and county purposes, $284,125 22. The total funded debt was $1,226,000; net debt, less sinking fund, &c., $738,550. The principal charitable institutions are the church home, Presbyterian church home, home for aged poor, Troy Catholic male orphan asylum, Troy orphan asylum, Troy hospital, Marshall infirmary, and home of the "Little Sisters of the Poor." The public schools embrace a high school and 15 ward schools, and have an annual enrolment of about 8,000 pupils and an average attendance of 4,500. The expenditure for school purposes is from $125,000 to $150,000 a year. The Troy female seminary, removed from Middlebury, Vt., to Troy in 1821, gained a national reputation under the charge of its founder, Mrs. Emma Willard; it was discontinued in 1870. The Rensselaer polytechnic institute, endowed by Stephen Van Rensselaer, was organized in 1824, for the purpose of teaching the application of mathematics to civil engineering and the natural sciences, and has in its special departments a high reputation. In 1874-5 it had 13 instructors, 170 students, and a library of 3,000 volumes. St. Joseph's theological seminary of the province of New York, a Roman Catholic institution, was founded at Fordham in 1841, and removed to Troy in 1864. In 1874-5 it had 6 professors, 126 students, and a library of 8,000 volumes. The Troy young men's association for mutual improvement has a valuable library. of 19,000 volumes, and a reading room. It occupies a part of the beautiful freestone building known as the Athenæum, in which is also the post office. Three daily and five weekly newspapers are published. There are 50 churches, viz.: 6 Baptist, 1 Church of Christ, 8 Episcopal, 3 Jewish, 1 Lutheran, 9 Methodist, 11 Presbyterian, 9 Roman Catholic, 1 Unitarian, and 1 Universalist.-The first house of any note on the site of Troy was built by Matthias Vanderheyden in 1752, and is still standing on the S. E. corner of River and Division streets. Between 1786 and 1790 the tract was surveyed and laid out, with streets running at right angles excepting where such plan was interfered with by the course of the river. Hitherto the place had been variously known as Vanderheyden's ferry, Ferry hook, and Ashley's ferry; but on Jan. 5, 1789, the name Troy was adopted. At this time it contained five small stores and about a dozen dwellings. The first village charter was adopted in 1791. This was superseded by another on Feb. 16, 1798, and the village was formally incorporated by state acts passed April 2, 1801, and April 9, 1805. The city charter was granted April 12, 1816. Troy has suffered by three great fires: June 20, 1820, 98 buildings, loss $490,000; Aug. 25, 1854, 300 buildings, loss $1,000,000; and May 10, 1862, 671 buildings, loss $3,000,000. TROYES, a city of France, capital of the department of Aube, and formerly of Champagne, on the left bank of the Seine, 90 m. E. | S. E. of Paris; pop. in 1872, 38,113. It has a cathedral with a celebrated choir and stained glass windows, and surrounded by five chapels, begun about 1200 and finished in the 16th century, and recently restored. The unfinished collegiate church of St. Urban, and those of St. John, St. Nizier, and the Madeleine, are likewise remarkable. The lyceum of Troyes is one of the finest in France. In the former abbey of St. Loup is an extensive collection of books and manuscripts. The museum is rich in coins and mosaics. The manufactures of cotton and woollen goods and hosiery are of great extent. Soap, sausages, and cheese are also made.-Troyes was originally the capital of the Tricasses. Under the Romans it was included in Gallia Lugdunensis, and became known as Augustobona, and in the 5th century as Treca. At the close of the 9th century it was devastated by the Normans. It was the seat of several councils, and under the counts of Champagne it rose in the 12th century to great importance. John the Fearless of Burgundy captured the town in 1415. The treaty uniting the French and English crowns, concluded here May 21, 1420, was sealed on June 2 by the marriage of Henry V. with the princess Catharine. During the war between Charles V. and Francis I. it was almost reduced to ashes by the former (May, 1524). In 1814 it was a prominent battle ground between Napoleon and the allies. In November, 1870, it was occupied by the Germans. 