of the strait of Fuca are Whidby and Camano | geological formations in western Washington islands. Bellingham bay opens into Rosario are the Cambrian and Silurian, eozoic, cretastrait. Puget sound extends S. into the terri- ceous, and tertiary. The N. E. corner is of tory from the E. end of the strait of Fuca, 80 eozoic and tertiary age. The central and S. E. m. in a direct line, and abounds in excellent portions, comprising the greater part of the harbors. (See PUGET SOUND.) The principal basin of the Columbia, are volcanic. Anthraharbors on the strait, proceeding W. from the cite and bituminous coal is found in various sound, are Port Discovery, Squim bay or parts of western Washington, and mines are Washington harbor, New Dungeness bay, Port worked near Bellingham bay and Lake WashAngeles or False Dungeness, Clallam bay, and ington, which yield bituminous coal, and ship Neah bay. Puget sound and the strait of an average of 500 tons per day. At the head Fuca, with its connecting waters, furnish a of the south fork of the Yakima river occurs coast line of several hundred miles. The chief a conglomerate containing gold in small proriver is the Columbia, which drains the whole portion. The bars of the Columbia and its of eastern Washington. It enters the territory tributaries above Priest rapids, and particufrom British Columbia, and pursues an irreg- larly in the neighborhood of Fort Colville in ular course to the Oregon border, whence it the N. E. part of the territory, have been flows W. into the Pacific, forming the boundary profitably worked for short periods. The total between Oregon and Washington for about 300 yield of gold to 1868, according to J. Ross m. It is navigable throughout the territory, Browne's "Resources of the Pacific Slope," with occasional interruptions from rapids. was $10,000,000; but this estimate is believed (See COLUMBIA RIVER.) Its chief tributaries to be much too large. Since that date the from the east are Clarke's fork, which crosses yield has steadily declined, the average prothe N. E. corner of the territory from. Idaho, duct having been less than $300,000 per anthe Colville, the Spokane, the Snake, and the num, and the product in 1875 only about $82,Walla Walla, which empties into the main 000.-The climate of western Washington is stream near the Oregon border. The Snake equable; in eastern Washington it is subject flows N., forming the S. portion of the Idaho to greater extremes. In western Washington boundary for 30 m., and then entering Wash- the year may be divided into the wet and ington flows W. 150 m. to the Columbia. It is dry seasons. The former lasts from November navigable to the Idaho border. Its chief trib- to March or April, during which period drizzły utaries in Washington are the Palouse from weather prevails; the latter, covering the rest the north, and from the south the Tukanon of the year, is not absolutely dry, showers and the Grande Ronde, which crosses the S. E. being not unfrequent. The mean temperature corner from Oregon. On the west the Colum- of western Washington, derived from observabia receives the Nehoialpitkwu, Okinakane, tions taken near Steilacoom (lat. 47° 10′) for Methow, Chelan, Wenachee, and Yakima. On four years, is as follows: year, 50.8°; spring, the north the chief tributaries are the Klikitat 49°; summer, 633°; autumn, 51-9; winter, and White Salmon E. of the Cascade moun- 39°; coldest month (January), 38·1°; warmest tains, and the Washougal, Cathlapootle, Lewis, month (July), 64.9°. The average precipitation and Cowlitz W. of them. The Cowlitz is 100 of rain and melted snow in the same vicinity, m. long, and is navigable by steamers for 24 derived from observations for six years, is as m. The principal streams that reach the Pa- follows: spring, 11:19 inches; summer, 3.85; cific coast, besides the Columbia, are the Willo-autumn, 1583; winter, 22.62; year, 53-49. pah, emptying into Shoalwater bay; the Che- The least rain fell in July (0·34 inch), and the halis, into Gray's harbor, after a course of 80 most in December (9-92). Immediately along m., three fourths of which is navigable by the Pacific coast the rainfall is much greater. steamers; and the Quinaielt and Quillehute, The thermometer occasionally reaches 90° in further N. The Skokomish empties into the summer, but the nights are always cool. Snow head of Hood's canal, the W. branch of Puget rarely falls to a great depth, and lasts but a sound. The Des Chutes river flows into the short time; but little ice is formed. Grass S. extremity of the sound, which as we pro- remains green nearly the entire year, and ceed N. receives on the east the Nisqually (80 flowers are often found in bloom in midwinm. long), Pugallup, Duwamish (navigable for ter. The climate of eastern Washington is 30 m.), and Snohomish or Snoqualmie, 40 m. much drier, the average annual rainfall in the from the mouth of which occurs a fall of 270 Walla Walla valley being only 18 inches. The ft.; light-draught steamers ascend nearly to mean temperature here is as follows; spring, the fall. N. of the Snohomish are the Stila- 52°; summer, 73°; autumn, 53°; winter, 34°; gahmish, Skagit (100 m. long), and the Nook- year, 53°. Further N. toward the British sahk or Lummi, which empties into the N. boundary the winters are several degrees end of Bellingham bay. The principal lakes colder. The country is healthful.-Western in western Washington, none of them large, Washington is for the most part densely are Washington and Union near Seattle, Amer- wooded. There are some prairie tracts. The ican near Steilacoom, and Whatcom in What- soil is generally fertile, and in parts very rich. com co. In eastern Washington Lake Chelan In eastern Washington timber occurs only on is the largest body of water.-The principal | the mountain slopes, which are covered with

