American journalist, grandson of John Wentworth, jr., born in Sandwich, N. H., March 5, 1815. He graduated at Dartmouth college in 1836, and was editor of the Chicago "Democrat" from 1836 to 1861. He was elected to congress from Chicago in 1843, and was reelected five times, acting at first with the democratic and afterward with the republican party. He was elected mayor of Chicago in 1857, and again in 1860, and was a member of the convention of 1861 to revise the constitution of Illinois. He is the author of "Wentworth Genealogy" (2 vols. 8vo, 1870).

WERGELAND, Henrik Arnold, a Norwegian poet, born in Christiansand, June 17, 1808, died in Christiania, Aug. 12, 1845. He became director of the university library in Christiania, and in 1840 of the national archives. He was for a long time the most popular dramatic and especially lyric poet of Norway, but had many controversies with Welhaven and other opponents of his provincialism. He zealously advocated the rights of the Jews. His collected works are in 9 vols. (Christiania, 1852-7). Select editions appeared in 1846 and 1859, and his biography by Lassen in 1867.

WERMLAND, a S. W. län of Sweden, in Svealand, bordering on Norway, and including Lake Wener in the south; area, 6,520 sq. m.; pop. in 1874, 265,027. Its capital, Carlstad, is situated on an island near the N. E. shore of Lake Wener. The lake has an area of about 2,000 sq. m., and, excepting Ladoga and Onega in Russia, is the largest lake in Europe. Its main affluent is the Klar, and among the finest mountains on its shores is the Kinnekulle, about 1,000 ft. high. Wermland is generally mountainous, and is richer in iron mines than any other part of Sweden, the principal being at Presberg. The drainage of the mining regions runs into Lake Wener.

WERNER, Abraham Gottlob, a German mineralogist, born at Wehrau, Upper Lusatia, Sept. 25, 1750, died in Dresden, June 30, 1817. He completed his studies at Freiberg and Leipsic, and from 1775 till his death was professor of mineralogy and geology at the Freiberg mining academy. He was early regarded as the first mineralogist of his time, and his lectures were attended by great numbers of students from all parts of Europe. He opened separate courses for various branches of study, and in 1785 one relating to geology, which he was the first to raise to the importance of a science by pointing out its application to the practical purposes of mining. As early as 1774 he had published Von den äusserlichen Kennzeichen der Fossilien (translated into French by Mme. Guyton de Morveau, Paris, 1790; into English by Weaver with notes, Wernerian society, Edinburgh, 1849-'50), which, though only a brief essay, was said by Cuvier to have revolutionized mineralogy by giving precision to the terminology and classification of that science. (See MINERALOGY, vol. xi., p. 589.) His principles were widely disseminated by his pupils, among whom

were Karsten and Robert Jameson, the latter of whom about 1845 established at Edinburgh the Wernerian society. Antagonistic views on certain points were advocated by his contemporary Dr. Hutton of Edinburgh, and geologists were long divided into the Wernerian and Huttonian parties. (See GEOLOGY, vol. vii., pp. 688, 689.) He was never married. His few works include Kurze Classification und Beschreibung der Gebirgsarten (Dresden, 1787), and his celebrated Neue Theorie über Entstehung der Gänge (Freiberg, 1791; translated into French by Daubuisson, Paris, 1803; into English by Charles Anderson, "New Theory of the Formation of Veins, with its Application to the Art of Working Mines," Edinburgh, 1809). His collection and manuscripts came into the possession of the Freiberg academy. Cuvier's eulogy of him is included in his Éloges historiques, edited by Flourens (Paris, 1860). Sketches of his life have been written in German by Frisch (Leipsic, 1825), in Italian by Configliachi (Padua, 1827), and in English by Sir William Jardine for the "Naturalist's Library" (Edinburgh, 1837).

WERNER, Anton von, a German painter, born in Frankfort-on-the-Oder, May 9, 1843. He studied at the Berlin academy and under Adolph Schröder in Carlsruhe, whose daughter he married. His "Luther before Cajetan" (1865) and "Conradin of Hohenstaufen and Frederick of Baden hearing the Sentence of Death" (1866) won a prize and gave him the means of studying abroad. In 1870 he completed for the Kiel gymnasium "Luther before the Diet of Worms" and "The National Uprising of 1813." At the recommendation of the grand duke of Baden he was invited to the German headquarters in France. In 1873 he was commissioned by the emperor to execute the large fresco for the triumphal column in the Königsplatz, Berlin, which commemorates victories in the Schleswig-Holstein, Austrian, and FrancoGerman wars.

