of Corfu, established by the earl of Guilford in 1823, has been suppressed since the union of the Ionian islands with Greece.-A university was established in 1870 in Constantinople, with faculties of literature, law, and the natural sciences and mathematics. It is superintended by a rector, and each faculty has a dean. Roumania has two universities, at Bucharest and Jassy respectively. In Servia the academy of Belgrade was in 1869 erected into a university, which in 1874 had 16 professors and 229 students. The university of Cairo (El-Ashar) is the principal Mohammedan place of education in the East. The instruction includes grammar, arithmetic, alge bra, logic, philosophy, and theology and law according to the four sects of the Sunnis. It has more than 300 teachers, and the number of students generally exceeds 9,000. The university of Valetta, Malta, founded in 1838, has faculties of theology, law, medicine, and arts.The Chinese have a national university (Kwohtsz' Kien) at Peking, but little is known of its condition. Only the sons of officers of high rank are admitted to its courses, where they are educated at the expense of the government for particular service. The new scheme of education adopted in Japan provides for eight universities, but not all have yet been established. The imperial university in Tokio had in 1875 nearly 100 foreign professors.-India has three universities, at Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras, with each of which are affiliated several colleges. The university of Calcutta has usually from 800 to 1,000 students, and those of Bombay and Madras about 500 each. They are all government institutions. Australia has already three universities, those of Sydney (1852), Melbourne (1854), and Adelaide (1874); and New Zealand has one at Dunedin (1871).-The principal universities of the United States are described in this work in special articles, excepting when the name of the institution coincides with that of the place in which it is situated, when it is treated under that title. (See also COLLEGE, where they are included in the table, and EDUCATION.) The Johns Hopkins university, formally inaugurated in Baltimore on Feb. 22, 1876, will be conducted on the German system. It has an annual income, from the endowment of its founder, of $200,000. The principal Canadian universities are McGill university, in Montreal, founded in 1811, and the university of Toronto in Toronto, founded in 1827. Laval university, a Roman Catholic institution in Quebec, was established in 1852. There are also several other denominational colleges called universities, which are noticed in the articles on the several Canadian provinces.-Most of the South American countries have universities, but few of them have attained eminence. The Argentine Republic has two, at Buenos Ayres and Córdoba. The university of Chili, at Santiago, was founded in 1842, to take the place of that of San Felipe, founded in 1783. It

has faculties of law, medicine, pharmacy, and physical and mathematical sciences, and a school of art. Bolivia has three universities, at Sucre, La Paz, and Cochabamba, each of which has faculties of theology, law, medicine, mathematics and physics, and philosophy. They confer degrees of bachelor, licentiate, and doctor in all the faculties excepting medicine, in which only that of doctor is given. Brazil has excellent colleges in Rio de Janeiro, embracing all the faculties, but no established university. There are six universities in Peru, at Lima, Arequipa, Puno, Cuzco, Ayacucho, and Trujillo. Only that of Lima, which is the oldest in America, having been founded in 1551, is of consequence. Its faculties are full, and it is attended by a large number of students. Colombia has a university at Bogotá, and several inferior institutions in provincial cities. The university of Venezuela is at Carácas; it had full faculties and 19 professors in 1874. Of the Central American states, Costa Rica has a university at San José, and Nicaragua two universities, one at Leon and one at Granada. In 1874 San Salvador voted to establish a new university at San Miguel; and in 1875 the university of Guatemala, in the city of Guatemala, was reorganized on the French plan. Mexico has now no university.-In the following table the statistics of the German, Austrian, and Swiss universities are for 1874-'5, of the Italian for 1873, and of the others for years ranging from 1871 to 1875:

66

tory and Antiquities of the University of Oxford" (2 vols., 1792-'6); Malden, “ Origin of Universities and Academic Degrees" (12mo, London, 1835); De Viriville, Histoire des universités en France (Paris, 1847); Bristed, "Five Years in an English University" (New York, 1852; new ed., 1874); Schaff, Germany, its Universities," &c. (Philadelphia, 1857); Zarncke, Die deutschen Universitäten im Mittelalter (Leipsic, 1867); Sybel, Die deutschen und die auswärtigen Universitäten (Bonn, 1868); Mullinger, "The University of Cambridge from the Earliest Times to 1535" (Cambridge, 1873); and Hart, "German Universities" (New York, 1874).

