"extension of full-sized tunnel." The bids accepted for the latter item were as follows: east end section, per cubic yard, $11; central section from shaft, $14; west end section (part soft ground), $12; for arching part of the tunnel with brick, per thousand of bricks laid, $22. The total price agreed on for the work specified by the contract was $4,594,268, the whole to be done by March 1, 1874. At this time Mr. Latrobe resigned as consulting engineer; and that post, after the successive resignations of James Laurie and Edward S. Philbrick of Boston, is now (1876) held by Thomas Doane. The work was vigorously attacked by the Messrs. Shanly at all points. The Burleigh drills and compressors were used throughout their contract with excellent results. Under their patronage, the manufacture of nitro-glycerine (previously used in the tunnel) was carried on and improved by George M. Mowbray of North Adams. The east heading met the one driven east from the central shaft on Dec. 12, 1872; the west heading met the one driven west from the shaft on Nov. 27, 1873; the errors in alignment and levels were astonishingly small, especially as the former meeting was at a distance of 1,563 ft., the latter of 2,056 ft., from the shaft, down which the plumb lines had to be carried over 1,000 ft. The Messrs. Shanly concluded their contract and effected a final settlement Dec. 22, 1874. Independently of the contract taken by them, an agreement was entered into between the state and B. N. Farren, on Nov. 19, 1874, to do certain arching and enlarging at the eastern portal of the tunnel. By authority of an act passed by the legislature in 1874, a commission of experts, comprising Prof. T. Sterry Hunt of Boston and Prof. James Hall of Albany as geologists, and Thomas Doane, Josiah Brown, and Daniel L. Harris as civil engineers, was appointed to examine and report on the amount of arching that would be still necessary. Their reports are embodied in that of the commission of 1875, as is also a report from Edward S. Philbrick, consulting engineer, recommending an additional amount of 1,600 ft. of arching, besides that included in the Shanly contract. Work on this arching is still (March, 1876) in progress. Under a law of 1874 a board of corporators of the Boston, Hoosac Tunnel, and Western railroad was created, who reported that the tunnel had up to that time cost the state about $14,000,000. By a subsequent act of 1874 the corporators were superseded by five directors, to whom the interest of the state in the tunnel and railroad was transferred.The next tunnel in the United States in which machine drills were introduced with effect, after their practicability had been demonstrated at Hoosac, was the Nesquehoning tunnel in Pennsylvania, constructed under the direction of J. Dutton Steele as chief engineer. (See paper by J. Dutton Steele in "Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers," 1871.) Here the Burleigh drill and ordinary black powder were used. The Musconetcong tunnel, on the Lehigh Valley railroad extension through New Jersey, was the next heavy piece of work in the eastern states on which machine drilling was adopted. This tunnel was begun in April, 1872, and finished in June, 1875, under the charge of Robert H. Sayre, chief engineer and general superintendent of the Lehigh Valley railroad company. Charles McFadden of Philadelphia took the contract, and completed what has been conceded to be one of the heaviest pieces of tunnel work ever attempted in America, and yet one of the most rapidly built. Every modern appliance was used. The Ingersoll drill was adopted, about 26 being kept on hand, and from 16 to 18 in constant use. Four Burleigh compressors supplied the air required at the west end, and four Rand and Waring compressors at the east. Dynamite was used throughout as an explosive, and gave entire satisfaction. Very heavy difficulties were encountered in the prosecution of the work, owing to the large bodies of water met with. The total length of the tunnel was a little less than one mile. It was begun by sinking a slope to grade on the western side of the mountain, about one third of the distance through, virtually dividing the tunnel into one third of soft ground working at the west, and two thirds of very hard ground at the east. The headings were started east and west from the bottom of this slope in November, 1872. The east heading had been started in July, 1872. Owing to the heavy cutting necessary at the west end, the heading could not be connected with those from the slope, and from a shaft subsequently sunk, until November, 1873. In May, 1873, so heavy a body of water was struck in the slope heading going east, that it could not be controlled. The miners were driven out, and the slope half filled. The water undermining the props and backing of