WERNER, Friedrich Ludwig Zacharias, a German dramatist, born in Königsberg, Nov. 18, 1768, died in Vienna, Jan. 18, 1823. He studied under Kant, held a civil office in Warsaw, and relinquished one in Berlin in order to travel. He met Goethe at Weimar and Mme. de Staël at Coppet, joined the Catholic church at Rome in 1811, and became a priest in Vienna. His Der vierundzwanzigste Februar (translated into French by Jules Lacroix, Paris, 1849), thus entitled because his mother and an intimate friend died on that day, introduced the era of the so-called tragedies of fate. Several of his dramatic poems were designed to evangelize freemasonry; most of them have been collected in 6 vols. (Vienna, 1817-'18), . and his complete works, including sacred poems and sermons, in 14 vols., with his biography by Schütz (Grimma, 1839-'41).

WERNER, Karl, a German painter, born in Weimar, Oct. 4, 1808. He studied in Leipsic and Munich, resided chiefly in Rome from 1833

to 1853, in 1857 explored Spain, and in 1862 and 1867 the East. He excels in water-colors. His works include "Venice in her Zenith and Decline," "The Ducal Palace, with a Scene from the Merchant of Venice," "The Triumphal Procession of Doge Cantarini" (5 ft. high), “The Zisa Hall in Palermo,” “The Li- | ons' Court of the Alhambra," and "Jerusalem and the Holy Land," the last comprising 30 designs, published with text and colored plates (London, 1866-7).

WESEL, a town of Rhenish Prussia, on the right bank of the Rhine, near the confluence of the Lippe, in the circle and 32 m. N. by W. of the city of Düsseldorf; pop. in 1871, 18,519, half Protestant and half Catholic. It is fortified, and the bridge of boats across the Rhine is protected by a citadel with five bastions. The fine Berlin gate has statues of Minerva and Hercules. The Gothic St. Willibrod is the most notable of the five churches. The gymnasium is of great antiquity and celebrity. It has sugar refineries and manufactories of stearine, paper, tobacco, and nails, and much shipping and inland trade. Under the original name of Lippemund it was of strategic importance in the wars of Charlemagne against the Saxons. Napoleon in 1805 incorporated it with the grand duchy of Berg, and in 1806 with the French empire; and on Sept. 16, 1809, he had 11 prisoners of war, officers of Schill's partisan corps, shot here. In 1813 it was blockaded by the Prussians, to whom it was in 1814 ceded by the treaty of Paris.

WESER (anc. Visurgis), a river of Germany, formed by the union of the Werra and the Fulda at Münden in the Prussian province of Hanover, and navigable throughout its length. It flows northward about 250 m. in a tortuous course, and falls into the North sea by an estuary 45 m. below Bremen. Its principal affluents are the Aller, from the right, and the Hunte, from the left. The most important towns on its banks are Bremen, the fortress of Minden, Rinteln, and Hameln.

WESLEY, or Westley. I. Samuel, an English clergyman, born in Preston in 1662, '66, or '68, according to different authorities, died April 30, 1735. He was the son of a dissenting minister, but early joined the church of England, was educated at Oxford, took orders, served a curacy in London for a year, and was then for another year chaplain on board a manof-war. He was again a London curate for two years, during which he married and made some reputation as a writer for the press, and afterward obtained a small living in the country. He preached against King James's "Declaration for Liberty of Conscience" (1688), and when the revolution took place is said to have written a book in defence of it. Afterward he was presented to the livings of Epworth and Wroote in Lincolnshire. He wrote a heroic poem on "The Life of Christ" (fol., 1693); Elegies on Queen Mary and Archbishop Tillotson" (fol., 1695); "The History of the

