the foot. This tendon and its synovial sheath also participate in the disease. These structures lie directly above the anterior part or body of the horny frog, which thus serves as a protecting cushion or pad. Besides the general faults of nutrition predisposing to bone disease, rheumatism, hard work, faulty shoeing, and neglect of or injury to the feet contribute to its development. It is particularly liable to complicate injuries of the heel, the inflammation extending by proximity to the bursa of the flexor tendon and the navicular bone. Hence rapid paces and the system of shoeing are largely chargeable with the disease. In France, where the shoeing generally is good and protective, the affection is comparatively rare; in England the rapid paces and the systematic weakening of the feet in shoeing render it exceedingly prevalent; but in America, through the fondness for trotting, poor shoeing, and rough, uneven roads, there are incomparably more cases than in either. The continued idleness of horses during our rigorous winters, broken by occasional fast drives, and the general disorder caused by an overfeed of grain, or a drink of iced water when hot and exhausted, are not to be overlooked. The affected foot may be pointed eight or ten inches in front of the other, with the heel slightly raised, for months before actual lameness appears. The horse steps short, stumblingly, and on the toe when first brought out, but the lameness diminishes or disappears after he has gone a mile or two. It is worse again when cooled down after a long or hard drive. It may also appear at work as an occasional stumble, or a temporary dropping on the sound foot. The shoe is worn at the toe, and the foot is warm at its posterior part, and steadily shrinks so as to be visibly smaller than its fellow. There is flinching when the sole is tapped with a hammer on each side of the body of the frog or on the wall in the region of the quarter. The same results from pressure of the thumb over the flexor tendon, behind the pastern, as far down as can be reached in the hollow of the heel. The wasting of the muscles of the limb and shoulder from disuse deludes many with the idea that the lesion is resident there. Treatment is not often satisfactory, except in recent cases. To soothe inflammation, give a dose of physic, remove the shoe, shorten the toe, leaving the heel of its full height, keep the horse standing throughout the day in cold water or a puddle of wet clay reaching to the top of the hoof, and apply a mild blister to the front and sides of the pastern, repeating it when the scab from the first has come off. Obstinate cases will sometimes recover under the action of frog setons and a long run in a wet pasture, while for those that are otherwise useless the sensitive nerves going to the foot may be divided, when all pain and lameness will cease. But this is only advisable in chronic cases, when the best system of shoeing can be secured, when the feet can be cleaned and examined VOL. XVI.-22

| on each return from work, and when they can be kept covered with wet swabs while standing indoors.-Founder is an inflammation of the secreting structures of the foot, but especially of the lamina which connect the hoof wall with the sensitive parts anteriorly. It results from direct injury, as over-exertion on hard roads, blows, bruises, freezing, pricks or binding with nails, unequal pressure of the shoe on different points, or the long strain on the feet during a sea voyage; or it may result from a sudden chill, a drink of cold water when heated and fatigued, an overfeed of grain, especially if new or only partially ripened, an overdose of purgative medicine, or as a sequel of disease of the lungs or other internal organ. When not caused by direct injury to the foot, it is usually introduced by fever, staring coat, or shivering and general stiffness and soreness, without at first any great tenderness of the feet. Soon the disease concentrates itself in the anterior part of the fore feet (rarely the hind), and the patient leans back, rests on his heels, and brings his hind feet forward to bear as much weight as possible. If urged to move, he sways back, dragging the fore feet on the heels, or lifts both at once and comes down on the heels only. The feet are hot and extremely tender to the hammer or pincers, and the patient resists all efforts to lift them. The pulse is rapid and hard, the breathing hurried, and the skin often perspiring. In the mild forms there is less fever and local suffering, but in all cases the walking on the heels and the heat and tenderness of the feet are characteristic. The preliminary stage of general stiffness may often be cut short by a free perspiration induced by wrapping in a blanket wrung out of hot water and closely covered by several dry ones, or by heavy dry clothing and full doses of aconite, lobelia, or tobacco. Others attain the same end by walking the patient, barefoot or with broad-webbed bar shoes, on a newly ploughed field. But if some inflammation has set in, the feet must be unshod, and enveloped in large, soft, warm poultices; a laxative should be given if the bowels are not too irritable, followed by sedatives and cooling diuretics, and the patient coaxed or even compelled to lie down. When nearly well, a slight blister round the coronet, and a moist clay paddock, or hoof ointments, may perfect the cure.- Corns are common as simple bruises of the heel (usually the inner), often resulting in high strong heels, from accumulation of dry hard flakes of horn when the shoes have been left on too long; in weak ones from undue paring of the sole between the wall and the bars; and in all from the pressure of stones or hardened earth or clay, or the setting in of the shoe when drawn too far forward by the growth of the toe. If of old standing, there is often a horny swelling in the seat of the bruise, pressing inward on the quick. Other results are distortion of the heels of the coffin bone, ossification of the lateral cartilages which

