three years' standing may elect five trustees, and the rest are elected at large by the board itself. The board is divided into five classes, one of which retires annually. The powers of the corporation cover all matters of external or internal management.-In the university there are three courses of four years each. The classical course is substantially the same as in other New England colleges. The Latinscientific and scientific courses are designed especially for advanced culture in the sciences and in modern languages and literature. In all these courses, about half the work of the last two years consists of elective studies. Special and post-graduate courses are also provided. The extensive laboratories of the college are now used also for such chemical investigations as belong appropriately to the state agricultural experiment station recently established here. A chemist paid by the state devotes himself to this work. Since 1872 the university courses have been open to both sexes. The whole number of alumni in 1875 was 1,107, of whom 174 have died. Accordto the "Alumni Record" published in 1873, of 1,028 then graduated, 503 had been in the ministry, chiefly in the Methodist Episcopal church; 271 became professional teachers, of whom 43 were presidents of colleges; and in the professions of law and medicine there were 269. In 1875-'6 the faculty consisted of the president, nine professors, three instructors, a curator of the museum, and two assistants in the scientific department. The number of students was 176, of whom 9 were females. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, Ohio, an institution of learning at Delaware, Delaware co., Ohio. In 1842 the citizens of Delaware purchased the property known as the Sulphur Springs, a watering place of some note, and offered it to the Ohio and North Ohio conferences of the Methodist Episcopal church as a site for a college. In 1843 a charter was granted with full university powers, and in 1844 a faculty was partially organized, and students were admitted into both the preparatory department and college classes. The college grounds are very beautiful, and contain more than 800 varieties of trees and shrubs. The institution has libraries containing more than 13,000 volumes and extensive cabinets of natural history. The endowment fund is about $250,000. A large number of cheap scholarships have been sold, so that practically tuition is nearly free. students' loan fund affords aid to indigent young men preparing for the ministry. In 1875-6 there were 10 instructors and 200 preparatory and 163 collegiate students. The whole number of classical graduates is (1876) 623. The presidents have been as follows: the Rev. Edward Thomson, 1846-'60; the Rev. Frederick Merrick, 1860-'73; the Rev. Lorenzo D. McCabe (acting), 1873-'6; and the Rev. Charles H. Payne, inaugurated in June, 1876. A WESSEL, John, also called Gansfort (Dutch, GOESEVORT), a theologian classed among the "reformers before the reformation," born in Groningen about 1420, died Oct. 4, 1489. He was successively a resident of Cologne, Louvain, Paris, and Heidelberg, engaged in study or teaching, finally living in retirement in his native country. He regarded Christianity as something entirely spiritual. The Scriptures, in his view, are the living source of all true faith, and the church is based upon a compact. After his death some of his works were burned as heretical; his Farrago Rerum Theologicarum was published with a preface by Luther (Wittenberg, 1522). The best edition of his works is by Lydius (Amsterdam, 1617). WESSEX (that is, West Saxony), a kingdom of the Saxon heptarchy in England during the 6th, 7th, and 8th centuries. It was founded about 500 by Cerdic, under whom it comprised the present counties of Southampton (including the Isle of Wight), Dorset, Wilts, and Berks. One of its sovereigns, Egbert, obtained an acknowledgment of superiority from the other kingdoms about 827, and is usually called the first king of England. WEST, Benjamin, an Anglo-American painter, born of Quaker parents in Springfield, Pa., Oct. 10, 1738, died in London, March 11, 1820. He began to make colored drawings from nature in his seventh year, and in his ninth composed a picture which 67 years afterward he asserted contained touches never surpassed by him. He received elementary instructions in Philadelphia, and practised his art in that city and the neighboring towns, and afterward in New York, chiefly as a portrait painter. In 1760 he went to Italy, where his portrait of Lord Grantham, at first generally attributed to Raphael Mengs, attracted considerable attention. He visited the chief Italian art capitals, and at Rome painted "Cimon and Iphigenia' and "Angelica and Medora," which were well received. In 1763 he went to London on his way to America, but was induced to take up his residence in that city, where in 1765 