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New Testament attempted in Verse" (1701), followed by a similar "History of the Old Testament" (1704); a poem on the battle of Blenheim (1705), for which Marlborough made him chaplain of a regiment; a Latin commentary on the book of Job (edited by his eldest son, 1735); and a Treatise on the Sacrament." According to his son John, he wrote the defence delivered by Dr. Sacheverell before the house of lords. II. Samuel, eldest (or at least eldest surviving) son of the preceding, born at Epworth in 1690 or 1692, died Nov. 6, 1739. He was educated at Westminster school and at Oxford, and was afterward for nearly 20 years an usher in the former. He took orders, but obtained no preferment. He viewed the "new faith" and peculiar conduct of his brothers John and Charles with strong disapprobation, and wrote a letter of remonstrance to his mother when he heard that she had become "one of Jack's congregation." At the time of his death he had been for seven years head master of Tiverton school. A collection of his poems, containing some remarkable humorous pieces, appeared in 1736. His correspondence with his brother forms the principal part of Dr. Priestley's collection of "Original Letters by the Reverend John Wesley and his Friends" (8vo, Birmingham, 1791). III. John, founder of Methodism, brother of the preceding, born at Epworth, Lincolnshire, June 17, 1703, died in London, March, 2, 1791. His mother, Susannah, combined rare intellectual powers and indomitable will with refinement of manners and devotion to domestic duties. Her home was the family school, where the children were taught in the most thorough and methodical manner. In his 11th year John became a pupil of the Charterhouse, London, and in his 17th was elected to Christ Church college, Oxford. He was ordained deacon in 1725, elected a fellow of Lincoln college in 1726, and appointed Greek lecturer and moderator of the classes, and graduated as master of arts in 1727. The serious impressions produced by the writings of Thomas à Kempis and Jeremy Taylor were further deepened by those of William Law, especially by his "Serious Call." He became his father's curate at Wroote in August, 1727, was ordained priest in 1728, and returned to Oxford in November, 1729. Here he found a few young men, including his brother Charles, Robert Kirkham, and William Morgan, who were earnestly seeking a deeper religious experience. Of these and some 20 others, who were subsequently added, Wesley soon became the acknowledged leader. They spent much of their leisure time in religious exercises, in visiting almshouses and prisons, and in administering to the relief of the suffering. As tutor in Lincoln college, and as moderator in the daily disputations, Wesley continued at Oxford till 1735, devoting his entire leisure to earnest Biblical study and active Christian labors. At the repeated solicitations of Dr. John Burton and Gen. Oglethorpe, in 1735

he undertook a mission to the colony of Geor- | gia, one of his chief objects being the conversion of the Indians. Accompanied by his brother Charles and two Oxford associates, he embarked in October. During the voyage he made the acquaintance of some Moravian missionaries, whose doctrines and composure in the midst of threatened death exerted a powerful influence on him. The rigid ecclesiastical discipline which he attempted to enforce was highly distasteful to many of the colonists, and Wesley was involved in a suit for defamation, which however was never brought to an issue. He returned to England in February, 1738, and immediately sought the society of the Moravians. He began diligently to examine their teachings, and received valuable aid from Peter Böhler, one of the missionaries then on their way from Herrnbut to Georgia. On the evening of May 24, 1738, he went to a meeting of the Moravian society in Aldersgate street, London, where was read Luther's preface to the Epistle to the Romans. Of the effect Wesley says: "I felt my heart strangely warmed. I felt I did trust Christ, Christ alone, for salvation; and an assurance was given me that he had taken away my sins, even mine, and saved me from the law of sin and death." This is his own account of his conversion, the vivid recollection | of which he retained during all his life, and to which he often referred with the utmost confidence and triumphant joy. Three weeks afterward he visited Herrnhut, the centre of Moravian operations, where he listened to Christian David, had earnest conversations with Zinzendorf, and was confirmed in some of his religious opinions. He returned to England in September, and from this time forward was moved by an unconquerable zeal to declare a free salvation to all men through simple faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. Till December he preached constantly in the churches of London and vicinity, and in the prisons and almshouses. His sermons were not generally well received within the establishment, and there seemed little sympathy with his earnestness. On Whitefield's return to England in December of this year he found the churches closed against him. This led him to engage in openair preaching at Bristol. In May, 1739, Wesley joined him there and began to preach to immense multitudes. After Whitefield had gone into Wales, Wesley, for the sake of more thorough instruction, began to gather the converts into "bands," and appoint times and places for prayer and counsel. On May 12 he laid in Bristol the corner stone of the first Methodist chapel, control of which, contrary to his own purpose, became vested in himself, as did that of all the other Wesleyan chapels built during his lifetime. In November he opened the foundery chapel in Moorfields, London, and this became the headquarters of the Methodist movement. Here was organized the first "society," consisting of eight or ten

