ASSESSED VALUE.

YEARS.

Real estate.

Personal estate.

1850. 1860. 1870...

$286,504 7,047,881

Total.

True value of real and personal estate.

$986,088 5,596,118 16,159,995

The taxation in 1870 was $167,355, of which $39,402 was territorial, $80,419 county, and $47,534 town, city, &c. The assessed value of property in 1875 was $23,289,180, and the territorial tax $58,222 95. The amount in the terri- | torial treasury on Jan. 1, 1874, was $35,655 47; receipts during the following two years, $104,539 23; total, $140,194 70; disbursements during the same period, $139,662 46; balance, Jan. 1, 1876, $532 24.-The common schools are under the management of the territorial superintendent, county superintendents, and district trustees. A superintendent is elected in each county by the qualified voters for two years, and in each school district three trustees | are elected for the same period by the resident taxpayers. Some money is raised by taxation, but the expenses of the schools are mainly defrayed by tuition fees. The following statistics are for 1875: number of districts, 236; number reporting, 163; schools, 296; children of school age (4 to 16), 35,696; pupils enrolled in public schools, 19,278; in private schools, 3,542; average attendance, public 13,462, private 2,437; amount paid public teachers, $95,533; paid for building purposes, $49,569; appropriated by territory, $15,000; raised by local taxation, $20,267; tuition fees, $95,533; value of public school property, $438,665. The university of Deseret, at Salt Lake City, was organized in 1869; it has medical, collegiate, normal, and inferior departments. It receives an annual appropriation from the territorial treasury of from $5,000 to $10,000. There are several good schools at Salt Lake City and one or two other points, maintained by various religious denominations. According to the census of 1870, there were 10 newspapers, issuing 1,578,400 copies annually, and having a circulation of 14,250. Of these 3 were daily, 3 semi-weekly, 3 weekly, and 1 monthly. The number of libraries was 133, with an aggregate of 39,177 volumes, of which 59, with 7,684 volumes, were private. There were 165 church organizations, with 164 edifices, 86,110 sittings, and property to the value of $674,600. Of the organizations only 5 were non-Mormon

UTAH, a central county of Utah, containing Utah lake, and bordering E. on the Wahsatch mountains; area, about 1,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 12,203. It comprises the finest portion of the territory; the soil is generally fertile and well cultivated. There are valuable gold mines. It is traversed by the Utah Southern and American Fork railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 128,909 bushels of wheat, 31,123 of Indian corn, 18,824 of oats, 16,599 of barley, 75,069 of potatoes, 20,323 lbs. of wool, 63,624 of butter, and 7,051 tons of hay. There were 1,945 horses, 805 mules and asses, 6,464 cattle, 11,435 sheep, and 1,047 swine; 16 manufactories of sorghum molasses, 2 flour mills, and 12 saw mills. Capital, Provo.

UTAHS, or Utes, a large tribe of American Indians belonging to the Shoshone family, and roaming over a great part of New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, and Nevada. They are hunter tribes, hardy, athletic, and brave where game abounds; but some bands in sterile parts, where there are only sage rabbits, roots, seeds, &c., are wretchedly poor. The men wear long braided cues, while the hair of the women is short. Most of the work is done by women, and the Indians in some bands sell their wives and children to neighboring tribes. They are filthy in their habits, and their arms range from the original club, bow, and lance to good rifles. The principal bands of late years, for they vary, are the Tabequache, Muache, Capote, Weeminuche, Yampa, Grand River, and Uintah bands in Colorado and New Mexico; the Pi Edes, Pi Utes, Elk mountain Utes, and Shebe Ucher in the south and east of Utah; and the Weber Utes, Timpanagos, Sanpitches, Pahvants, and Goshutes in other parts of that territory. They have generally been friendly to the whites, though at times some bands have plundered emigrants on the plains. The bands in Utah were at first friendly to the Mormons, but after an attack by Walker's bands a body of volunteers defeated them, killing and taking many. A treaty was made with the Capotes in 1855, but some bands became hostile again. The Mohuaches declined to join the Mormons against the United States, but there was some fighting between the Utes and the miners at Pike's peak, and Winnemucca