99 66 TROYON, Constant, a French painter, born in Sèvres, Aug. 25, 1810, died in Paris early in 1865. He was early employed at Sèvres in painting on porcelain, and began in 1833 to send his works to the annual exhibitions in Paris. He rose to the first rank of his profession, especially in landscapes and animals, and has been called the Lafontaine of his art. He painted many pictures illustrating Sèvres, St. Cloud, and other places near Paris. Among his animal and figure pieces are "The Fair of Limousin," "The Cattle Market," "The Watering Place," "The Poacher," Working Oxen," "Hounds at Rest and in Motion," "Going to Market," and "Before the Storm " (a vigorously painted landscape with cattle and sheep). One of his most celebrated works, a landscape with animals, left unfinished at his death, was in 1869 presented by his mother to the museum of the Luxembourg, and placed in the Rubens gallery. Many of his pictures have been popularized by engravings. In 1875 his "Ösier Bed" was sold in Paris for 24,200 francs, his "White Cow chased by a Dog" for 10,400 francs, and his "Pastures near Trouville" for 12,000 francs. TROY WEIGHT, a scale of weights used in England and the United States for weighing gold, silver, and jewels, and in trying the strength of spirituous liquors, and legally established in both countries for determining the weight of coins. The derivation of the term is uncertain. In 1828 a standard troy pound in brass brought from England was declared by act of congress the legal standard of the United States mint. It is equal in weight to 22-815676 cubic inches of distilled water at 62° F., the barometer being at 30 inches. It contains 5,760 grains, of which 24 make a pennyweight, 20 pennyweights an ounce, and 12 ounces a pound. It is the standard of the imperial system of weights in England, and from it is derived the avoirdupois pound, which contains 7,000 troy grains; and 1 lb. avd. = 1.2152777+ lb. troy. (See AVOIRDUPOIS.) It is identical with the pound of apothecary's weight, and the ounce and grain of these two weights are also correspondingly the same. The pennyweight subdivision of troy weight, determining the weight of the silver penny, was established in 1266, as equal to the weight of 32 grains of wheat taken from the middle of the ear. As the kings of later times found it expedient to reduce the value of the penny, this reduction was accompanied by a proportional diminution in the number of grains of which it was composed. A troy weight was established in 1618, the pound of which weighed 1.321 pound troy. This is now abolished by law. TRUCE OF GOD (Lat. treuga Dei or trewa Dei, from Ger. Treue, faith), an institution of the middle ages, designed to mitigate the violence of private war by prohibiting hostilities from Thursday evening to Sunday evening of each week, also during the entire season of Advent and Lent, and on certain festival days. The days of the week selected were supposed to be rendered holy by the death and resurrection of Christ. It was introduced after the great famine of 1028-30, by the bishops of Aquitaine, who proclaimed a universal peace; as it was found impossible to enforce this, they were obliged to limit it to certain days, and thus arose the truce of God in its peculiar sense. The regulation soon spread over all France. In 1041 the Aquitanian bishops ordered that no private feuds should be prosecuted from sunset on Wednesday to sunrise on Monday following. This was extended by the council of Clermont to the time from Advent to Epiphany, from Lent to eight days after Pentecost (Whitsuntide), and afterward to the feasts of the Virgin, of John the Baptist, of the apostles Peter and Paul, and of All Saints, and the eves of those days. Calixtus II., at the council of Rheims in 1119, renewed the truce of God, commanding war to cease on the above mentioned times throughout Christendom; all violators were to be excommunicated, and, unless satisfaction were given either by themselves or by their children, were to be denied a Christian burial. When the states of Europe began to assume a more consolidated form, and violations of peace and order came under the control of the civil authority, the truce of God disappeared. TRUFFLES, underground fungi, used as food; those of commerce belonging to the genus tu | ber, while others which bear the name are of related but different genera. The early English writers called them "trubbes," both names being derived through the Italian from the Latin terræ tuber. They are somewhat oblong or globose, varying from two ounces to several pounds in weight, according to species and locality; there are white kinds, but generally the surface is blackish or brownish, and roughened with warty protuberances. When cut open they present a variously marbled appearance, and have no resemblance to the generally known forms of fungi; the hymenium, or reproductive portion, is found in the veins which traverse the mass in all directions; in these are found minute sacs, each containing several spores, the surface of which is covered with spines or is honeycombed. But little is known about their early development, and their mycelium, or vegetative portion; when mature, they are quite free from attachment to any other body. Truffles are generally found in calcareous soils, and always in woods, of oak or beech; hence it has been inferred that at some stage of their existence they are parasitic upon the roots of trees; they are found in many parts of England, more French Truffle (Tuber melanosporum). abundantly on the continent, and in Africa. The existence of truffles in the United States is very doubtful; the