he married Elizabeth Shewell, a young American woman to whom he had been previously attached, and who joined him in England at his request. A successful picture representing Agrippina landing with the ashes of Germanicus was the means of introducing him to George III., for whom he painted the "Departure of Regulus," and who for nearly 40 years was his friend and patron. During a career of almost unvarying prosperity, he painted or sketched about 400 pictures, many of which are of great size, besides leaving upward of 200 drawings at his death. One of his early pictures, the "Death of Wolfe," widely known through the fine engraving of Woollett, may be said to have created an era in the history of British art, from the fact that the figures were habited in the costume appropriate to their time and character. The experiment of substituting modern for classical costumes was considered hazardous, and Sir Joshua Reynolds and others endeavored to dissuade the painter from it; but he persevered, and Reynolds was one of the first to congratulate him on his success. He painted for George III. a number of subjects taken from early English history, and projected a grand series of works illustrating the progress of revealed religion for the chapel at Windsor castle, of which 28 were executed. After the superannuation of the king the commission was cancelled. He then began a new series of religious pieces. The first, "Christ Healing the Sick," was intended as a present to the Pennsylvania hospital in Philadelphia; but it was purchased for £3,000 by the British institute, and a copy with some alterations was sent by West to Philadelphia. The most remarkable picture of this series was "Death on the Pale Horse," from Revelation, exhibited in London in 1817. Among his battle pieces was the "Battle of La Hogue," one of his best pictures. In 1792 he succeeded Sir Joshua Reynolds as president of the royal academy, declining the honor of knighthood. He retired from that post in 1802, but was reelected a year later, and retained the office until his death. The extraordinary reputation once enjoyed by West was largely due to the facility with which he worked, and to the academic correctness of his designs. His pictures are chiefly remarkable for composition, the coloring being of a uniform reddish brown tint, in no respect resembling nature. Few artists have shown so little individuality and such an equality of merit. Many of his works have been engraved by Woollett, Sharpe, Hall, Heath, and others. WEST, Stephen, an American clergyman, born in Tolland, Conn., Nov. 13, 1735, died in Stockbridge, Mass., May 15, 1819. He graduated at Yale college in 1755, and studied theology, became chaplain at Hoosick fort in 1757, succeeded Jonathan Edwards in the Indian mission at Stockbridge in 1758, and was ordained as pastor of the Congregational church there in 1759. About 1770 he resigned his charge of the Indians, and adopted the Hopkinsian theology. He published "An Essay on Moral Agency" (12mo, 1772; enlarged ed., 1794); “Duty and Obligation of Christians to marry only in the Lord" (1779); "An Essay on the Scripture Doctrine of the Atonement (1785); "An Inquiry into the Ground and Import of Infant Baptism" (1794); "Life of Rev. Samuel Hopkins, D. D." (1806); and "Evidence of the Divinity of the Lord Jesus Christ collected from the Scriptures" (1816). WESTALL. I. Richard, an English painter, born in Hertford in 1765, died Dec. 4, 1836. He served an apprenticeship to an engraver, but took up painting and designing, and executed water-color drawings chiefly on subjects from classical mythology. He furnished some of the designs for Boydell's "Shakespeare Gallery." He lost largely by speculations in pictures. He was elected a royal academician in 1794. II. William, brother of the preceding, born in Hertford, Oct. 12, 1781, died Jan. 22, 1850. He was educated in the school of the royal academy, and in 1801 accompanied Capt. Flinders in his voyage of discovery, in the course of which he visited Australia, China, and India, made a large number of sketches, and painted some elaborate views of the coasts and interior of Australia. He published several volumes of views in England and the East. WEST BATON ROUGE, a S. E. parish of Louisiana, bounded E. by the Mississippi river and W. by Bayou Fordoche; area, about 225 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 5,114, of whom 3,404 were colored; in 1875, 5,742, of whom 3,996 were colored. The surface is low, and much of it subject to inundation; the soil is fertile. It is traversed by the Baton Rouge, Grosse Tête, and Opelousas railroad. The chief productions in 1870 were 24,955 bushels of Indian corn, 2,445 bales of cotton, 806 hogsheads of sugar, and 50,740 gallons of molasses. There were 379 horses, 753 mules and asses, 1,231 | cattle, and 280 swine. Capital, Allain. WEST BRIDGEWATER. See