tri-weekly (German), and five weekly (one Welsh) newspapers, and a quarterly ("American Journal of Insanity") and three monthly periodicals are published. There are 34 churches, viz.: 4 Baptist, 5 Episcopal, 1 Evangelical Association, 2 Evangelical Lutheran, 1 German Moravian, 1 Jewish, 6 Methodist, 5 Presbyterian, 1 Reformed, 5 Roman Catholic, 1 Universalist, 1 Welsh Calvinistic Methodist, and 1 Welsh Congregational.-The site of the city was included in the colonial grant styled Cosby's manor, made in 1734; but there was no settlement till after the revolution. Fort Schuyler was erected between the present Main and Mohawk streets, below Second street, in 1758, and a blockhouse was built before the close of the revolutionary war near the site of the present railroad depot. Till 1798 the village was called Old Fort Schuyler. In 1813 it had 1,700 inhabitants, and it grew very slowly till after the completion of the Erie canal. It received a city charter in 1832.

UTOPIA (Gr. ou, not, and тóжоç, a place), the title of a political romance by Sir Thomas More, and the name that he gave to an imaginary island, which he represents to have been discovered by a companion of Amerigo Vespucci, and in which existed a perfect society. He pictured a community where all the property belonged to the government, to which every one contributed by his labor, receiving therefrom a supply of his wants; where the citizen rose through all the gradations of his existence from form to form, as if in a vast public school; where gold was contemned, and all the members of the society, unswerved by passion, were fixed each in his proper place. Utopia" was published in Latin in 1516, and translated into English by Bishop Burnet.

UTRAQUISTS. See CALIXTINES.

UTRECHT. I. A province of the Netherlands, bounded N. by North Holland and the Zuyder Zee, E. by Gelderland, S. by Gelderland and South Holland, and W. by South Holland; area, 534 sq. m.; pop. in 1873, 179,465. The surface is level in the north and west, and varied in the southeast by low hills. It is well watered by the Rhine, and its branches the Vecht and Amstel. The air is less damp than in other parts of the Netherlands, and the climate is generally healthful. In the elevated parts the soil is sandy, and covered by extensive heaths and tracts of peat moors, but the low grounds are rich and fertile. II. A city, capital of the province, on the Crooked Rhine, which here divides into the Vecht and the Old Rhine, the principal branch assuming the latter name, 20 m. S. E. of Amsterdam; pop. in 1875, 64,275, about one third Roman Catholics. It is surrounded by forts, but the old ramparts are now used as boulevards. The mall, in the E. part of the city, is an exceedingly fine promenade. There are several canals and attractive squares, and many families of the Dutch aristocracy reside here. It has more than 20 churches, besides three

cathedrals. Of the latter, the Reformed St. Martin's is the most remarkable for its fine Gothic architecture, and has seven chapels filled with monuments. Part of it was destroyed by a hurricane in 1674, and the tower is still detached from the main building. The government offices are in the so-called pope's house, built by Pope Adrian VI., who was born here (1459), in a house still standing. The once celebrated St. Paul's abbey is used for courts of law. Among other notable buildings are the national mint, a palace for arts and sciences, one formerly inhabited by King Louis Bonaparte, the renovated town hall, a large military hospital established by Napoleon I., and the William's barracks. The university, dating from 1636, is attended by about 500 students; among its adjuncts are a new physiological museum, a botanic garden, and a large library. Cigars, cotton, silk, linen, woollen cloth, carpets, and plush (Utrecht velvet) are made, and there are many publishing houses. Drinking water is shipped to Amsterdam. The city is the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishop and the old headquarters of the Jansenists, whose resident archbishop and whole congregation of 5,000 members joined the Old Catholics in 1874.-Utrecht is the oldest of all Batavian cities. The Romans called it Trajectum ad Rhenum and Ultrajectum; from the latter the modern name is derived. It belonged successively to the Frankish dominions and the German empire, and the union which laid the foundation of the republic of the seven United Provinces was organized here in 1579. The treaty of Utrecht, signed April 11, 1713, after long conferences, by the representatives of France, Great Britain, Holland, Prussia, Portugal, and Savoy, and subsequently completed by the peace of Rastadt (1714) and other trea-.. ties, formed an important era by ending the Spanish war of succession. By it Philip V., grandson of Louis XIV., was acknowledged as king of Spain; the Spanish Netherlands, Naples, Milan, and the island of Sardinia were left in the possession of the emperor Charles VI.; Sicily was given to Victor Amadeus II. of Savoy; and England obtained Gibraltar, Minorca, the Hudson Bay territories, Newfoundland, and Acadia, besides the recognition of the Protestant succession. (See Le traité d'Utrecht, by Charles Giraud, Paris, 1847.)