two years. The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, three district courts, a probate court in each county, and justices of the peace. The supreme court has appellate jurisdiction, and consists of a chief justice and two associates, appointed by the president with the consent of the senate for four years. The district courts have general original jurisdiction, and are held by a single judge of the supreme court. The probate judges are elected by the people of the respective counties for two years. The valuation of property in 1860 and 1870, according to the federal census, was as follows:

WASHINGTON (COUNTIES)

ginally formed part of Oregon. It was erected into a territory by the act of March 2, 1853, comprising the region lying between the Pacific ocean and the summit of the Rocky mountains, and N. of the Columbia river and the 46th parallel. The act of Feb. 14, 1859, for the admission of Oregon into the Union, added to Washington the region between the E. boundary of that state and the Rocky mountains, and N. of the 42d parallel. The territory then comprised 193,071 sq. m., embracing the present territory of Idaho and parts of Montana and Wyoming. The first American settlement was made at Tumwater in 1845 by a few families, who had crossed the plains. Previously the only white inhabitants were employees of the Hudson Bay company. The islands in Washington sound, formerly claimed by Great Britain, were decided in 1872 by the arbitration of the emperor of Germany to belong to the United States, and in 1873 they were formed into the county of San Juan.

WASHINGTON, the name of 28 counties in the United States. I. The extreme S. E. county of Maine, separated from New Brunswick by the St. Croix river, bounded S. by the Atlantic ocean, and drained by the Schoodic and Machias rivers; area, about 2,700 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 43,343. The surface is undulating and the soil in the interior fertile. There are numerous lakes, the principal of which are the Schoodic, Big, Bascahegan, and Grand. The coast line is nearly 80 m. long, indented with numerous bays and inlets, which afford excellent harbors.

Passamaquoddy bay is on the S. E. border. The county is traversed by the European and North American, the St. Croix and Penobscot, and the Whitneyville and Machiasport railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 2,029 bushels of wheat, 35,997 of oats, 12,427 of barley, 11,102 of buckwheat, 237,102 of potatoes, 526,913 lbs. of butter, 47,072 of wool, and 30,120 tons of hay. There were 2,139 horses, 15,341 milch cows, 6,148 other cattle, 15,211 sheep, and 1,431 swine. There were 327 manufactories; capital invest