occasional announcement of their discovery is due to the finding of the Indian bread. (See TUCKAHOE.) In England truffles are hunted by a particular breed of dogs, which are trained by hiding a truffle and teaching them that their food depends upon finding it by the scent; the dogs become so expert that they rarely make a mispoint; when the truffle is dug up, the dog is rewarded with a bit of food. On the continent a similar service is performed by sows. The attempts to cultivate the truffle have not been successful, as the mycelium or spawn, the vegetative portion of the plant, which allows mushrooms to be cultivated so readily, has not yet been obtained. They have been produced by sprinkling the earth with water in which the parings of truffles had been steeped; and in some parts of France a piece of calcareous soil, sown with acorns, has yielded truffles as soon as the saplings attained a few years' growth. The English truffles are tuber asticum; the more highly prized French are T. melanosporum, and the Piedmontese, which bring the highest price of all, T. magnatum; several others are known which are not found in commerce. In Algiers a truffle of another genus (terfezia), and of fair quality, is remarkably abundant, and several have been found in Australia. Truffles have an odor and flavor peculiarly their own, and though sometimes cooked by themselves, they are most generally used for communicating their flavor to meats. The truffles used in this country are imported in sealed tin cans.-The production of truffles in France in 1874 amounted to 1,588,100 kilogrammes (one fourth in the department of Vaucluse), valued at 15,588,100 francs. ated at Yale college in 1759, and in 1760 became pastor of the Congregational church at North Haven. He served in the revolution both as a chaplain and a soldier. He published "A Plea in Vindication of the Connecticut Title to the contested [Western] Lands" (anonymous, 1776); "Twelve Discourses on the Divine Origin of the Scriptures" (12mo, 1790); a "Complete History of Connecticut, 16301764" (2 vols. 8vo, 1797 and 1818); and a "History of the United States" (vol. i., 1810, unfinished). TRUJILLO, or Truxillo (anc. Turris Julia), a town of Spain, in the province of Cáceres, on TRUMBULL, James Hammond, an American the Tozo, a small tributary of the Tagus, 130 philologist, born in Stonington, Conn., Dec. m. S. W. of Madrid; pop. about 6,000. It con- 20, 1821. He entered Yale college in 1838. sists of three parts, the citadel, old town, and He was assistant secretary of the state of city, which stand respectively on the summit Connecticut, 1847-'52 and 1858-61, and secreand slope and at the foot of a hill. The whole tary from 1861 to 1865. Since 1863 he has place has the appearance of decay, and the been superintendent of the Watkinson library upper and more ancient part is now used as a of Hartford and president of the Connecticut burying ground, the inhabitants having aban-historical society. He was one of the original doned it. The fortress dates from Roman members of the American philological associatimes. In the lower town there is an exten- tion, and was its president for the year 1874sive square, on which is the mansion of the 5. In 1873 he was appointed lecturer on the family of Pizarro, the front being ornamented Indian languages of North America in Yale with numerous bass reliefs representing the college. He has published "Colonial Records conquest of Peru. Roman antiquities have of Connecticut, 1636-'89" (3 vols. 8vo, Hartbeen found here. ford, 1850-'59); "Roger Williams's Key to the Indian Language" (1866); "The Composition of Indian Geographical Names" (1870); "The Best Method of Studying the American Languages," and "Some Mistaken Notions of Algonkin Grammar" (1871); "Historical Notes on the Constitutions of Connecticut," "Notes on Forty Algonkin Versions of the Lord's Prayer," and a reprint of Pierson's "Some Helps for the Indians" (1873); and several other historical and philological papers. TRUJILLO, or Traxillo, a town of Peru, capital of the department of Libertad, 14 m. from the sea, in the valley of Chimu, 310 m. N. N. W. of Lima; lat. 8° 7' S., lon. 79° 9′ W.; pop. about 8,000. It is on the side of a mountain, and is surrounded by a mud wall flanked with bastions. It has a cathedral, several churches, a college, a hospital, and a theatre. Rice and spice are exported from Huanchaco, its port, about 8 m. N. W. Trujillo was founded by Pizarro. It has ancient Peruvian remains. TRUMBULL, a N. E. county of Ohio, bordering on Pennsylvania, watered by Grand and Mahoning rivers; area, 625 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 38,659. The surface is undulating and well timbered, and the soil fertile and adapted to dairy farming. Pymatuning swamp occupies part of the county. It is intersected by the Atlantic and Great Western railroad and branches, and by the Pennsylvania and Ohio canal. The chief productions in 1870 were 113,476 bushels of wheat, 16,229 