns, from three to ten each. When the ship arWHALEBONE, or Baleen, the horny laminated rives in the vicinity of a whaling ground, a plates or blades in the mouth of the balana or lookout is stationed at the masthead. As soon right whale. These plates, which number about as a whale is discovered, the boats are lowered, 300 in the mouth of a full-grown animal, are and each crew exerts its utmost strength to from 10 to 15 ft. long, and serve the purpose reach the whale first. In the bow sits the of retaining the small fry which compose the boat steerer or harpooner with his tub at his food of the right whale. The whalebone is feet. At the proper moment he seizes the not properly bone, but bears a strong resem- harpoon in his right hand and the coil of rope blance to the horns of cattle, the hoofs of the in his left, and, as the bow of the boat touches horse, or the nails and hair of the human or nears the whale, hurls his harpoon with all species. It is almost identical in structure his force, aiming at a vital point, and crying, with the horn of the rhinoceros. Three kinds "Stern all." The crew instantly back the are distinguished in commerce, though there boat, and the whale in its terror plunges beis little difference in the quality: the Green-low the surface, and dives with such velocity land, the South sea, and the N. W. coast bone. that water must be constantly poured upon the It is used for the ribs of stretchers of umbrel-line to keep it from setting the boat on fire by las and parasols, for stays, brushes, whip handles, the manufacture of hair cloth, for hats and bonnets, canes, and other articles. The increasing price has led to the substitution for it of steel, vulcanite, and rattan.

WHALE FISHERY, the pursuit of whales for their oil or whalebone. In the United States the principal whaling ports are New Bedford and Provincetown, Mass., and New London, Conn. The business as now conducted requires a large amount of capital, the sperm whale fishery needing more than that of the right whale. A whale ship once saturated with oil does not rot; and in several of the whaling ports vessels are still in use which were built half a century ago. They seldom measure over 500 tons, and the average of those in the business on Jan. 1, 1876, was 230 tons. The outfit for a whale ship is from four to seven boats of peculiar construction, to each of which is assigned its crew, with casks for oil and apparatus for taking whales and trying them out. The crew is divided into boats' crews of five or seven. Each man, from the captain to the cabin boy, has an interest in the future cargo, called a "lay." With the common sailors this is from Ts to, or if the vessel is large of the proceeds of the cargo. The boat steerers receive from to, according to the size of the vessel, and the higher officers more. The voyage of a sperm whaler usually lasts three or four seasons or years; that of a right whaler one or two seasons, and occasionally, if luck is poor, three seasons. The implements used for the capture of the whale are the harpoon, the lance, and the harpoon gun. The harpoon is a heavy barbed iron, very sharp on the cutting edges, having a shank partly of wood 2 or 3 ft. in length, and attached to a strong rope carefully coiled in a tub; it is hurled by the boat steerer. The lance is a long spear-like instrument, the head oval, and the

its friction. The line, often 100 fathoms in length, is soon exhausted, and a second attached, and sometimes a third. The whale stays under water from 20 to 60 minutes, and when it rises the boats hasten to it and again strike it with the harpoons, and it descends again, usually striking as it goes down with its formidable tail in the hope of destroying its foes. It stays below the surface but a short time, and on rising again spouts bloody water or blood alone through its blow-holes. The boats again approach and endeavor to lance it in a vital point. If they are successful, it sometimes turns upon its side or back and dies quietly; oftener its death struggle is terrific, the water being dyed with blood and beaten into foam. If it dies upon the surface, its body can be secured; but if in its last agonies it again descends, the body sinks, and does not rise perhaps for months, if at all. In this way almost every whale ship loses some of its game. The sole weapon of defence of the right whale is its tail, a blow from which would crush the stoutest boat like an egg shell. But the sperm whale, while its tail is equally formidable, can stave in a ship's side with its snout, or crush & boat in its mouth. Its power of running is also superior, and its ability to remain below the surface greater. The whale when captured is towed to the ship, and made fast to the side by chains. A part of the crew with cutting spades descend to the platform rigged over the ship's side, cut into the blubber and loosen one end of the strip from the whale, while one of their number is lowered to attach to it one of the immense hooks which are fastened to the masthead, and the remainder of the crew hoist it to the deck, the cutters aiding with their spades in severing the skin as broad strips 20 or 30 ft. long are hoisted in. The carcass of the whale is rolled over and over till entirely stripped of blubber. These masses of blubber

PORTS.

