the extreme N. W. part of the city. It adjoins | triumphs and miracles of the church; and in the basilica of St. Peter, and is a little less than half a mile from the castle of Sant' Angelo, with which it communicates by a covered gallery built by Pope John XXIII. early in the 15th century. The palace, one of the most magnificent in the world, has grown up by degrees, and consequently exhibits a great want of architectural harmony. There was a palace attached to St. Peter's certainly in the time of Charlemagne, and probably before the reign of Constantine. It was rebuilt by Innocent III. (1198–1216), and enlarged by Nicholas III. (1277-281), but did not become the permanent residence of the popes until after their return from Avignon in 1377. Very little of the present edifice is older than the time of Nicholas V. (1447). The renovation of the old palace, which he commenced, was completed by Alexander VI. (1492–1503), after whom that part of the building is now called the appartamento Borgia. The Sistine chapel was added by Sixtus IV. in 1474, and the Pauline chapel by Paul III. in 1534. Innocent VIII. (1484-'92) constructed the Belvedere villa a short distance from the palace, and Julius II. (1503–’13) connected it with the Vatican by means of the celebrated loggie and a terraced court. To Julius II. is also due the foundation of the museum. Pius VII. constructed the braccio nuovo for sculptures; Gregory XVI. added the Etruscan museum; and Pius IX. has added a fourth side to the cortile di San Damaso. The portion of the Vatican which is now the ordinary residence of the popes lies on the E. of the loggie, and was built chiefly by Sixtus V. (1585-'90) and Clement VIII. (1592–1605).—The whole palace, which is rather a collection of separate buildings than one regular edifice, occupies a space of 1,151 by 767 ft., and has 200 staircases, 20 courts, and 4,422 rooms. The scala regia, or great staircase, is a masterpiece of Bernini, and chiefly remarkable for its perspective. It leads to the sala regia, built by Antonio di Sangallo as an audience hall for the reception of ambassadors, and decorated with frescoes by Vasari, Marco da Siena, Taddeo and Federigo Zucchero, Giuseppe Porta, and others. The Sistine and Pauline chapels open into this hall. The former contains, besides the magnificent frescoes of the ceiling, Michel Angelo's first masterpiece in painting, his "Last Judgment," together with frescoes by Perugino, Ghirlandaio, and others, representing passages in the lives of Christ and Moses; the latter possesses Michel Angelo's frescoes of the "Conversion of St. Paul" and "Crucifixion of St. Peter." The chapel of San Lorenzo has a series of remarkable frescoes by Fra Angelico. The stanze of Raphael is the name given to four chambers decorated by the hand of that great master; the paintings in one represent events in the lives of Leo III. and Leo IV.; in another are illustrations of the sciences of theology, philosophy, poetry, and jurisprudence; in the third, the

the fourth, the sovereignty of the church. The frescoes on the roof of the first are by Perugino, and the last contains only two figures by Raphael, the rest having been completed after his death by Giulio Romano and others. The loggie, already referred to, form a triple colonnade around three sides of the court of San Damaso, the uppermost story supported by columns, and the two lower by pilasters. They were built after designs by Bramante, and on one side of the court were painted from the designs of Raphael; they have been much injured by exposure to the weather and other causes, but are now protected by glazed sashes. The museum is one of the most magnificent collections of the kind ever made. Among its principal features are the gallery of inscriptions, containing over 3,000 specimens of ancient sepulchral inscriptions and monuments; the museo Chiaramonte, devoted to ancient sculptures, with the braccio nuovo, a fine hall added to it in 1817, and containing a semicolossal statue of an athlete, supposed to be the famous Arovóuevos of Lysippus; the museo Pio-Clementino, devoted to works of the same class accumulated by Julius II., Leo X., Clement VII., Paul III., and especially Clement XIV. and Pius VI., and possessing the Torso Belvedere and the sarcophagus of Scipio; the cortile di Belvedere, containing bass-reliefs, statues, sarcophagi, baths, &c., among which are the Laocoon and the Apollo Belvedere; the halls of the animals, of the busts, and of the Muses, so named from the character of their principal statues; the gallery of statues, in which are the Apollo Sauroctonos and the supposed Cupid of Praxiteles; the cabinet of the masks; the hall of the Greek cross, with the sarcophagi of Sts. Helena and Constantia, the mother and daughter of Constantine; the gallery of the candelabras, the sala degli Arazzi, so called from the " 'tapestries of Raphael manufactured at Arras in 1515-'16; and the hall of the biga, so called from an antique twowheeled chariot in white marble. The Etruscan museum contains 12 chambers, filled with relics of the ancient inhabitants of Italy. The Egyptian museum, commenced by Pius VII., is inferior to many similar collections in other parts of Europe. The picture gallery contains greater treasures than any other in the world, though the whole catalogue barely numbers 50 paintings. Among these are Raphael's "Transfiguration," "Madonna di Foligno," and "Coronation of the Virgin;" Domenichino's "Communion of St. Jerome;" and works by Titian, Andrea Sacchi, N. Poussin, Guido, Caravaggio, Baroccio, Perugino, Guercino, Fra Angelico da Fiesole, Pinturicchio, Correggio, Melozzo da Forli, Andrea Mantegna, and Paul Veronese.The library was founded in 1378, and now contains 105,000 volumes and 25,500 manuscripts, in a building erected by Sixtus V. in 1588. The manuscript collection, though not the largest, is the most valuable in the world.