BRIDGEWATER. WESTCHESTER, a S. E. county of New York, bordering on Connecticut and Long Island sound, bounded W. by the Hudson river, and drained by the Croton and Bronx rivers; area, about 500 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 131,348. By an act of 1873 a portion of the S. part was annexed to New York city, and in 1875 the population of the county was 100,660. Several ridges of hills extend N. and S. through the county. Stock growing, gardening, and fruit raising are among the chief occupations. Extensive quarries of marble are found near Sing Sing, and there are several mineral springs. It is traversed by the Hudson River, the Harlem, and the New York and New Haven railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 23,757 bushels of wheat, 31,457 of rye, 263,211 of Indian corn, 196,846 of oats, 425,626 of potatoes, 430,737 lbs. of butter, 6,479 of wool, and 66,551 tons of hay. There were on farms 5,828 horses, 17,321 milch cows, 5,904 other cattle, 2,391 sheep, and 6,383 swine. The whole number of manufactories was 567, having an aggregate capital of $8,464,058; value of products, $15,828,372. The most important were S of agricultural implements, 10 of boots and shoes, 29 of bricks, 1 of carpets, 33 of carriages and wagons, 14 of clothing, 2 of cotton goods, 2 of cutlery and edge tools, 3 of files, 17 of furniture, 3 of hats and caps, 1 of India-rubber and elastic goods, 17 of iron, forged, cast, &c., 4 of lime, 5 of machinery, 1 of molasses and sugar refined, 3 of preserves and sauces, 20 of saddlery and harness, 17 of sash, doors, and blinds, 1 of sewing machines, 1 bleaching and dyeing establishment, 5 flour mills, 19 breweries, 3 planing mills, and 7 saw mills. Capital, White Plains. WEST CHESTER, a borough and the county seat of Chester co., Pennsylvania, situated on the dividing ridge between Brandywine and Chester creeks, 23 m. W. of Philadelphia; pop. in 1870, 5,630. It is surrounded by one of the finest agricultural regions in the Union, | has a handsome granite court house, 110 ft. long by 60 ft. wide, and is noted for its elegant public and private buildings. The bank of Chester county is of white marble, a copy of the Doric portico in the market place at Athens. The Episcopal church is in the English Gothic | style, built of green serpentine. The houses are built principally of brick, and as well as the streets are lighted with gas. Two railroads connect the place with Philadelphia. It. contains two manufactories of agricultural implements, extensive spoke and wheel works with a European reputation, a state normal school, 11 other schools, a cabinet of natural sciences founded in 1826, two public libraries, the agricultural grounds and buildings of Chester co., three newspaper offices publishing a daily, a semi-weekly, and two weekly newspapers, and 10 churches, viz.: 3 Baptist, 1 Episcopal, 2 Friends', 2 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, and 1 Roman Catholic. It was established as the county seat in 1786. m.; pop. in 1871, exclusive of aborigines, 24,785; estimated in 1875, 27,371. The coast, which is mostly flat, is about 3,000 m. long, and is indented by many bays and fringed with numerous small islands and coral reefs, inside of which is good anchorage. The principal inlets are Cambridge gulf, Admiralty gulf, York sound, Brunswick bay, Collier bay, King sound, Roebuck bay, Exmouth gulf, Shark bay, Geographe bay, Flinders bay, Tor bay, and King George's sound. The surface is mostly level and undulating, and is in great part covered with forests. The principal mountains are the Victoria, Herschel, and Darling ranges, which run parallel to the W. coast, at distances varying from 10 to 25 m. from it, and seldom exceed 2,000 ft. in height. Mt. William in Murray county, 3,600 ft. high, is one of the highest peaks in the colony. The chief rivers on the N. W. coast are the Glenelg, Fitzroy, De Gray, Sherlock, Fortescue, and Ashburton; on the S. W., the Gascoyne, Murchison, Irwin, Arrowsmith, Moore, Swan, Murray, and Collie; and WESTCOTT, Brooke Foss, an English clergy- on the S., the Blackwood, Frankland, Kalgan, man, born near Birmingham in January, 1825. and Pallinup. The Swan, with its affluents, He graduated at Cambridge in 1848, took or- the Canning, Avon, and others, drains several ders in 1851, and became assistant master in of the most important counties, and empties Harrow school in 1852, examining chaplain to into a bay called Melville water, in lat. 32°. the bishop of Peterborough in 1868, a canon On its estuary are situated Perth, the capital of the cathedral in 1869, and regius professor of the colony, and Fremantle, the principal of divinity at Cambridge in 1870. His publi- port. There are no large lakes, but many shalcations include "Elements of the Gospel Har-low lagoons, most of which are salt. The larmony" (1851); "History of the Canon of the New Testament