New Bedford, Mass..
Fairhaven,

Dartmouth,

Westport,
Marlon,
Edgartown,
Provincetown,

Boston,

82.

Ships and
barke.

Brigs.

Schooners. Tonnage.

110

2

4

81,691

2

156

448

771

176

8:3

New London, Conn..
New York, N. Y..
San Francisco, Cal..
Total....

::

on reaching the deck are cut up in square pieces and placed in the blubber room between decks to await the process of trying. Before the right whale is thus stripped, others of the crew are lowered into its mouth and remove the baleen or whalebone, which, if the animal is of average size, weighs nearly a ton. When stripped of its blubber and whalebone, the carcass is cast off, and the flesh is stripped off by the sharks, bears, and vultures. The reservoir of sperm oil and spermaceti in the head of the sperm whale must be secured by cutting off the head, which constitutes one third the length. The men lay bare the vast cistern and fill the buckets, eventually descending into the cavern, where there is often room for two full-grown men in a single compartment, and for eight or ten in all, and scoop up the half liquid mass till the cavity is completely emptied. This is sometimes done before and sometimes after the blubber is stripped off from the remainder of the carcass, which is done as in the case of the right whale. In all whale ships the process of "trying out" the oil is performed on board. After the first try pot is strained, the scraps or cracknels (the cellular tissue from The imports of whale oil attained their maxíwhich the oil has been expressed) serve for mum in 1851, and those of sperm oil and whalefuel, and the process is continued with abun- bone in 1853. The value of the products of dant smoke, soot, and grease, till the whole the national whale fishery imported during the blubber has been tried, and the casks not year ending June 30, 1875, was $2,841,002. filled with oil are ready for the results of The distribution of the whaling fleet for 1876 another catch.-The whale fishery in the Uni- is estimated as follows: N. and S. Atlantic, 77 ted States has been falling off for the last 20 vessels; Indian ocean and New Holland, 15; years. Its decline had commenced earlier in New Zealand, 13; .Pacific coast and off-shore Europe, but the deficiency of the receipts from ground, 23; N. Pacific, 18; Cumberland inlet, European whaling ships was made up by im- 4.-The whale fishery in Great Britain, once ports of oil, bone, and spermaceti from the of considerable magnitude, has of late years United States. Among the causes of the de- been almost entirely abandoned. In 1833 cline are the scarcity of whales from their there were 129 ships engaged in it, and the being so constantly hunted; the increasing use value of the products received was £437,283. of gas and mineral oils, and the production of In 1842 the number of ships was 75, and the stearine and paraffine; and the substitution of value of products £364,680. There are now steel for whalebone in many articles of cloth- 10 or 15 steamers from Dundee and a few ing, umbrellas, parasols, and the like, and of from two or three other ports employed in the hard rubber or vulcanite in other cases. In Greenland seas in the prosecution of the seal 1830 there were 102,000 tons of shipping en- and whale fisheries, chiefly the former. France gaged in the whale fishery from United States in 1837 had 44 ships engaged in the whaling ports, of which 62,000 were in the sperm and business, measuring 19,128 tons, and with 40,000 in the right whale fishery. About crews numbering 1,615 men. In 1868 she had 8,000 seamen were engaged in it. The prod- only three ships. Holland, which was once ucts of the fishery for that year were 106,800 largely interested in this fishery, has entirely bbls. of sperm oil, 115,000 bbls. of whale oil, abandoned it. Whales have recently been purand 120,000 lbs. of whalebone; and 2,500,000 sued in steamers from a small island in the lbs. of sperm candles were made. In 1840 the Varangar fiord on the coast of Norway. They tonnage employed had increased to 137,000. are struck with harpoons discharged from a In 1850 it was 171,484. The number and ton- cannon, and when secured are towed back to nage of vessels were greatest in 1854, viz.: the island. According to the latest returns, 9 602 ships and barks, 28 brigs, and 38 schooners, vessels of 2,220 tons were employed in whaling with a total tonnage of 208,399. On Jan. 1, from New South Wales, and 16 of 4,088 tons 1860, there were 569 vessels, tonnage 176,- from Tasmania.-The whale fishery has been 842; on Jan. 1, 1865, 276 vessels, tonnage 79,- prosecuted for more than 600 years. The bay 690; on Jan. 1, 1870, 321 vessels, tonnage of Biscay in the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries 73,137; on Jan. 1, 1875, 163 vessels, tonnage swarmed with one of the smaller species of 37,733. The number and tonnage of vessels whale, probably either the beluga or globiengaged in whaling on Jan. 1, 1876, with the cephalus, and the Biscayans became adepts in ports to which they belonged, were as follows: their capture. After the discovery of Ameri