The total taxation in 1870 was $163,992, of which $33,743 was territorial, $119,291 county, and $10,955 town, city, &c.; public debt, $88,827, of which $71,196 was county and $17,631 town, city, &c. The assessed value of property in 1875 was $14,569,156; territorial tax levied, $58,295 33. The balance in the treasury on Sept. 30, 1873, was $3,805 25; receipts during the two following years, $87,936 06; disbursements, $79,398 60; balance, Oct. 1, 1875, $12,342 71. The territorial debt on that date amounted to $20,599 99. There is a territorial insane asylum at Steilacoom. A penitentiary has been erected by the United States on McNeil's island in Puget sound, near Steilacoom. The public schools are under the general supervision of a superintendent of common schools, appointed by the governor and council for two years. A county superintendent is elected biennially in each county, and one director is elected annually in each school district for a term of three years. The schools are supported by taxation, fines under criminal statutes, and private contributions. In 1875 there were 305 districts; schools taught, 238; persons of school age (4 to 21), 11,291; num-ed, $2,277,920; value of products, $4,273,067. ber attending school, 7,566; teachers, 240; amount paid teachers, $48,358; school revenue, $51,556. The territorial university at Seattle has a preparatory department in operation. Holy Angels' college (Roman Catholic) is at Vancouver. According to the census of 1870, there were 102 libraries, containing 33,362 volumes, of which 72, with 19,810 volumes, were private. The number of newspapers was 14, issuing 396,500 copies annually and having a circulation of 6,785, viz.: 1 daily, 1 tri-weekly, 10 weekly, and 2 monthly. There were 47 religious organizations, with 36 church edifices, 6,000 sittings, and property to the value of $62,450. Of the organizations, 3 were Baptist, 4 Christian, 2 Congregational, 4 Episcopal, 16 Methodist, 3 Presbyterian, 11 Roman Catholic, 1 Second Advent, and 3 United Brethren in Christ.-Washington ori

The chief establishments were 10 manufactories of carriages and wagons, 9 of cooperage, 22 of cured fish, 5 of iron, 3 of machinery, 1 of ground plaster, 6 of sails, 24 ship yards, 63 saw mills, 4 tanneries, and 4 flour mills. Capital, Machias. II. A N. central county of Vermont, drained by Onion river and its tributaries; area, 580 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 26,520. The surface is very much broken, and in some parts mountainous. Most of the county lies between the E. and W. ranges of the Green mountains. It is intersected by the Vermont Central . railroad. The chief productions in 1870 were 3,730 bushels of wheat, 127,480 of Indian corn, 395,424 of oats, 30,988 of buckwheat, 393,841 of potatoes, 2,218,224 lbs. of butter, 92,547 of cheese, 121,195 of wool, 1,109,678 of maple sugar, and 83,961 tons of hay. There were | 5,564 horses, 17,154 milch cows, 12,359 other

ing establishments, 11 tanneries, and 9 saw | dations, and interspersed with small lakes and mills. Capital, Abingdon. VIII. An E. county of North Carolina, bordering on Albemarle sound; area, 360 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 6,516, of whom 2,777 were colored. The surface is level and mostly covered with swamps, which abound in valuable cypress and red cedar timber. Pongo and Scuppernong lakes are on the S. E. border. The chief productions in 1870 were 2,413 bushels of wheat, 152,038 of Indian corn, 28,309 of sweet potatoes, 13,256 lbs. of rice, and 1,087 bales of cotton. There were 483 horses, 941 milch cows, 1,880 other cattle, 1,606 sheep, and 6,213 swine. Capital, Plymouth. IX. An E. county of Georgia, bounded S. W. by the Oconee river, and N. E. partly by the Ogeechee; area, 760 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 15,842, of whom 8,312 were colored. It has a diversified surface and a fertile soil. Limestone and buhrstone abound. Near the county seat are several extensive caves in which have been found a great variety of fossils, the remains of mammoth animals, while opal, jasper, agate, and chalcedony have been found in the vicinity. It is intersected by the Georgia Central railroad. The chief productions in 1870 were 11,557 bushels of wheat, 15,822 of rye, 313,487 of Indian corn, 43,590 of sweet potatoes, 36,152 lbs. of butter, 8,024 of wool, and 11,338 bales of cotton. There were 1,485 horses, 1,427 mules and asses, 2,704 milch cows, 6,923 other cattle, 4,557 sheep, and 21,633 swine. Capital, Sandersville. X. A W. county of Florida, bordering on the gulf of Mexico, and bounded N. and W. by Choctawhatchee bay and river; area, 1,100 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 2,302, of whom 373 were colored. St. Andrew's bay on the S. border forms an excellent harbor. The surface is undulating, and the soil fertile in the interior and poor on the coast. Live oak is abundant, and forms an important article of export. The chief productions in 1870 were 34,900 bushels of Indian corn, 13,061 of sweet potatoes, 7,590 lbs. of tobacco, and 107 bales of cotton. There were 145 horses, 1,321 milch cows, 3,977 other cattle, 799 sheep, and 4,087 swine. Capital, Vernon. XI. AS. W. county of Alabama, bordering on Mississippi and bounded E. by the Tombigbee river; area, 940 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 3,912, of whom 1,787 were colored. The surface is uneven and the soil sandy and moderately fertile. The Mobile and Ohio railroad crosses the S. W. part. The chief productions in 1870 were 57,034 bushels of Indian corn, 14,260 of sweet potatoes, 5,103 lbs. of wool, 4,500 of rice, and 1,803 bales of cotton. There were 403 horses, 2,626 milch cows, 4,750 other cattle, 2,389 sheep, and 5,024 swine. Capital, Saint Stephens. XII. A W. county of Mississippi, separated from Arkansas by the Mississippi river, bounded E. partly by the Yazoo, and intersected by the Sunflower, Steele | bayou, and Deer creek; area, 1,220 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 14,569, of whom 12,405 were colored. The surface is level, liable to inun