during the first four Centuries" (1855; 4th ed., 1875); "Characteristics of the Gospel Miracles," sermons before the university of Cambridge (1859); "Introduction to the Study of the Gospels" (1860; 4th ed., 1872); "The Bible in the Church, a Popular Account of the Collection and Reception of the Holy Scriptures in the Christian Churches" (1864; 3d ed., 1872); "The Gospel of the Resurrection, Thoughts on its relation to Reason and History" (1866; 3d ed., 1874); "A General View of the History of the English Bible" (1868); and "The Christian Life Manifold and One," six sermons (1870). WESTERBOTTEN, a N. län of Sweden, in Norrland, bordering on Norway and the gulf of Bothnia; area, 23,865 sq. m.; pop. in 1874, 96,084, including many Lapps. It is traversed by branches of the Kiölen mountain chain, and includes Lakes Stor, Stor Uman, and Horn Afvan. It is drained by the Umea and its branch the Windel, the Pitea, and other rivers, most of them forming cataracts and rapids. The heat in summer is oppressive. Agriculture is limited. Forests abound, and the principal trade is in timber. Iron, lead, and copper are produced. Fish are plentiful, especially salmon. The province is famous for its furs and game, particularly reindeer, and it is a favorite resort of sportsmen. Capital, Umea. WESTERN AUSTRALIA, a British colony in Australia, comprising all of the continent W. of lon. 129° E.; area estimated at 978,000 sq. gest are Austin, Moore, Great Salt, and Barlee. The W. coast has a sandy soil composed chiefly of the detritus of old coral reefs; inland is found a conglomerate of disintegrated granite stained with iron, and called ironstone, among which are granite, slate, quartz, trap, and pipe clay. Vast plains of sand, covered with spinifex and scrubby timber, but with no grass nor watercourses, are found in the interior; but there is much land suitable for sheep grazing and agriculture. The flora and fauna are similar to those of the other Australian colonies. Flowers, fruits, and vegetables from all parts of the world are easily acclimated, and deer, Angora goats, hares, and trout have been introduced. The mineral riches are very great, silver, lead, copper, iron, and plumbago being found in many places. In 1873-'4 valuable auriferous quartz lodes were discovered, and there are indications of coal and petroleum. The climate is very salubrious; in the southern part it resembles that of England, in the middle that of S. Italy, and in the north, though hot, it is generally dry and tempered with cool breezes. Severe droughts and heavy floods are unknown. Snow is never seen, and ice but seldom. The principal industries are agriculture and stock raising. In 1874 there were 45,292 acres in crops, of which 23,427 were in wheat. Wine and silk are produced to some extent, the cocoanut is raised on the N. W. coast, and sugar cane has been introduced from Mauritius. Cotton thrives, but coffee is a failure. The live stock consisted in 1874 of 26,637 horses, 46,748 horned cat- | Greece; and in 396 Stilicho marched at the head tle, 777,861 sheep, and 13,290 swine. Large of the forces of the western empire to the Peloquantities of sandal wood and jarrah, or W. ponnesus with the design of destroying the barAustralia mahogany, are annually cut and ex- barian army. But the jealousy of the Byzanported. The exports of sandal wood in 1874 tine court led it to order Stilicho out of Arcaamounted in value to £70,580. The pearl fish- dius's dominions, and make Alaric master genery on the N. W. coast is increasing in value eral of eastern Illyricum. In 402 he invaded yearly. In 1874 a fleet of 54 schooners and Italy, but in the spring of 403 was defeated cutters and 135 small boats were engaged in it, with great slaughter by Stilicho at Pollentia and the estimated value of the pearls and pearl and Verona. In 405 Radagaisus, at the head shells obtained was £74,162. The chief seats of a mixed horde of Goths, Vandals, Suevi, of the fishery are Port Cossack and Shark's bay. Burgundians, and Alans, crossed the Alps, pilMalays are employed as divers. The colony has laged and destroyed many cities, and besieged an Anglican and a Roman Catholic bishop, Florence, where the army of Stilicho forced both of whom reside at Perth. The settled them to surrender. Radagaisus was put to portion of Western Australia, a district nearly death, and most of his surviving troops were as large as France, is divided into 25 counties. sold as slaves. In 407 a private soldier named The administration is in the hands of a gov- Constantine, who had been placed at the head ernor appointed by the crown, who is assisted of the army in Britain by the mutinous troops, by an executive council. In 1875 steps were crossed the channel to effect the conquest of taken for the establishment of a constitutional the western empire. The imperial army was government. The total revenue for 1874 was