the timbering in the slope, part of the roof fell in, and the work at that point had to be abandoned temporarily. A shaft was then sunk west of the slope, and headings were driven east and west to tap and draw off this water. Here again new and even heavier bodies of water were encountered, resulting in great expense and much loss of time. Finally the difficulties were overcome, the water tapped, and work resumed on the original slope heading going east, which met the east heading coming west in December, 1874, the errors in alignment and level being less than half an inch. (For further details on the construction of this tunnel see a paper by Henry S. Drinker in the "Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers," vol. iii.) With the admirable and delicate instruments now so readily obtainable, it would require a positive effort of carelessness on the part of the engineer to entail any serious error in tunnel surveys. Especially noticeable among instruments are those recently perfected by Messrs. Heller and Bright ly of Philadelphia, who have made a specialty | the Musconetcong tunnel the average monthly of tunnel transits.-The above described three tunnels have been taken as particular examples, because they are the latest driven at the present time (March, 1876), and are the best examples of the present stage of the art of tunnelling in the United States. A large tunnel in Nevada, known as the Sutro tunnel, has been in process of construction with machinery for some years. (See NEVADA.) It is intended to serve as an adit to the Comstock lode. (See "Report of United States Sutro Tunnel Commission," Washington, Jan. 6, 1872.)-One of the first tunnels in the United States was on the Alleghany Portage railroad in Pennsylvania. It was built in 1831, double track, 900 ft. long; contract price, $1 47 per cubic yard; total cost, 14,857 cubic yards, $21,840. Another early work was the Black Rock tunnel, on the Reading railroad, built in 1836. This was 1,932 ft. long, and the excavation proper of the tunnel cost $125,935. According to data furnished by Mr. B. H. Latrobe of Baltimore, there are 44 tunnels on the line of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad and its branches, with an aggregate length of 37,861 ft., or 7 m. 901 ft., the tunnels varying from 80 to 4,100 ft. in length. The Sand Patch tunnel, on the Pittsburgh and Connellsville branch, was begun in 1854 and finished in 1871. The work during this time was intermitted for a total period of nine years, owing chiefly to the financial embarrassments of 1858. It was driven through the old red sandstone, and cost nearly $500,000. The Kingwood tunnel, 4,100 ft. long, was begun in September, 1849, and finished in May, 1852, at a total cost, including excavation and arching, of $724,000. The Broadtree tunnel, 2,350 ft. long, on the same road, begun in the spring of 1851, was completed in April, 1853, at a total cost (excavation and arching) of $503,000. The Chesapeake and Ohio railroad is 423 m. long, and has 7 m. of tunnelling; the Big Bend tunnel, on the Greenbrier division, is 6,400 ft. long. -Of the rates of progress attainable by machine drilling, a fair average can be deduced from three large tunnels driven through different kinds of rock. At the Hoosac tunnel, through mica schist and micaceous gneiss, with nitro-glycerine, the progress attained by Shanly brothers at the east end in 1869 averaged 139 ft. a month, and in 1870, 126 ft.; at the west end in 1870, 100 ft. In sinking the central shaft 1,080 ft. in depth, through rock, the average total progress per working month was 21 ft.,but the 230 ft. sunk by Shanly brothers was driven in 7 working months, or at the rate of 30.7 ft. a month. At Nesquehoning, through conglomerate, the average attained in 12 months' driving was 100 ft. a month; while through red shale an experience of two months gave an average of 160 ft. a month. Common black powder was used, the consumption in the conglomerate being about 6 lbs., and in red shale 3 lbs. per cubic yard of rock broken. At advance through a very hard syenitic gneiss, pronounced harder by experts familiar with both than any body of rock met in the Hoosac tunnel, was in 1874: east heading, average of 12 months, 115-8 ft.; west heading, average of last 6 months, when steady work was attained, 1368 ft. At this tunnel a shaft was also driven 110 ft. in depth through soft ground, with timbering, at an average rate of 241 ft. a month. The prices bid at the present day for tunnel excavation vary from $4 to $7 and $8 per cubic yard. But the contract prices are not always a sure criterion as to the final cost; $6 per cubic yard is a medium bid. Very heavy and expensive tunnel work is often done in constructing underground railways through cities. In these the plan generally adopted is first to make an open-air excavation through the streets, then build the arches and fill in the ground again. A very heavy tunnel was lately finished under the London docks, passing also under some large warehouses, and needing very careful work. The quantity of water pumped was enormous. The final cost was at the rate of £390,000 a mile.