UNTERWALDEN, a central canton of Switzerland, bounded N. by Lucerne and Schwytz, E. by Uri, S. by Bern, and W. by Lucerne; area, 295 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 26,116, of whom 25,687 were Roman Catholics. It is divided into Upper and Lower Unterwalden, the capital of the former, which is the western division, being Sarnen, and that of the latter Stanz. Much of the surface is covered by mountains, which traverse the canton in different directions, and in the south attain a height of upward of 10,000 ft. above the sea. The remainder consists of four principal valleys, which have a general slope toward Lake Lucerne on the N. frontier, into which the chief rivers, the Melch and the Aa, discharge nearly all the drainage of the canton. There are several small lakes, and about one fourth of the area of Lake Lucerne belongs to Unterwalden. The geological formation is chalk, and the canton is remarkable Little of the for a great number of caverns. land is level enough for agriculture, but the pastures are excellent, and cattle constitute the chief wealth of the inhabitants. There are extensive forests. Apples, pears, and chestnuts German is the are raised in great quantities. language of the canton. The government is democratic, and every male inhabitant of 20 years and upward is entitled to vote. Unterwalden was one of the three original cantons of the Swiss confederation.

UPAS TREE, a Javan tree belonging to the breadfruit family (artocarpea), which botanists now unite with the mulberry family (morea). The native name of the tree is bohun upas, and its resinous and highly poisonous exudation is called antiar, a name used for the genus, antiaris; while this species (A. toricaria) is poisonous, others are innocuous. The tree reaches 100 ft. or more in height, with a straight trunk and a handsome rounded head; the oblong or ovate leaves, 3 to 5 in. long, are much veined and downy; the monoecious flowers are small and inconspicuous, the pistillate being succeeded by an oval, purple drupe, in appearance like a small elongated plum. When the tree was first made known extraordinary stories were told about it on the authority of Foersch, a surgeon in the service of the Dutch East India company near the close of the 18th century; he represented that

the emanations of the upas tree killed all animals that approached it, even birds that flew too near it falling dead; that criminals condemned to death were allowed as an alternative to go to that tree and collect some of the poison, only two out of 20 ever returning; and that he had learned from those fortunate enough to return that the tree was in

Upas Tree (Antiaris toxicaria).

a valley, with no other tree or plant within 10 or 12 m. of it, all being a barren waste, strewn with human and other bones; he also said that out of a population of 1,600, who were forced by a civil war to take refuge within 12 or 14 m. of the tree, only 300 were alive at the end of three months. These stories were accepted until they were disproved by Leschenault, whose memoir (Annales du muséum d'histoire naturelle, 1810) is translated in Hooker's "Companion to the Botanical Magazine," vol. i. So far from growing in a solitary desert, the upas is found in the forests with other trees, and lizards and other animals do not avoid it; its poisonous emanations appear to have a similar effect to those of our poison ivy and sumach, and to affect some persons and not others; several botanists have since collected specimens without unpleasant results, and living plants of upas are now in the principal botanic gardens of Europe, where they are not known to be harmful. It is supposed that the story of the valley of death had its origin in the fact that there was some locality in a volcanic country where an abundant emission of carbonic acid gas produced the fatal results ascribed to the upas tree. The poison has long been used by the natives upon their arrows and other implements of war and the chase; the basis of the poison is the juice of the tree, collected by making incisions, and with this they mix, as do the South Americans in preparing woorara, various other substances, which seem to be more required by tradition than for any efficacy they can add to the poison; among those mixed with the upas are the juice of the onion and garlic, cardamom, black pepper, and seeds

of a capsicum. When introduced into the circulation of an animal, it acts upon the vascular system, and causes a congestion of the principal viscera, especially the lungs, and death follows in a few minutes. The natives of the same countries use another and more deadly poison, tieute, from a species of strychnos, which at once affects the nervous system and causes almost instant death. The inner bark of the upas tree affords a fibre which is spun into' cloth and worn by the poorer classes as a substitute for linen; if this accidentally gets wet, it produces an intolerable itching. Another species, A. saccidora, of Malabar, has a bark so tough that bags for rice and other articles are made from it; the branches are cut into truncheons of the proper size, and the bark removed in such a manner as to leave a thin section of wood as a bottom to the bag.