ignominiously defeated at Vienna in Gaul, and £148,072, and the expenditure £143,266. The forced to recross the Alps. This success was public debt in 1874 was £35,000, which has soon followed by the conquest of Spain under since been increased by a loan of £100,000, for the usurper's son Constans. In the mean time the construction of a railway and telegraphs. Alaric after his retreat from Italy had left the The total value of imports during 1874 was service of the eastern empire and gone over £364,262; of exports, £428,836. The total to that of the western, being created master shipment of wool was 2,874,982 lbs., valued at general of western Illyricum, which then em£215,624. In the same year 144 vessels, of braced Noricum, Pannonia, and Dalmatia. In 65,351 aggregate tonnage, entered the ports. the negotiations which were carried on, StiliSteam communication has been established cho, who knew the weakness of the empire, between the chief ports on the W. coast and advised compliance with the extravagant deAlbany in King George's sound, where the mail mands of the Gothic king, and the senate consteamers for Europe and the eastern colonies sented to pay a subsidy of 4,000 pounds of call.-Western Australia was first taken pos- gold. By the death of Stilicho, who was put to session of in 1826. In 1829 a settlement was death in 408, the western empire lost its only made at Swan river, but the colony made little military leader capable of withstanding the progress until after 1850, when convict labor Goths. Alaric, after carrying on an artful was introduced. The transportation ceased in negotiation with the Roman court, suddenly 1868, up to which time nearly 10,000 prisoners crossed the Alps and the Po in 408, ravaged all had been absorbed. During this period the northern Italy, and encamped under the very colony made great material progress. In 1874 walls of Rome; but he raised the siege on there were remaining 1,162 male convicts, 430 receiving 5,000 pounds of gold and 30,000 of whom were in confinement. pounds of silver, besides an immense amount of silk and scarlet cloth and spices. Fixing his winter quarters in Etruria, Alaric renewed negotiations with the Roman court, which acted with its customary treachery and weakness. At last, indignant at repeated insults, he took Rome (409), and gave it a new emperor in the person of Attalus, the prefect of the city, who in turn appointed the Gothic chieftain master general of the western empire. Nearly all Italy submitted to the new monarch, whom Alaric led to the gates of Ravenna, the capital of Honorius. The latter, without resources and surrounded by treachery, offered to divide the sovereignty with Attalus. Alaric disdainfully rejected the offer, and demanded for his creature the whole authority. Honorius was on the point of flying to the protection of his nephew Theodosius II., emperor of the East, when 4,000 veterans unexpectedly landed at Ravenna. The troops of Attalus had been defeated in Africa by Count Heraclian, divisions WESTERN EMPIRE, the name given to the western of the two parts into which the Roman empire was divided on the death of Theodosius the Great, A. D. 395. By the will of that emperor the eastern portion, now known as the Byzantine empire, was given to his elder son Arcadius. (See BYZANTINE EMPIRE.) The western portion, with Rome as its capital, was bequeathed to his younger son Honorius, then in his 11th year. His dominion extended over Italy, the islands of the western half of the Mediterranean, the province of Africa, Mauritania, Gaul, Spain, Britain, Rhætia, Noricum, Pannonia, and Dalmatia. Yet it was intended by Theodosius that the two vast empires should be ruled in common by the two brothers. The guardian of Honorius was Stilicho, the master general of the forces. (See STILICHO.) The Visigoths, under the lead of Alaric, in 395 invaded the rich provinces of Thrace and Macedonia, and ravaged almost all had arisen in consequence, and Alaric publicly | her son, was the real sovereign. Aetius, the deprived the new emperor of all semblance of sovereignty. The Gothic king opened negotiations once more with the court of Ravenna; but with returning fortune the insolence of the imbecile government returned. A herald announced that the guilt of Alaric had for ever shut him out from the friendship and alliance of Honorius, and Alaric for the third time began his march to Rome. The city was taken by treachery on the night of Aug. 24, 410, and given up to the fury of his warriors, who pillaged private houses, burned a large number of the dwellings, and carried off many works of art; but by a special decree of Alaric the churches and the treasures contained in them were left untouched. After six days of spoliation the Goths took up their line of march along the Appian way to southern Italy, plundering the country and capturing the cities as they went. They were on