tants. In England Dr. Cumming, in the name of the church of Scotland, inquired whether Protestants would be permitted to present to the council arguments in support of their position toward the church of Rome, and the pope replied, on Sept. 4 and Oct. 30, that while no discussion could be permitted of doctrinal questions already defined, he was sincerely desirous of meeting all who believe that their separation is based on solid reasons, by referring them for consultation to the most eminent and prudent theologians selected by himself. No special appeal having been made to the Jewish people, two converts of that race, the brothers Joseph and Auguste Lémann of Lyons, published La question du Messie et le

VATICAN, Council of the, the 20th cecumenical | the Literaturblatt, were among the few who council according to the Roman Catholic spoke favorably of the invitation_to_Proteschurch, convened Dec. 8, 1869. The design of calling a general council was first intimated in a consistorial address of Pius IX., delivered June 26, 1867, to the prelates assembled in Rome to celebrate the 18th centenary of the martyrdom of St. Peter and St. Paul. The prelates, in a joint answer presented to the pope on July 1, expressed the wish that he would soon execute his design. On June 6 a circular had been prepared by Cardinal Caterini, prefect of "the congregation of the council (of Trent)," containing a schedule of 17 important points of church discipline and morality on which, as well as on others suggested to the bishops from personal observation, an examination was requested with an answer within four months. The points sub-concile du Vatican, which the pope praised mitted regarded principally the sacredness of in a brief; a further petition, presented by Christian matrimony; the tone required in the authors to the council itself, requesting that preaching, and the care to base all pulpit in- the Jews should be specially invited, produced struction on revealed truth; the importance of no response.-A congregation of cardinals, assecuring Christian influences in schools; the sisted by theologians representing the princinecessity of a more elevated preparatory train- pal Catholic countries, was appointed immeing in ecclesiastical seminaries, and the means diately after the publication of the bull of indicof encouraging higher culture in sacred and tion, to take in hand the general work of prepprofane knowledge among the priesthood; the aration. To this were adjoined six commispolicy of encouraging the multiplication of sions, on ceremonies, on ecclesiastical policy, religious associations bound only by simple on oriental churches and missions, on religious vows; how to provide worthy incumbents for orders, on dogmatic theology, and on church vacant episcopal and parochial offices, and how discipline, respectively, each presided over by to regulate the exercise of episcopal authority one of the seven cardinals. Up to the openover the inferior clergy. Most bishops com- ing of the council no place was given to the municated this document to their priests; and doctrine of pontifical infallibility on the schethus the whole Catholic world was already mata or programmes submitted to the congrepreparing for the approaching council when gations and commissions; but from the first the bull of indiction, Eterni Patris, was is- indiction of the council, the religious as well sued, June 29, 1868, appointing the council to as the political press began to discuss the opopen in the Vatican basilica, Dec. 8, 1869. portuneness as well as the danger of making For the first time in the history of general this doctrine an article of faith. In France, councils, no invitation was extended to any of Belgium, Holland, and Germany (where many the European governments; only the bull of of the bishops and inferior clergy had been convocation expressed the hope that the va- taught the Gallican views of papal prerogarious governments would leave the bishops tives, and where the majority of statesmen free to attend. The Russian bishops alone and lawyers upheld extreme Gallican princiwere not allowed this freedom. On Sept. 8, ples concerning the superiority of a general 1868, the pope addressed a letter of invitation council to the pope, the absolute independence to the bishops of all the oriental churches not of the state of all spiritual authority, and the in communion with Rome; and on Sept. 13 right of national churches to regulate their he issued the letters apostolic, Jam vos omnes own temporal affairs) all the controversies of noveritis, to "all Protestants and non-Catho- the middle of the 17th century were revived. lies," exhorting them "to consider whether The Jansenists, who were numerous in Holthey were walking in the way commanded by land, and influential though few in France and Christ and leading to eternal salvation." The Germany, were foremost in their attacks on Greek Orthodox church returned no answer, the ultramontanes. Napoleon III. was personthough a few of its bishops manifested a de- ally in favor of holding the council, and not opsire to accept the pope's invitation. The Ar-posed to a definition of the received doctrine menian patriarch, Boghos, accepted, and induced several of his associates to do so; but he was forced to resign his office in consequence. In the Protestant world, the grounds on which the pope based his appeal were denounced as an unwarranted assumption of right. In Germany Reinhold Baumstark of Constance and Wolfgang Menzel of Stuttgart, editor of

on infallibility; but the leading members of the French government were known to be hostile to both projects. The Austrian government thought the revival of this controversy untimely and perilous; while at Munich the prime minister, Prince Hohenlohe, and his as sociates followed the impulse given them by Dollinger; and a circular, now known to bo