native city. He was professor of English literature, jurisprudence, and history in Kenyon college at Gambier, O., from 1856 to 1863, when he was ordained a clergyman of the Episcopal church, and became rector of St. Paul's church in Brookline, Mass. In 1866 he became professor of homiletics and pastoral care in the Episcopal theological school, Cambridge, Mass., which office he still retains (1876). He has published a "Treatise on the Criminal Law of the United States" (Philadelphia, 1846; 6th ed., 3 vols., 1868); "State Trials of the United States during the Administrations of Washington and Adams" (1849); "Precedents of Indictments and Pleas adapted to the Use both of the Courts of the United States and those of the several States" (1849); "A Treatise on the Law of Homicide in the United States" (1855); "A Treatise on Theism and Skepticism" (1859); with N. Stillé, M. D., "A Treatise on Medical Jurisprudence" (1855; revised ed., 1860); "The Silence of Scripture, a Series of Lectures" (1867); "Treatise on the Conflict of Laws" (1872); and "The Law of Agency and Agents" (1876). He was for a time associate editor of the "Episcopal Recorder," Philadelphia.

ca, the voyages of English and Dutch explorers | college in 1839, studied law, and settled in his to the northern seas led to the discovery of the northern haunts of the balana or great "right"| whale, and the Dutch entered largely into the whale fishery. Great numbers were found in the vicinity of the island of Spitzbergen, and the Dutch erected a considerable village, which they named Smeerenberg (smeeren, to melt), on the coast of that island as a resort for their ships for boiling the blubber. After some years the whales abandoned the shores of Spitzbergen and were found on the Greenland coasts, and the Dutch ships brought the blubber home. In 1680 they had 260 ships and about 14,000 sailors engaged in this fishery; but from that time their traffic in oil began gradually to decline. England attempted to take the place which Holland had occupied in the fishery, but with slight success. In 1815, when the fishery was at its height, there were only 164 ships engaged in it. The New England colonies embarked in this fishery at an early period. In 1690 and for 50 years later it was prosecuted in boats from the shore, the whale being a frequent visitor of the coasts and bays of New England. In 1740, the whales having abandoned the coast, the fishermen followed them in larger vessels and to the arctic and antarctic coasts. In 1758, and for several years subsequently, Massachusetts alone employed 304 vessels, measuring about 28,000 tons, in the northern and southern whale fisheries. At first the whalers' attention was turned to the capture of the right whale, but in 1712 Christopher Hussey of Nantucket, being driven off shore, fell in with and killed a sperm whale, and within a few years the Nantucket fishermen were equally ready to capture one as the other. That island, Martha's Vineyard, and Cape Cod monopolized the business till shortly before the revolution, when New Bedford, now the largest whaling port in the world, began sending out whale ships. Nantucket long held the supremacy as a whaling port, but the business there has now entirely ceased.See "Etchings of a Whaling Cruise," by J. Ross Browne (New York, 1846); "The Whale and his Captors," by H. T. Cheever (1850); 'Moby Dick, or the White Whale," by Herman Melville (1855); "The Whale Fishery (1855); and "Whaling and Fishing," by Charles Nordhoff (Cincinnati, 1857).