-Subaqueous Tunnels. Among these should be particularly noted the first one built under the Thames at London. Except however in view of its vast expense, and the fact that it was the forerunner of modern subaqueous tunnelling, its record at the present day, since the system has been further developed, has no very practical interest. It was begun in 1807, intermitted, and resumed in 1825, under Sir M. I. Brunel, intermitted again, and at last completed and opened for foot passengers in 1843. Its total length is 1,200 ft.; final cost nearly £1,200 per lineal yard advanced. (See LONDON, vol. x., pp. 616-617.)-A tunnel that has attracted much attention throughout both Europe and this country is the one at Chicago, driven out under Lake Michigan, for the purpose of obtaining pure water for the city. This tunnel, begun in March, 1864, and completed in March, 1867, was entirely original in plan; the engineer was Mr. E. S. Chesbrough. A crib was first sunk in Lake Michigan, about two miles from the shore, 58 ft. in horizontal outside measurement on each of the five sides, and 40 ft. high. The inner portion or well has sides parallel with the outer ones, 22 ft. long each, leaving the distance between the inner and outer faces of the crib, or thickness of the breakwater, 25 ft. This breakwater was built on a flooring of 12-inch white pine timber, laid close together. The outer and inner vertical faces, and the middle wall between them, were all of solid 12-inch white pine timber, except the upper 10 ft. of the outside, which was of white oak, to withstand better the action of the ice. The outer and inner walls were strengthened and connected with brace walls and cross ties of 12-inch timbers, all securely bolted. The crib was built on land, launched, towed into place, filled with stone, and sunk. An iron cylinder, cast in 9-foot sections, of 9 ft. internal diameter and 2 in. thick, was then lowered within the crib to the bottom of the lake; and this cylinder was connected with the land two miles distant by a tunnel under the lake bottom. Gate wells were constructed in the sides of the crib, and after the completion of the tunnel the top section of the cylinder, extending above water level, was removed, and the water admitted through a screen. The tunnel, of circular cross section, was driven through a stiff blue clay; diameter of excavation 5 ft., subsequently lined with two rings of brick. The final cost in full to the city was $457,844. According to the statements and books of the contractors, the items were: crib and outer shaft, $117,500; land shaft, $12,000; tunnel proper, $195,000; total, $324,000. The balance of the expenditure was used in necessary contingencies. For full details of this work see “Eighth Annual Report of the Board of Public Works" (Chicago, 1869); also a report of Prof. W. P. Blake, commissioner of California to the Paris exposition (1867). A second tunnel, 7 ft. in diameter, extending to the same crib, was completed in July, 1874, at a total cost of $411,510; and two tunnels for traffic have | been constructed under Chicago river. A tunnel under Lake Erie, at Cleveland, Ohio, begun in August, 1869, finished in March, 1874, is similar in plan, purpose, and construction to the one first driven under the lake at Chicago, except that much greater difficulties were encountered in its construction, from meeting several bodies of very soft ground. It is 6,606 ft. in length, and the total cost amounted to $320,352.-It was estimated by Capt. Tyler in 1873 that between 300,000 and 400,000 persons yearly crossed the English channel at Dover, that the number was constantly increasing, and that if a tunnel were built it would probably be doubled. The idea of a tunnel under the channel was first broached by M. Mathieu, a French engineer, who laid plans for one before Bonaparte in 1802. Owing to the subsequent disturbances the projector and his plans were lost sight of. Subsequently plans were proposed by M. Thomé de Gamond, Dr. Payerne, Messrs. Franchot and Tessier, Favre, Mayer, Dunn, Austin, Sankey, Boutet, Hawkins Simpson, Low, Boydon, Brunlees, Waenmaker, and others. To M. Thomé de Gamond is conceded the credit of pushing the project to its present advancement. In 1872 the present channel company was incorporated, Sir John Hawkshaw, Mr. James Brunlees, and M. Thomé de Gamond being appointed the engineers. The route finally adopted places the tunnel on a line drawn from St. Margaret's bay near the South Foreland, on the English