the point of crossing the straits of Messina into Sicily, when the sudden death of their leader put an end to their design. Alaric was succeeded by his brother Ataulphus, who as a Roman general marched in 412 to southern Gaul, which he soon conquered as far as the ocean. In 409 Constantine, who had usurped the dominion of Gaul and Spain, had made a treaty with Honorius to drive the Goths from Italy, and for this purpose he conducted an army as far as the Po. During his absence, his general Gerontius, commanding in Spain, revolted, set up Maximus as emperor, crossed the Pyrenees, defeated and slew Constans, and besieged Constantine at Arles, whither he had hastily returned. The place was about to surrender when the approach of the army of Honorius under Constantius scattered the forces of Gerontius, who fled and was killed. Constantius then took Arles and sent Constantine to Honorius, who put him to death. Jovinus, who had assumed the title of emperor in Gaul, marched to the Rhône with a large body of barbarians, and Constantius gave up Gaul without a battle. Jovinus was afterward defeated and slain by Ataulphus, who was compelled by Constantius to withdraw into Spain, where he was assassinated in 415. Wallia, the next king of the Goths, entered the service of the Romans, and subdued the Vandals, Suevi, and other tribes who had ravaged Spain. In 418 the Goths received from Honorius southwestern Gaul, with Toulouse for the capital, as a kind of feudal dependency of the empire. The Burgundians and Franks also occupied permanent seats in Gaul, and the British asserted their independence. In 421 Constantius, who had married Placidia, daughter of Theodosius the Great, was raised to a share in the government, but he died shortly after, and Placidia fled in 423 to the court of Theodosius II. In the same year Honorius died. The throne was usurped by his principal secretary Joannes till 425, when Valentinian III., a boy of six years, received the imperial purple. Placidia, as guardian for former general of Joannes, was raised to the dignity of comes. By intrigue he led Count Boniface, then commanding in Africa, to revolt, and the latter in 429 called in to his aid the Vandals, who under Genseric overthrew the Roman power and established the Vandal empire in Africa. A war broke out in southern Gaul, where the Goths under their king Theodoric defeated and made prisoner the Roman general. The extreme cities and provinces began gradually to drop off from the western empire; Sicily was ravaged by Genseric in 440; in 446 Britain was entirely abandoned by the Roman forces; and in 451 Attila, king of the Huns, marched into Gaul, and began the siege of Orleans. The city was almost on the point of surrendering, when the Roman and Gothic army under Aëtius and Theodoric advanced to its rescue. Attila crossed the Seine, and was defeated in a terrible battle on the plains of Châlons. In 455 Valentinian was assassinated. He was succeeded by Petronius Maximus, the unanimous choice of the senate and the people. The new emperor forced Eudoxia, the widow of Valentinian, to become his bride, though acknowledging to her his agency in the murder of Valentinian, and she secretly implored the aid of Genseric, king of the Vandals, whose fleets had already ravaged the coasts of Italy. At the head of an army Genseric landed at the mouth of the Tiber. Maximus in an attempt to flee was slain in a tumult at Rome, after a reign of three months. Three days afterward the Vandals marched upon the city, and for 14 days and nights the pillage went on. All the wealth and treasure that had been left by the Goths, together with a large number of captives, including the empress and her two daughters, were carried off. | Avitus, an illustrious Roman, now ascended the imperial throne, but was soon displaced by Count Ricimer, one of the leaders of the barbarian troops defending Italy. In 457 Ricimer consented to the accession of Majorian, the ablest and best of the later Roman emperors. Majorian granted release from all arrears of tribute and public debt, restored the jurisdiction of the provincial magistrates whose functions had been superseded in great measure by extraordinary commissions, compelled the municipal corporations to resume their duty of levying the tribute, revived the office of defenders of cities to protect the lower classes against the higher, and checked by severe laws the destruction of the public buildings in Rome. Nor was he less able and successful in his foreign policy. Vast numbers of barbarians, attracted by his fame, flocked to his standard from all quarters, and he reduced Gaul to obedience, defeating the Visigoths under Theodoric, whom he admitted to an alliance. Spain, which during the reign of Avitus had been overrun by the Goths, submitted to his authority. He undertook to restore Africa to the empire, but by treachery Genseric was enabled |