UPHAM, Charles Wentworth, an American author, born in St. John, New Brunswick, May 4, 1802, died in Salem, Mass., June 14, 1875. He graduated at Harvard college in 1821, and at the Cambridge divinity school in 1824, and was pastor of the first Unitarian church in Salem till December, 1844, when he left the ministry. He was mayor of Salem in 1852, member of congress in 1853-'5, for several years a member of the legislature, and in 1857 8 president of the state senate. He edited the "Christian Register" in 1845-'6, and published "Letters on the Logos" (Boston, 1828); "Lectures on Witchcraft, comprising a History of the Salem Delusion, 1692" (1831; enlarged ed., 2 vols. 8vo, 1867); "Life of Sir Henry Vane" (in Sparks's "American Biography," 1835); "Prophecy as an Evidence of Christianity" (1835); "Life of J. C. Fremont " (1856); "Memoir of Francis Peabody" (1869); "Salem Witchcraft and Cotton Mather, a Reply" (1870); and vols. ii., iii., and iv. of the "Life of Timothy Pickering," begun by Octavius Pickering (1867-'72).

UPHAM, Thomas Cogswell, an American author, born in Deerfield, N. H., Jan. 30, 1799, died in New York, April 2, 1872. He graduated at Dartmouth college in 1818, and at Andover theological seminary in 1821, when he became assistant teacher of the Hebrew language. While thus engaged he prepared a translation of Jahn's "Biblical Archæology," which passed through numerous editions. In 1823 he was ordained colleague pastor of the Congregational church in Rochester, N. H.; and from 1825 to 1867 he was professor of mental and moral philosophy in Bowdoin college. Among his works are: "Ratio Disciplinæ, or the Constitution of Congregational Churches" (Portland, 1829); "Elements of Mental Philosophy" (2 vols. 12mo, 1839; abridged ed., 1864); and "Philosophical and Practical Treatise on the Will" (12mo, New York, 1850). He also wrote a series of treatises and memoirs on religious experience, approximating in sentiment to the writings of Tauler, Gerson, and other mystics of the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. Their titles are:

"Principles of the Interior or Hidden Life" (12mo, New York, 1848); "Life of Faith" (1848); "Treatise on Divine Union" (Boston, 1851); Religious Maxims" (Philadelphia, 1854); "Life of Madame Catharine Adorna" (Boston, 1856); "Life and Religious Opinions of Madame Guyon, together with some Account of the Personal History and Religious Experience of Archbishop Fénelon" (2 vols. 12mo, New York, 1847); and "A Method of Prayer, an Analysis of the Work so entitled by Madame de la Mothe Guyon" (1859). Besides these, he wrote "Manual of Peace" (8vo, New York, 1836); "Outlines of Imperfect and Disordered Mental Action" (18mo, 1840); "American Cottage Life, a Series of Poems" (16mo, Portland, 1852); "Letters, Esthetic, Social, and Moral, written from Europe, Egypt, and Palestine" (8vo, Philadelphia, 1857; new ed., 1865); and one of the essays on a congress of nations (8vo, Boston, 1840).

UPOLU. See SAMOAN ISLANDS.