UTRICULARIA (Lat. utriculus, a little bladder), the bladderwort, a genus of aquatic or marsh plants, of which there are more than 100 species, some of which are found in nearly all parts of the world, there being over a dozen in the United States. The genus, with pinguicula and one other little known genus, forms what most botanists call the family lentibulacea (from lentibula, an old name for one species), but Hooker in his edition of Maout and Decaisne ("General System of Botany") gives the family the more appropriate name utricularica; its affinities as to the structure of the flowers are with the

figworts (scrophulariacea), and that of the fruit with the primroses (primulacea). A few of our species are found rooting in the muddy or sandy margins of ponds; these have minute awl-shaped leaves, and a slender stem bearing a solitary flower or a few flowers. The majority of them are floating aquatics, and are usually without roots; their branching stems are furnished with leaves divided into fine, capillary segments, bearing numerous small bladders, which at flowering time_enable the plant to float near the surface and throw up its naked stems, which bear a few yellow or purplish flowers. The calyx is two-lipped; the monopetalous corolla two-lipped with a projecting palate, which often closes the throat; stamens two, with one-celled anthers; pistil with a one-celled free ovary, ripening into a several-seeded capsule.-The bladderworts have long been favorite plants with botanists, on account of their peculiar structure and the rarity of some of the species, but of late they have been invested with new interest from the fact that they must now be classed, with the closely related pinguicula, among insectivorous plants. It had been observed that

Utricularia. Small branch with divided leaves and blad

ders, enlarged twice; a single bladder, greatly enlarged. the little bladders, which form such a striking feature of the floating species, contained minute crustaceans and other microscopic animals, and that their use was not solely, as had been supposed, to enable the plant to float and lift its flowers above the water. These hints induced Darwin to investigate the matter, and the results form two important chapters in his "Insectivorous Plants (1875). About the same time Mrs. Mary Treat of Vineland, N. J., investigated the subject, and though most of her observations (published in the "New York Tribune," January, 1875) were anticipated by Darwin, she noticed some points that escaped him, which he quotes in the work referred to. Darwin's observations were made upon U. neglecta, which English botanists now regard as a

subspecies of U. vulgaris, our most abundant bladderwort. The structure and action of the bladders require several pages and engravings

Common Bladderwort (Utricularia vulgaris).

for a full explanation. The bladders, of which there are two or three on the same divided leaf, are about one tenth of an inch across, and usually filled with water, though often containing bubbles of air; they are attached to the leaf by a short stalk, and, as shown by the enlarged engraving, are of a one-sided eggshape. The mouth or opening usually points downward, and on the upper side terminates in two long appendages, each of which bears six or seven long bristles; these appendages, of which that on the near side only is shown in the engraving, Darwin terms antennæ; beneath these is the opening, with several other bristles on each side of it, and this is closed by a valve so arranged that it can only open inward; this valve is furnished with numerous glands, and the whole interior of the bladder is studded with processes, consisting of four unequal arms, which he calls quadrifid processes. The valve yields to a slight exterior pressure, the structure of the bladder being that of an admirably contrived trap for capturing microscopic creatures; and that it performs this office most effectively, the presence of animals or their remains in nine out of ten of the bladders is a proof. These creatures have been repeatedly seen by Mrs. Treat to enter the bladder, and she noted the time they remained alive after their capture; in most cases the before clear and transparent bladder became in less than two days so muddy from the decomposition of the animals that the contents could not be seen. Darwin has satisfied himself by experiments, given at length in the work referred to, that the utricularias capture these animals for nutriment.

UVALDE, a S. W. county of Texas, drained by the Rio Frio and its affluents; area, 1,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 851, of whom 73 were colored. It has great advantages for stock raising, but is not well adapted to agriculture on

account of the dryness of the seasons. The chief productions in 1870 were 18,225 bushels of Indian corn, 1,820 of sweet potatoes, 5,550 lbs. of butter, and 4,800 of wool. There were 162 horses, 24,778 cattle, 4,930 sheep, and 1,378 swine. Capital, Uvalde.