the work of the latter, was addressed by Ba- | bishops. Count Montalembert from his deathvaria, April 9, 1869, to the Roman Catholic bed adhered by letter to the Coblentz address. courts, calling their attention to the projects The Vienna Neue freie Presse of June 16 deentertained by the promoters of the council. nounced the agitation as a conspiracy having "The only dogmatic thesis," the circular af- its centre in Munich, and Dr. Döllinger for its firmed, "which Rome wishes to have decided promoter. In France the periodical Corresby the council, and which the Jesuits are now pondant advocated the views of the German agitating throughout Italy and Germany, is opposition, but was combated by Louis Veuilthe question of pontifical infallibility. This lot in the Univers, by Laurentie in the Union, pretension, once become a dogma, will evi- by the Tijd of Amsterdam, and by the Cathodently have a wider scope than the purely lique of Brussels. As the time for the meet• spiritual sphere, and will become eminently a ing of the council approached and the discuspolitical question; for it will raise the power sions of the public journals increased in veheof the sovereign pontiff, even in temporal mat- mence, MM. Baroche, Rouher, Daru, and others, ters, above all the princes and peoples of Chris- by their speeches in the senate and their pubtendom." In June a second circular from lished correspondence, reëchoed the fears exPrince Hohenlohe invited the governments to pressed by the statesmen, journalists, and theunite in preventing the meeting of the council. ologians of Germany. The series of letters on This was seconded by the Italian prime minis- papal prerogatives that appeared in the Augster, Menabrea; and a joint note from Italy and burg Allgemeine Zeitung in March, reappeared Bavaria urged Napoleon III. to withdraw his in a more elaborate form at Leipsic in the troops from Rome during the sitting of the anonymous book Der Papst und das Concil, council. The Bavarian ministry addressed a by "Janus," and this was supplemented by Die series of questions to the theological faculty of Reform der römischen Kirche in Haupt und the university, regarding the embarrassments Gliedern. The bishops of Germany met at likely to ensue between church and state if Fulda in September, and signed a joint pasthe teaching of the syllabus were made a doc- toral letter, in which they pronounced groundtrine of faith. These questions were discussed less the fears about the supposed dangers to throughout Germany. The answer of the the constitution of the church, to her legitifaculty, though guarded on the main doctrinal mate relations with the civil power, to the points, was unfavorable to the infallibilist view, happiness and liberty of peoples, and to the and arraigned the Jesuits for revolutionizing just rights of science and civilization. They the public and private teaching of the church. repelled the motive attributed to Pius IX. of The publication of this answer increased the wishing to make himself an absolute monarch, opposition to the council, and Bavaria sent to the infallible arbiter of doctrines as well as of the courts of southern Germany a circular urg- temporal interests, and of laboring to be the ing them to address a similar series of ques- head of a controlling and tyrannical party in tions to their respective universities. Simul- the church. Bishop Maret, dean of the theotaneously with this an address embodying the logical faculty of the Sorbonne, published in most formidable objections to the ultramontane September Du concile général et de la paix relidoctrines in general, and in particular against gieuse (2 vols.), which was dedicated to the pope, the syllabus, as well as the opportuneness of but advocated the purest Gallicanism, and was any new dogmatic definitions, was printed in heralded by the praise of the liberal press, and the principal European languages, and sent to by a violent controversy between the bishop all the members of the Roman Catholic hier- and the Univers, the leading ultramontane jourarchy. This was the work of a committee of nal. This work was either repudiated or conlaymen, who had their centre of action at demned by all but three or four of the French Coblentz. Another document, known as the bishops. Between Bishop Dupanloup of Or"Coblentz Address," was at the same time leans, on the one hand, and Archbishops (afterpublished in that city, purporting to be a lay ward Cardinals) Dechamp of Mechlin and Manremonstrance to the archbishop of Treves on ning of Westminster, a public correspondence the proposed action of the council, and sub- took place just as the prelates of all countries mitting a large plan of church reform, the were taking their departure for Rome. In chief points of which were afterward em- November Archbishop Darboy of Paris, who braced in the changes advocated by the Old had publicly taught as professor the doctrine Catholics. They demanded that the coming of papal infallibility, but was opposed to the council should decree the separation of the opportuneness of a conciliary definition, rechurch from the state, the government of par- produced the main points of the circular issued ishes by local boards, that of dioceses by dioce- from Fulda, in a pastoral letter, which prosan synods, that of national churches by na- duced a deep impression.-On Nov. 27, 1869, tional councils, the nomination of bishops by the pope published the official letter, Multithe people, the suppression of the Index Ex- plices inter, establishing the order to be folpurgatorius, &c. An identical address signed lowed in the celebration and deliberations of principally by laymen, which obtained the as- the council. In this he repeats the chief reasent and support of the faculties of the leading sons for holding it: the extirpation of error, German universities, was presented to other providing a remedy for the ills of the church,