nirs de chasse (1849; 6th ed., 1854); Histoire | des Arabes et des Maures d'Espagne (2 vols., 1851); Les merveilles de la peinture (1868 et seq.); and various works on Spanish and Italian art and on European art collections. He made many translations, comprising Don Quixote and novels by Cervantes, Toreno's history of the rising in Spain (5 vols., 1838), and select Russian works by Gogol, Pushkin, and Turgeneff (1853-'60). An English edition of his works on Italian art appeared in 1870, entitled "Wonders of Italian Art." II. Michelle Pauline Garcia, a French vocalist, wife of the preceding, born in Paris, July 18, 1821. She studied vocal music under her father, Manuel Garcia, and at a later period Liszt perfected her on the piano. In 1825 she was taken with the Garcia troupe to America, and after their return in 1828 she sang in the concerts of her sister Mme. Malibran. She first appeared in opera at London in May, 1839, as Desdemona in Rossini's Otello, and in La Cenerentola. She married M. Viardot in 1840, and with him made tours to the principal European capitals. In Paris she created in May, 1848, the character of Fidès in Le prophète, one of her masterpieces, in which she appeared at Berlin, St. Petersburg, and London. In 1860 she had a brilliant success at the Théâtre Lyrique, Paris, in Gluck's Orfeo. She possesses a mezzo-soprano voice of remarkable compass and elasticity, and is able to sing with almost equal facility in French, Italian, German, Spanish, and English; and her dramatic genius is remarkable. She has composed a short opera, L'ogre, for which Turgeneff wrote the text, performed in 1868 during her residence in Baden-Baden, and another in two acts, Le dernier magicien, performed in 1869 at the court of the grand duchess of Saxe-Weimar. Mme. Viardot has been for some years a professor of music at the conservatory of Paris. VIATKA. I. An E. government of European Russia, bordering on Vologda, Perm, Ufa, Kazan, Nizhegorod, and Kostroma; area, 59,114 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 2,406,024, including Tartar tribes and about 50,000 Mohammedans. The surface is mountainous in the east, where ramifications of the Ural range extend, and level or undulating in other parts. The principal rivers are the Kama, an affluent of the Volga, dividing it from Ufa, and its tributaries, the Viatka, Tcheptza, and Kilmez, all navigable. The climate is severe. Grain, flax, hemp, tallow, honey, and wax are exported to Archangel, and furs, iron, and copper are also produced. The most fertile region is that of the Kama. Woollen and linen goods and iron and copper ware are manufactured. II. A city, capital of the government, on the Viatka, 195 m. N. by E. of Kazan; pop. in 1867, 19,885. It has a fine cathedral and many other churches, a gymnasium, a seminary, important manufactories of woollen and other goods, and extensive silver and copper works.

VIBORG. I. A S. E. län or government of Finland, Russia, bordering on the gulf of Fin

land; area, 16,611 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 276,884, chiefly Karelians. Lake Ladoga partly belongs to its territory, and it contains Lake Saima, which establishes communication between the various watersheds and the gulf. The principal occupations of the inhabitants are agriculture and mining. II. A town, capital of the län, on a deep inlet of the gulf of Finland, 74 m. N. W. of St. Petersburg; pop. in 1867, 8,722. It has a gymnasium, a female high school, and a considerable export trade.