side, to a point between Sangatte and Calais in France. The total proposed length of the tunnel is 31 m., of which 22 m. will be under the channel. Should the preliminary tests prove favorable, it is proposed to begin the actual construction by sinking shafts on either shore to the depth of 450 ft. below high-water mark. Driftways will be driven from the bottom of these for the drainage of the subsequent tunnel proper. The tunnel, if constructed, is to begin 200 ft. above the driftway, and will be driven from both ends. It is to be through the chalk, and in no part of it will there be less than 200 ft. of ground between the crown of the arch and the bed of the channel. It will be on a down grade of one foot in 80 to the junction of the drainage driftway, and then on an up grade of one in 2,640 to the middle of the strait. It is proposed to drive the driftway or heading with Dickinson Brunton's machine for tunnelling through chalk, which works like an auger boring wood. It is believed, from actual work done, that this machine will advance at the rate of from a yard to a yard and a quarter an hour. At this rate it would require two years to construct the driftway, driving from either end, at an estimated cost of £800,000. After the heading has been driven through, it has been estimated that four years' time and an outlay of £4,000,000 will finish the work, including arching; but Sir John Hawkshaw and his associates consider it best, before beginning the work, to double this figure as an estimate. The preliminary works to be undertaken are the sinking of two shafts at either extremity of the tunnel, from which an ordinary mining driftway is to be driven about half a mile out under the sea, the cost of which is estimated at £160,000. This done, the engineers will be better able to judge of the ultimate practicability of the work.-See Lehrbuch der gesammten Tunnelbaukunst, by F. Ržiha (6 vols., Berlin, 1865-'72); and Der Tunnelbau, by J. G. Schön (4to, Vienna, 1866). There is no complete work in English on modern tunnelling. The facts in this article are largely drawn from a practical treatise on American and European tunnelling, now (1876) in course of preparation by Henry S. Drinker, E. M., of Philadelphia. TUNNY, a marine fish of the mackerel family, and genus thynnus (Cuv.). The body is elongated and compressed, with a slender tail keeled in the middle, and with two oblique cutaneous folds at the base of the caudal fin on each side; mouth large, with the teeth small, awl-shaped, in a single row on each jaw, and fine and crowded on the vomer and palate; there are two dorsals, near together, the posterior followed by nine or ten finlets opposite those of the anal fin; scales largest around the pectoral region, forming a kind of corslet, on the anterior part of the back, and along the lateral line; cerebellum remarkably large. The common tunny of Europe (T. vulgaris, Cuv.) attains a length of 15 to 20 ft., and a weight of more than 1,000 lbs. ; it is dark blue above, the corslet lighter, sides of head white, and below grayish white spotted with silvery; first dorsal, pectorals, and ventrals black, the other fins mostly flesh-colored; the pectorals are scytheshaped, and one fifth the length of the body. sea. It is very active and voracious, feeding on herring and the small migratory species. Tunnies are very abundant at the E. and W. ends of the Mediterranean, and in its narrowest portions generally, approaching the shores in summer in large shoals for the purpose of spawning; at this time they are captured in large nets arranged in a funnel-like form. The flesh is highly esteemed, almost like meat, as firm as that of the sturgeon, but finer flavored. It is found also in the Atlantic and in the North The principal fishery of the present time is carried on in Sicily and Sardinia.-The American tunny (T. secundo-dorsalis, Storer), called also horse mackerel and albicore, attains a length of 9 to 12 ft.; it is nearly black above, silvery on the sides, and white below; gill covers and pectorals silvery gray; iris golden; ventrals black above and white below; finlets mostly yellow; the second dorsal is much higher than the first, anal further back than in the European tunny, and the pectorals are shorter. It is found from New York to Nova Scotia, coming into Massachusetts bay about the middle of June and remaining through September; it gets very fat by the end of August, and is then valuable for the oil, which is obtained by boiling the head and the abdomen; American Tunny (Thynnus secundo-dorsalis). a single fish yields about 20 gallons; it is taken by the harpoon, and is active, strong, and tenacious of life; it feeds on menhaden and other small shoal fish; its flesh, which is rarely used here except for mackerel bait, resembles lean pork, with a fine mackerel taste.