WHARTON, a S. E. county of Texas, bounded N. E. by the San Bernard river, and intersected by the Colorado; area, 1,094 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 3,426, of whom 2,910 were colored. The surface is generally level, and the soil highly fertile. The Galveston, Harrisburg, and San Antonio railroad crosses the N. part. The chief productions in 1870 were 143,900 bushels of Indian corn, 8,540 of sweet potatoes, and 1,217 bales of cotton. There were 667 horses, 563 milch cows, 4,672 other cattle, and 2,010 swine. Capital, Wharton.

WHARTON, Francis, an American author, born in Philadelphia in 1820. He graduated at Yale

WHARTON, Henry, an English clergyman, born in Worstead, Norfolk, Nov. 9, 1664, died in Newton, Cambridgeshire, March 5, 1695. He graduated at Caius college, Cambridge, in 1684, and in 1686 became assistant to Dr. William Cave in the compilation of his Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Historia Literaria (1688–’9). He was afterward appointed one of the chaplains of Archbishop Sancroft. His numerous works include Anglia Sacra (2 vols. fol., 1691), a collection of ecclesiastical biographies; Defence of Pluralities (8vo, 1692); and a pamphlet criticising Burnet's history.

"A

WHARTON. I. Thomas Wharton, marquis of, an English statesman, born about 1640, died in London, April 12, 1715. He was the eldest son of Philip, fourth Baron Wharton, with whom he was among the first to join William of Orange upon his arrival in England in 1688. He held several important offices under, William, and subsequently was one of the commissioners for arranging the treaty of union with Scotland. He succeeded to his father's title in 1696, and in 1706 was created Viscount Winchenden and Earl Wharton; and he was also made a peer of Ireland as earl of Rathfarnham and marquis of Catherlough. In 1708 he was appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland, which office he held for two years, Addison being his secretary; and on the accession of George I. he was created marquis of Wharton, and lord privy seal in the Halifax ministry. He was throughout life a devoted whig, and unrivalled as a party manager, but notoriously immoral and unprincipled. According to Bishop Percy, he was the author of the famous Irish ballad of "Lillibulero." II. Philip Wharton, duke of, son of the preceding, born in December, 1698,

|

wool, 16,600 of butter, and 1,364 tons of hay. There were 131 horses, 617 milch cows, 1,485 other cattle, 10,070 sheep, and 1,634 swine. Capital, Whatcom.

WHATELY, Richard, an English prelate, born in London, Feb. 1, 1787, died in Dublin, Oct. 8, 1863. He graduated at Oxford in 1808, became a fellow of Oriel college in 1811, was appointed Bampton lecturer in 1822, and the same year became rector of Halesworth in Suffolk. In 1825 he was chosen principal of St. Alban's hall, Oxford, in 1830 was appointed professor of political economy at Oxford, and in 1831 was consecrated archbishop of Dublin and bishop of Glendalagh. He took an active part in establishing the "national system of education" in Ireland, and endowed the professorship of political economy in the university of Dublin. He resigned his connection with the board of Irish education in 1853. In theology he is reckoned one of the founders of the broad church party. His most important works are: "Historic Doubts relative to Na