persons, "who came to Wesley and desired him to spend some time with them in prayer, and advise them how to flee from the wrath to come." From London as a centre he made long and frequent journeys, usually on horseback, preaching generally twice a day, and often four times on Sunday. During the year 1739 he began a series of publications for the exposition of his views, for the encouragement and instruction of the "societies," and for the defence of his course against his opponents. The doctrinal differences between himself and the Moravians had become more and more serious, and resulted in his formal and solemn separation from them in July, 1740. About the same time, also, Wesley published a sermon on "Free Grace," in which he strenuously opposed the doctrine of election and predestination. Whitefield while in America had embraced the Augustinian doctrine; and he had requested Wesley to refrain from the publication of his sermon, for the sake of the peace of the societies. The effects of it were the temporary alienation of Whitefield and Wesley, and the organization of the Lady Huntingdon Methodists and the Calvinistic Methodists in Wales. From this time there were two distinct movements: the Calvinistic, led on by George Whitefield, and the Arminian, by John Wesley. Wesley's work was now greatly enlarged. In spite of much opposition and ridicule, it became necessary to provide for the increasing evangelical labor, and for the more careful oversight and nurture of such as had been formed into "bands." In 1742 he first employed a lay ministry, although lay preaching had been practised several years by Cennick, Humphreys, and Nelson. His journeys were soon extended into Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. He seldom travelled less than 40 miles a day, generally on horseback; and for 50 years, it is said, there was not an instance of detention on account of the severity of the weather. He formed societies, employed lay preachers, appointed class leaders, devised a most effective system of church finance, wrote and published books and tracts, and established schools. In the neglected mining and manufacturing districts were witnessed the most wonderful effects of his preaching. The miners of Cornwall came together in thousands, and thousands were converted and reformed from the lowest vices. The first Methodist conference was assembled in the foundery chapel on June 25, 1744. Besides the two Wesleys, there were present four ordained ministers of the church of England and four lay preachers. It is evident that the design of Wesley up to this time was simply to effect a religious revival within the church of England, and save the neglected multitudes. During the year 1744 most bitter persecutions were suffered by the Methodists, especially in Staffordshire; and frequent attacks were made upon Wesley through the journals and by pamphlets. Under these circumstances he pub

to large congregations at Blackheath, near London, and after the return of his brother from Georgia entered upon the itinerant ministry. After his marriage in 1749 he confined his labors mostly to London and its vicinity. A volume of his sermons, his journal, and two volumes of his hymns, which possess extraordinary merit, have been published. He left two sons, Charles and Samuel, who were remarkable musicians.-See Stevenson's "Memorials of the Wesley Family" (London, 1876), which includes historical biographies of its leading members for nearly 250 years.

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, an institution of learning in Middletown, Conn., and the oldest college under the control and patronage of the Methodist Episcopal church. The two original buildings, which previously to 1829 were occupied as a military academy, were given to the trustees of the college on condition of

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their raising an endowment of $40,000. Besides these there are now Rich hall, the gift of Isaac Rich, for a library building; memorial chapel, built from the contributions of the church in the centenary year of American Methodism (1866); Judd hall, the gift of Orange Judd; and observatory hall, which has a refracting telescope of 12-inch aperture, made by Alvan Clark and sons. The five principal buildings have a common front line upon an ample campus, and command an extended and magnificent view of the Connecticut river and valley. Observatory hall and the gymnasium are just in the rear of the main buildings. The estimated value of the grounds and buildings is $400,000. The library has more than 26,000 volumes, and is annually increased from the income of the alumni library fund of over $20,000. Judd hall contains the well furnished chemical laboratory and the large museum of

natural history. The income of the institution | from all sources for the collegiate year 1874-25 was $47,000. Tuition is practically free, but this is due to a system of scholarships which will soon expire.by the terms of their limitation. The college was organized in 1830, chartered in May, 1831, and opened in the following September. Wilbur Fisk, D. D., was the first president and the leading mind in the organization of the institution, and remained in office till his death in 1839. Under his administration the proficiency of the student in each department. separately was the only basis of classification, and upon satisfactory examination diplomas were bestowed irrespective of the time spent in college. This was soon abandoned, and the class system adopted. At this time the college was among the earliest to adopt the plan, now generally approved, of providing a scientific in addition to the ordinary classical course. Nathan Bangs, D. D., was

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elected president in 1841, and resigned in 1842. His successor, Stephen Olin, D. D., gave a great impulse to the financial affairs and widely extended the reputation of the institution. During the presidency of Augustus W. Smith, LL. D. (1852-'7), a fund of $100,000 was pledged to increase the endowment. Under the administration of President Joseph Cummings, D. D., LL. D. (1857-'75), the material facilities were extended, and great improvements were made in the course of study.. The present incumbent (1876), Cyrus D. Foss, D. D., was elected in July, 1875. The president is ex officio a member of the corporation, or board of trustees, whose number by the charter cannot exceed 40, each patronizing conference appointing one trustee, elected by ballot at a regular session. The present number of patronizing conferences (1876) is thirteen, six in New England, five in New York, one in New Jersey, and one in Pennsylvania. Alumni of