-The tunny of the tropics (T. pelamys, Cuv.), with other allied genera of the family, has been described under BONITO. VI., and also had a place in the councils of state, till October, 1552, when he was deprived of his bishoprie and committed to the tower. Mary reinstated him, but declining the oath of supremacy on Elizabeth's accession, he was again deprived in July, 1559, and remained the guest of Parker, archbishop of Canterbury, till his death. His works include In Laudem Matrimonii (4to, London, 1518); De Arte Supputandi Libri IV. (4to, 1522), a treatise on arithmetic, often reprinted; "Compendium and Synopsis," an abridgment of Aristotle's "Ethics" (8vo, Paris, 1554); "A Defence of Predestination" (4to, Antwerp, 1555); and a volume of prayers (8vo, 1558). TUOLUMNE, an E. county of California, bounded N. by the Stanislaus river and E. by the Sierra Nevada mountains, and drained by the Tuolumne river; area, 1,944 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 8,150, of whom 1,524 were Chinese. The surface is level in the W. part, and in the E. mountainous and covered with excellent timber, which is largely exported; the soil of the valleys is very fertile. It was formerly one of the most important mining counties of the state, and mining is still carried on to a considerable extent. The chief productions in 1870 were 21,920 bushels of wheat, 7,995 of barley, 5,260 of potatoes, 48,525 lbs. of wool, 26,760 of butter, 51,590 gallons of wine, and 5,132 tons of hay. There were 1,283 horses, 1,681 milch cows, 2,849 other cattle, 30,117 sheep, and 4,266 swine; 5 breweries, 5 saw mills, and 8 quartz mills. Capital, Sonora. TUOMEY, Michael, an American geologist, born in Cork, Ireland, Sept. 29, 1805, died in Tuscaloosa, Ala., March 20, 1857. He early emigrated to the United States, and in 1835 graduated at the Rensselaer polytechnic institute, Troy, N. Y. In 1844 he was appointed state geologist of South Carolina, in 1847 professor of geology, mineralogy, and agricultural chemistry in the university of Alabama, and in 1848 state geologist. He published a Report on the Geology of South Carolina" (4to, Columbia, 1848); "First Biennial Report on the Geology of Alabama" (8vo, Tuscaloosa, 1850); and, with Prof. F. S. Holmes, "Fossils of South Carolina" (4to, parts i.-x., Charleston, 1855-7). TUNSTALL, or Tonstall, Cuthbert, an English prelate, born at Hatchford, Yorkshire, in 1474 or 1475, died at Lambeth palace, Nov. 18, 1559. TUPELO, a name given by some tribes of InHe was educated at Oxford and Cambridge, dians to species of nyssa, especially N. multibecame a fellow of the latter university, and flora; this is also called sour gum and black then studied at Padua. He became rector of gum, and is described, together with the charHarrow-on-the-Hill in 1511, and in 1515 arch-acters of the genus, under the latter title. deacon of Chester. In 1516 he was appointed master of the rolls, and sent as commissioner to Brussels, where he concluded two treaties with Charles I. of Spain (afterward Charles V.), and became acquainted with Erasmus. In 1521 he was made dean of Salisbury, in 1522 bishop of London, and in 1523 lord privy seal; and he was twice ambassador to Spain and France. In 1530 he was translated to the bishopric of Durham. He soon after resigned the privy seal, but he remained bishop through all the changes made by Henry VIII. and Edward There is much confusion among the species, as they are very variable; there are at least four in the United States and one or two in the Himalaya mountains and other eastern localities. The one above referred to is the most common. The large or one-flowered tupelo (N. uniflora) is found from Virginia and Kentucky southward, often growing in the water; the bark is very corky, and the wood so light that sections of the branches and roots are used as floats for seines; its large leaves, 4 to 12 in. long, are often heart-shaped at base; the fertile flowers are solitary; the blue fruit | from their southern homes and settled 3,000 an inch or more long. A more southern species m. off on the Amazon, where they are known is the water tupelo (N. aquatica), which grows as the Mandrucús. In all Brazil there are in the pine-barren swamps of North Carolina, only 19,000 Indians reported at the present and extends southward and westward; it oc- time. The Chiriguanes and Omaguas hold curs both as a mere shrub and as a large tree, their own better, but have gradually disapwith smaller leaves and fruit than those of peared from Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuathe common N. multiflora, or black gum. A dor.