VIBRIO (Müll.), the type of the vibrionia, a family of minute colorless organisms, arranged by Ehrenberg and Dujardin among infusorial animals from the possession of apparently voluntary motions, but now generally considered as microscopic plants, compound or confervoid algae of the tribe oscillatoriacea. They are exceedingly minute, requiring the highest powers of the microscope to make out any structure; they appear like slender lines, straight or sinuous, composed of minute joints, without any visible organs of motion, though possessing contractility; they seem to be propagated by the formation of new joints and subsequent separation at one of the articulations; their structure is best seen when dried. They appear suddenly in artificial infusions, and grow rapidly in such immense numbers as to form a thick scum on the surface; they are also found in the tartar on the teeth, in purulent discharges, and in other morbid fluids. The species of the genus vibrio have an undulatory and sinuous motion, like a serpent; in spirulina, which is coiled in a long spiral, the movements are gyratory and oscillating. In vibrio there is a single, straight row of filaments, without apparent sheath; V. subtilis, about of an inch long and and found in pools; some of the other species are probably the earlier stages of other unknown algo.-The so-called "eels" of vinegar and sour paste, sometimes erroneously styled vibrios, are nematoid worms or entozoa; they were once popular microscopic objects. They belong to the genus anguillula (Müll.); the A. aceti or vinegar eel is to of an inch long, and the A. glutinis or paste worm of an inch; their absence in vinegar is due to the freedom from mucilage and the usual addition of a little sulphuric acid.

wide, is aquatic

VIBURNUM, an ancient name of a genus of monopetalous shrubs or small trees of the honeysuckle family (caprifoliacea), in which there are about 80 species; the majority are natives of North and South America, a few being found in Europe and Asia. The viburnums have opposite and simple leaves, and small white flowers in terminal, flat, compound cymes; the very minute flowers consist of a calyx, the tube of which is coherent with the ovary and fivetoothed, a deeply five-lobed spreading corolla, and five stamens; the one- to three-celled ovary is surmounted by a short three-lobed style, and ripens into a one-celled, one-seeded drupe, containing a single flattened stone.

There are about a dozen species in the United States, some of which, in the northern portions at least, form a considerable part of the coppice and undergrowth of woods. In two of our species the flowers upon the margin of the cyme are sterile and their corollas are greatly enlarged, forming a showy border to the cluster; a garden form of one of these, V. opulus (also a native of Europe), has all of the flowers sterile and showy. (See GUELDER ROSE.) The other species with sterile flowers is called hobble-bush, for the reason that its straggling reclining branches take root where they touch the ground, and impede the traveller; it is found in cold woods from New England to Pennsylvania, and further south along the mountains; its round-ovate leaves are heart-shaped at base, serrate, 4 to 8 in. across, with the veins and stalk covered with a rusty scurf; the heads of flowers are broad and showy, and the crimson fruit is not edible. This species is named V. lantanoides from its resemblance in leaves, though not in flowers, to V. lantana of Europe, which is there called the wayfaring tree on account of its frequent occurrence on the roadside; and our shrub is sometimes called the American wayfaring tree. Of the remaining species, without the conspicuous sterile flowers, the following deserve a special mention. The sweet viburnum, or sheep berry (V. lentago), is one of the most frequent northern species; it has ovate, strongly pointed, very sharply serrate leaves, with margined petioles; the flower clusters are terminal and

Maple-leaved Viburnum (V. acerifolium). axillary, appearing in great abundance in May and June, and have a pleasant fragrance; the oval fruit, shining blue-black, half an inch or more long, is showy, sweet, and edible. This is one of our most beautiful shrubs, and when unmutilated (for cattle are fond of browsing on it) is sometimes a tree 20 to 30 ft. high. It has been successfully used to form an ornamental hedge. Arrowwood is the common

Laurestinus (Viburnum tinus).

ily mistaken when not in flower for a young maple sapling; its three-ribbed and three-lobed leaves are from 2 to 4 in. long and broad, and irregularly toothed on the margin; the fruit, at first crimson, turns to blackish purple and is inedible; it is very common in rocky woods. The most important exotic species is V. tinus, which is not rare as a house plant under the name of laurestinus; it is a native of southern Europe; it has evergreen leaves and clusters of flowers which are rose-colored in the bud, but white when open; it continues long in flower, and is much valued for the house and for decoration.

VICENTE, Gil, a Portuguese dramatist, born about 1470, died in 1557 (according to some, about 1540). He belonged to the nobility, and studied law at Lisbon. His first work was a monologue written in 1502 on occasion of the birth of Prince John, afterward John III., which was recited before the royal family, and pleased the queen mother so much that she requested the author to repeat it at Christmas, adapting it to the birth of the Saviour. From this time he continued to produce dramatic works at the court, and he has been called the Plautus of Portugal and the father of the Portuguese drama. He wrote 42 pieces, consisting of autos or miracle plays, comedies, tragi-comedies, and farces, of which 10 were written wholly and 15 partly in Castilian. His works were edited by his son Luiz (Lisbon, 1561), and in an edition of 1585 much was suppressed by the inquisition. A complete