UVAROFF, Sergei Semenovitch, count, a Russian statesman, born in Moscow in 1785, died there in September, 1855. He studied in Göttingen, and was successively curator of the university of St. Petersburg and president of the academy of sciences, director of the department of trade and industry, and minister of education. He was made a count in 1846, and retired in 1848 on account of the restrictions on public instruction, which he had much promoted. More than any other Russian statesman he called into existence learned institutions, and laid the foundation of oriental studies and of the Asiatic department in the chancellery. His works have been collectively published under the titles of Études de phi lologie et de critique (St. Petersburg, 1843) and Esquisses politiques et littéraires (Paris, 1849), including his Notice sur Gathe.

UVULA, a conical fleshy appendage, hanging down toward the tongue from the border of the soft palate, on the median line. It is made up of muscular substance, covered by mucous membrane; from it arise on each side two folds, called the pillars of the fauces, between which, on the back part and sides of the throat, are the tonsils. It varies in size and length in different individuals, but is generally one half to three quarters of an inch long; it is sometimes so long as to rest upon the tongue, causing harassing cough from its continued tickling, requiring the use of astringent gargles or even partial excision. Its function is supposed to be that of affording, by the contraction of its muscular fibres, a firm point of support upon the median line to the lateral muscles of the soft palate when this organ is stretched across

the upper part of the pharynx in deglutition, shutting off the communication between the pharynx and the posterior nares.

UWINS, Thomas, an English painter, born in London in 1783, died at Staines, Middlesex, Aug. 25, 1857. In early life he designed for illustrated works, and prepared copies for engravers. Subsequent to 1826 he painted a popular series of pictures illustrating the social life of the Italian peasantry. He also painted English and French peasant pieces and illustrations from sacred and profane history. In 1836 he was elected a royal academician; and for several years he was keeper of her majesty's pictures and of the national gallery.

UZBECKS, a people of Turkistan, belonging to the Turkish or Tartaric branch of the Turanian race, of which they are the most civilized tribe in that country, and constituting the dominant native population in Khiva, Bokhara, and Khokan. The typical Tartar characteristics of the Kirghiz are modified in the Uzbecks, probably by the introduction of an Aryan element. They are tall, muscular, and well formed, ruddy in complexion, with broad noses flattened at the end, receding foreheads, and but little beard. Although many of the Uzbecks still live as nomads, the larger number belong to the class known as Sarts or settled inhabitants of Turkistan, and dwell in or about the principal towns, where their military, official, and social influence has induced many persons of different race to assume their name. The population, according to a Russian estimate, numbers 1,500,000 persons. In the time of Timour, about the end of the 14th century, the Uzbecks dwelt N. of the Jaxartes, whence they subsequently overran Bokhara. The purest specimens of the people are met with in Khokan. They are bigoted Mohammedans.

UZZIAH, or Azariah, a king of Judah. See HEBREWS, vol. viii., p. 588.

V

THE 22d letter and 17th consonant of the English alphabet. It was anciently called U consonant. Though found on the most ancient Roman monuments of which we have any knowledge, and even in Etruscan and Samnite inscriptions, it was unknown, according to Tacitus, to the primitive alphabet of the Latins. The same character was used to represent both U and V, these letters also being frequently interchanged (see U); and when the emperor Claudius, as Suetonius relates, wished to introduce a separate sign for the sound of V, he made choice of the inverted digamma, . In the inscriptions of the Etruscans and other primitive inhabitants of Italy, V is frequently confounded with the Eolian digamma, F, through which it claims relation

VOL. XVI.-16

ship with the Semitic vav. Among the Hebrews, too, and probably also among the Phonicians, the corresponding letter was employed both as consonant and vowel. The present form of V is derived from the Greek upsilon (Y), which is sometimes represented without the stem or vertical bar.-Besides u, this letter is interchanged with b, f, and m. The Hebrew beth sometimes had a sound approaching that of V, and the Greek beta (3) is pronounced by the modern Greeks vita. The Spanish and Portuguese B, too, is in many cases pronounced like V. In German V is pronounced like F. (See B, and F.) The change with m is noticed chiefly in Welsh, in which tongue Roman becomes Rofan (pronounced Rovan), while for the Latin amnis, river, the Welsh equivalent