-The original seat of the Guaranís is in fourth species is known as the Ogeechee lime doubt; some think, from the higher character (N. capitata), a small tree found near the coast of the Omaguas and Chiriguanes, that they in Georgia and Florida; its sterile flowers are were the original stock, but their language is capitate, or in a head, and the solitary fertile evidently but a dialect, less perfect in its strucones are succeeded by a red fruit, an inch or ture and vocabulary than that of the Guaranís more long, quite acid, but eatable, and in re- on the southeast. The beauty of this language quest for making preserves. is extolled by many investigators of American linguistics. The standard grammar and vocabulary of the Guaraní are the Tesoro de la lengua Guaraní, by Padre Antonio Ruiz de Montoya (Madrid, 1639), and Arte y vocabulario, by the same (1640). The lingoa geral of Brazil is based on the Tupí, a Guaraní dialect. As to it see Diccionario da lingoa Tupy, chamada lingoa geral, by Dias (Leipsic, 1858), and Chrestomathia Lingua Brazilica, by Dr. Franco (Leipsic, 1859). TUPI-GUARANÍS, a widely extended family of Indians in South America, embracing the Guaranís proper in Paraguay, among whom the Jesuits established their famous missions described by Muratori and Charlevoix; the eastern Guaranís or Tupís in Brazil, consisting of a vast number of tribes chiefly on the coast; the northern Guaranís, near the Orinoco; the central Guaranís or Chiriguanes, in the northern part of the Gran Chaco; and the Omaguas or western Guaranís, in the district of Quito. TUPPER, Martin Farquhar, an English author, These last were numerous, warlike, and pow- born in London, July 17, 1810. He graduated erful, and were regarded by other tribes as a at Oxford in 1832, and in 1835 was admitted peculiarly noble race. They refused to receive to the bar, but has never practised. His missionaries, and at one time carried on a "Proverbial Philosophy, a Book of Thoughts fierce war against the viceroy of Peru. The and Arguments originally treated" (1838; 2d Tupis and Guaranís proper were mild and un- series, 1842, 3d series, 1867), brought him warlike, falling a prey to the cannibal Aym- into immediate popularity, and, in spite of borés and to the Portuguese, who invaded much contemptuous criticism, has passed their towns to reduce them to slavery. The through numerous editions, and been transGuaranís had not the conception of a Great lated into several languages. In 1845 he was Spirit common to the tribes in the northern part elected a fellow of the royal society, and he of the continent. They were never civilized has received the Prussian gold medal for sciexcept by the Jesuit system of reductions, in ence and art. His numerous succeeding works which they were kept in a kind of tutelage, or include "A Modern Pyramid to commemorate by their enrolment in the Brazilian army. In a Septuagint of Worthies" (1839), a series of some respects they differed from other Amer- sonnets and essays on 70 celebrated men and ican tribes and resembled natives of the Pacific women; " An Author's Mind" (1841), conislands. The Mandrucús, a Guaraní tribe who taining plans of 30 unpublished works; "The fled northward from the Portuguese, build Crock of Gold," "Heart, a Social Novel," and houses like the Dyaks, and like them dry "Twins, a Domestic Novel" (1844); "Probaand preserve the heads of their enemies; the bilities, an Aid to Faith" (1847); "Hacteblowpipe of the Amazon and of Borneo are nus, a Budget of Lyrics" (1848); "Surrey, a the same; the Purupurús of the Amazon have Rapid Review of its Principal Persons and the throwing stick of the Australians; while Places (1849); "King Alfred's Poems in bamboo baskets and boxes from the Amazon English Metre (1850); "Farley Heath" can scarcely be distinguished from those of (1851); "Hymns for all Nations, in Thirty Borneo and Papua. During the flourishing Languages" (1851); "Ballads for the Times period of the Paraguay missions in 1732, the (1851); Heart, a Tale (1853); "ProbaChristian Guaranís numbered 144,000, but in bilities" (1854); "Lyrics" (1855); "Stephen 1742 they had lost 50,000 by European dis- Langton (1858); "Three Hundred Soneases. The Portuguese in 1750 claimed and nets" (1860); "Rides and Reveries of Mr. obtained seven missions, which were at once Esop Smith (1861); Cithara, a Volume abandoned by the Indians. The suppression of Lyrics" (1863); "Alfred," a play (1865); of the Jesuits was a deathblow to the mis- "Raleigh," a play (1866); "Our Canadian sions, and the Indians soon dwindled away. Dominion; Half a Dozen Ballads about a The Portuguese had from the first enslaved King for Canada," and "Twenty-one Protesthem, exterminating whole villages and com- tant Ballads" (1868). In 1875 he wrote a pelling others to emigrate. The most remark-play founded upon incidents of the American able exodus was that of the Tupinambas and Tamoyas, who under Jappy Assu emigrated 66 revolution, and introducing Washington and contemporary characters. In 1851 Mr. Tup |