ponds, and the soil is highly fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 2,700 bushels of wheat, 248,991 of Indian corn, 105,325 of oats, 5,132 of sweet potatoes, and 35,902 bales of cotton. There were 1,240 horses, 3,716 mules and asses, 2,101 milch cows, 6,295 other cattle, 1,089 sheep, and 9,175 swine. Capital, Greenville. XIII. A S. E. parish of Louisiana, bounded N. and E. by Mississippi, from which it is separated by Pearl river, and intersected by Bogue Chitto creek; area, about 700 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 3,330, of whom 939 were colored; in 1875, 3,769, of whom 983 were colored. The surface is generally undulating, and the soil sandy and moderately fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 33,729 bushels of Indian corn, 14,903 of sweet potatoes, 12,807 lbs. of rice, 5,173 of wool, and 533 bales of cotton. There were 618 horses, 1,448 milch cows, 2,678 other cattle, 2,732 sheep, and 5,772 swine. Capital, Franklinton. XIV. A S. E. county of Texas, bounded N. by Yegua creek, and E. by the Brazos river; area, 726 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 23,104, of whom 12,241 were colored. The surface is undulating and the soil generally a deep and fertile loam. Live oak and red cedar are abundant. The Houston and Texas Central railroad traverses it. The chief productions in 1870 were 663,252 bushels of Indian corn, 11,814 of Irish and 59,192 of sweet potatoes, 157,237 lbs. of butter, 12,044 of wool, 22,452 bales of cotton, and 1,023 tons of hay. There were 7,313 horses, 2,182 mules and asses, 10,944 milch cows, 33,788 other cattle, 8,264 sheep, and 23,150 swine. Capital, Brenham. XV. A N. W. county of Arkansas, bordering on the Indian territory, and drained by the head streams of White and Illinois rivers; area, 870 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 17,266, of whom 674 were colored. The surface is diversified, and the soil fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 156,621 bushels of wheat, 580,687 of Indian corn, 71,938 of oats, 40,229 of Irish and 18,562 of sweet potatoes, 156,648 lbs. of butter, 14,876 of wool, and 116,176 of tobacco. There were 4,667 horses, 1,130 mules and asses, 4,153 milch cows, 5,912 other cattle, 7,597 sheep, and 33,431 swine. Capital, Fayetteville. XVI. A N. E. county of Tennessee, bounded N. E. by the Watauga river, intersected by the Nolichucky, and separated from North Carolina by Bald mountain; area, about 430 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 16,317, of whom 1,614 were colored. The surface is diversified by mountains and valleys, and the soil of the latter is highly fertile. Iron ore is abundant, and bituminous coal is found. It is traversed by the East Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia railroad. The chief productions in 1870_ were 170,934 bushels of wheat, 290,388 of Indian corn, 148,383 of oats, 8,488 of Irish and 3,656 of sweet potatoes, 167,677 lbs. of butter, 2,694 of wool, 22,806 of tobacco, and 5,669 tons of hay. There were 3,620 horses, 3,604 milch