died in Catalonia, Spain, May 31, 1731.. At 16 years of age he married a woman far inferior in rank to himself, which so disconcerted his parents that they both died heart-broken, it is said, within a year. In conformity with his father's plans, however, he went in 1716 to Geneva to complete his education, but soon parted from his Calvinist tutor, and travelled to Avignon, where he received from the pretender the title of duke of Northumberland. He next went to Paris, where he borrowed from the widow of James II. £2,000, promising to employ it in the interest of the Jacobites. In the latter part of 1716 he took his seat in the Irish house of peers, and greatly distinguished himself as a debater. Within a year he was created duke of Wharton in the English peerage. In 1720 he took his seat in the English house of peers, where he soon threw the weight of his brilliant talents against the ministry. Within three years he became greatly involved by his extravagance; and early in 1724, having for several months edited a semiweekly political paper called the "True Brit-poleon Bonaparte" (London, 1819); "On the on," he went to Vienna, and thence to Madrid. He soon made no secret of his adherence to the pretender, and at the siege of Gibraltar in 1727 he openly appeared as aide-de-camp to the count of Torres. The king of Spain made him colonel of an Irish regiment in the Spanish | service, but in England he was attainted for high treason and dispossessed of the remnant of his property. The remainder of his life was passed in wandering. In 1732 appeared the "Life and Writings of Philip, late Duke of Wharton" (2 vols. 8vo), containing his "True Briton" papers and speech in defence of Atterbury; and there is another publication in 2 vols. 8vo, purporting to contain the poetical works of himself and his friends.

WHARTON, Thomas, an English physician, born in Yorkshire about 1610, died in London in 1673. He was fellow of the London college of physicians, and a lecturer in Gresham college. He is remembered principally by his discovery of the excretory duct of the submaxillary gland, known as "Wharton's duct." His chief publication was his Adenographia, seu Descriptio Glandularum totius Corporis (London, 1656).

WHATCOM, a N. W. county of Washington territory, bounded N. by British Columbia and W. by Washington sound, lying between the gulf of Georgia and the strait of Fuca; area, about 4,100 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 534. It is watered by several streams. The coast is indented by Bellingham bay, near which is Lake Whatcom, and in the vicinity are coal mines. The interior is covered with dense forests, and the E. part is crossed by lofty and rugged mountains. Mt. Baker in this region is over 10,000 ft. high. Lumber is the principal source of wealth. The chief productions in 1870 were 1,275 bushels of wheat, 5,430 of oats, 1,686 of barley, 2,392 of peas and beans, 28,600 of potatoes, 30,210 lbs. of

Use and Abuse of Party Feeling in Religion"
(Bampton lectures, 1822); "The Christian's
Duty with respect to the Established Gov-
ernment and the Laws" (1821); "Essays on
some of the Peculiarities of the Christian
Religion" (1825; new American ed., Ando-
ver, 1870); "Elements of Logic" (1826);
"Elements of Rhetoric" (1828); "Essays on
some of the Difficulties in the Writings of St.
Paul," &c. (1828); "Introductory Lectures to
Political Economy" (1831); Introductory
Lectures on the Study of St. Paul's Epistles
(1849); "English Synonymes" (1851);
"Ba-
con's Essays, with Notes" (1856); Scrip-
ture Doctrine concerning the Sacraments
(1857); "Introductory Lessons on Mind "
(1859); "Introductory Lessons on the Brit-
ish Constitution (1859); "Lectures on
some of the Parables" (1860); "Lectures on
Prayer" (1860); "General View of the Rise,
Progress, and Corruption of Christianity, with
a Sketch of the Author, and a catalogue of
his Writings" (New York, 1860); and "Mis-
cellaneous Lectures and Reviews" (London,
1861). His "Miscellaneous Remains" have
been edited by Miss E. J. Whately (1864).

WHEAT (A.-S. hwate, white, in distinction from rye and other dark-colored grains), a cereal, triticum vulgare, which has been cultivated from the earliest antiquity, and now furnishes the principal breadstuff in all civilized countries. The wheat genus, triticum (the classical name), belongs to the subtribe of grasses called hordeinea, from barley, which is in structure closely related to wheat, and rye also belongs in the same division; all these have their one- to many-flowered spikelets on opposite sides of a zigzag jointed stem or rachis, which is excavated to form a notch at each joint. In triticum there is but a single spikelet at each joint, its two glumes placed transversely, and it is from three- to several