UPSAL, or Upsala. I. A län or district of Sweden, in Svealand, bordering on the gulf of Bothnia, Stockholm, Lake Mælar, Westmanland, and Gefleborg; area, 2,015 sq. m.; pop. in 1874, 102,629. The sea coast extends about 20 m., and has several small indentations and the large bay of Löftsa. The surface consists of undulating plains, and there are several lakes; the soil is fertile in the south, and the scenery beautiful, but much of the north is barren and bleak. Iron ore is extensively worked, that of Dannemora being the best. Sufficient grain is raised for local consumption, and cattle are largely exported. II. A city, capital of the län, on the Fyris or Sala, near its junction with the Skol, 40 m. N. N. W. of Stockholm; pop. in 1873, 12,138. It is in the largest and most fertile plain of central Sweden, and contains fine new buildings and parks. The archbishop of Upsal is primate of all Sweden. The Gothic cathedral, commenced in the latter part of the 13th century and finished in 1435, is the most celebrated of the country, though not improved by the restorations which it has undergone since the damage inflicted by the great conflagration of 1702. Among its relics are those of St. Eric in a silver shrine, the monument of Gustavus Vasa and John II., and many other tombs and monuments in the various chapels, including that of Linnæus. Trinity church in the Odin Lund park, near the cathedral, is a much older building. In the same locality is an obelisk erected in honor of Gustavus Adolphus for his rich endowment of the university. This institution was founded by Sten Sturé in 1477. In 1875 it had 1,480 students (855 in philosophy, 332 in theology, 151 in medicine, and 142 in law), with 31 professors and 68 other teachers. New university buildings are projected, the foundation stone to be laid on the fourth centennial of its foundation (1877). The university library, dating from 1621, is now in a handsome building adjoining the Carolina park, and

contains 150,000 volumes and 8,000 manuscripts, including the Codex Argenteus of Ulfilas, the most complete copy in Europe of the old Icelandic Edda, the holy book of the Druses, and a Bible with commentations by Luther and Melanchthon. Connected with the university are large numismatic and mineralogical collections, a botanic garden (near the house of Linnæus) with a museum, and an observatory. Upsal has a gymnasium and other schools, and the Gustavian academy and other learned institutions. The greatest business activity occurs in February, when the ancient annual market is held. There is much railway and steamboat traffic with Stockholm.-About 3 m. N. is the village of Gamla Upsala (Old Upsal), the traditional capital of Odin. No vestiges remain of the temple and the sacred grove devoted to his worship, though there are numerous tumuli, of great archæological interest, and considered among the largest N. of the Alps. New excavations have recently been undertaken. In the vicinity of Upsal is the Mora meadow with the Mora stones, renowned from the practice in ancient times of electing the kings here, lifting them upon a large stone in the centre, and engraving the name of each new king, with the date of his election, on a newly deposited stone.

UPSHUR. I. A N. central county of West Virginia, bounded E. by the Middle fork of the Monongahela river, and intersected by the Buckhannon; area, about 500 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 8,023, of whom 172 were colored. The surface is rolling and in some parts hilly. The soil of the valleys is good. The chief productions in 1870 were 29,958 bushels of wheat, 6,055 of rye, 108,494 of Indian corn, 21,422 of oats, 11,448 of potatoes, 11,190 lbs. of tobacco, 21,857 of wool, 127,158 of butter, and 7,233 tons of hay. There were 2,039 horses, 2,329 milch cows, 4,561 other cattle, 8,000 sheep, and 3,361 swine. Capital, Buckhannon. II. A N. E. county of Texas, bounded S. by Sabine river; area, 945 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 12,039, of whom 4,867 were colored. The surface is nearly level and well timbered, and the soil fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 326,681 bushels of Indian corn, 8,053 of oats, 40,806 of sweet potatoes, 51,816 lbs. of butter, 1,129 of wool, and 7,362 bales of cotton. There were 2,703 horses, 4,247 milch cows, 8,516 other cattle, 2,262 sheep, and 23,615 swine. Capital, Gilmer.

UPSON, a W. county of Georgia, bounded S. W. by Flint river; area, 384 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 9,430, of whom 4,565 were colored. The surface is hilly and the soil generally fertile. The Upson County railroad terminates at the county seat. The chief productions in 1870 were 26,594 bushels of wheat, 168,164 of Indian corn, 9,166 of oats, 17,186 of sweet potatoes, 22,695 lbs. of butter, 5,188 of wool, and 4,835 bales of cotton. There were 510 horses, 1,047 mules and asses, 1,238 milch cows, 2,641 other cattle, 1,193 sheep, and 7,558 swine; 2 manu