of rye, 383,662 of Indian corn, 433,407 of oats, 156,912 of potatoes, 36,194 of flax seed, 213,572 lbs. of wool, 140,723 of maple sugar, 4,651,796 of flax, 1,162,581 of butter, 1,368,595 of cheese, and 59,481 tons of hay. There were 8,067 horses, 19,811 milch cows, 14,297 other cattle, 47,168 sheep, and 7,580 swine; 1 manufactory of bagging, 22 of carriages and wagons, 20 of cheese, 11 of cooperage, 5 of dressed flax, 7 of furniture, 16 of iron, 4 of machinery, 1 of linseed oil, 13 flour mills, 6 tanneries, 4 currying establishments, 3 breweries, 8 planing mills, and 30 saw mills. Capital, Warren. TRUMBULL, Benjamin, an American clergyman, born in Hebron, Conn., Dec. 19, 1735, died in North Haven, Conn., Feb. 2, 1820. He gradu TRUMBULL, John, an American poet, born in Watertown, Conn., April 24, 1750, died in Detroit, Mich., May 12, 1831. He graduated at Yale College in 1767, and became a tutor in 1771. In 1773 he was admitted to the bar, and in 1781 he removed to Hartford. He was a member of the state legislature, and from 1801 to 1819 a judge of the superior court. In 1825 he removed to Detroit. His best known work is " McFingal," a revolutionary satire (canto i., 1775; complete in 4 cantos, 1782), of which more than 30 unauthorized editions were sold before 1820 (latest ed., with notes by B. J. Lossing, New York, 1864). He also published "The Progress of Dulness," a satire on the prevailing modes of education (3 parts, 1772-3); "Elegy on the Times" (1774); and with Timothy Dwight 40 papers in the manner of the "Spectator." His "Poetical Works appeared in 1820 (2 vols., Hartford). TRUMBULL. I. Jonathan, an American revolutionist, born in Lebanon, Conn., Oct. 12, 1710, died there, Aug. 17, 1785. He graduated at Harvard college in 1727, studied theology, and was licensed to preach, but in 1731 took the place of an elder brother, who was lost at sea, in his father's mercantile business. In 1733 he was elected to the general assembly ens of London. His next picture, the "Sortie of the Garrison from Gibraltar," one of the repetitions of which is in the Boston Athenæum, is widely known through Sharp's engraving. In 1789 Trumbull returned to America to procure likenesses of revolutionary officers for his contemplated series of national pictures. He painted several portraits of Washington, one of which belongs to the city of New York. In 1794 he went again to England as secretary to Mr. Jay, the American minister, and in 1796 was appointed fifth commissioner for the execution of the seventh article of Mr. Jay's treaty of 1794. The duties of this office occupied him till 1804, when he returned to the United States. From 1808 to 1815 he resided in England, painting with indifferent success; and from 1817 to 1824 he was employed in executing for congress four pictures to fill compartments in the rotunda of the capitol, each 18 by 12 ft. For these works, which represent respectively the "Declaration of Independence," the "Surrender of Burgoyne," the "Surrender of Cornwallis," and the "Resignation of Washington at Annapolis," he received $32,000. Subsequently for many years he was engaged in finishing former sketches and in painting copies of his national pictures on a uniform scale of 9 by 6 ft. Many of these, together with portraits and several copies of the old masters, 54 pictures in all, he finally gave to Yale college in consideration of a life annuity of $1,000. The collection was at first deposited in the "Trumbull gallery," a building erected especially for it, but in 1867 it was transferred to the new art building. Col. Trumbull passed the latter part of his life in New York, and was president of the American academy of fine arts from its foundation in 1816 until the formation of the national acad of Connecticut, of which in 1739 he became | TRUMPET, a musical wind instrument of brass or other metal, which under one form or another has been known in all ages and among all races having any claim to civilization. The trumpet, so called in modern use, is generally understood as a tube 8 ft. in length, expanding at the end whence the sound issues into a belllike shape, and doubled up in a parabolic form. It is played through a mouthpiece, and has a natural compass from G below the staff to E above. Trumpets with pistons and cylinders have the advantage of being able to give all the intervals of the chromatic scale. TRUMPETER, in ornithology. See AGAMI. TRUMPET FLOWER, a popular name especially for tecoma radicans, used with a prefix for other related plants. The genus tecoma (from the Mexican name), separated from Bignonia on account of a structural difference in the pods, consists of about 50 species, mostly trees and natives of tropical America. The trumpet flower, T. radicans, is a woody vine, climbing to a great height by abundant rootlets produced along the stem; the pinnate leaves have 5 to 11 ovate, toothed, pointed leaflets; the flowers, in midsummer or later, are in corymbs; the corolla is tubular-funnel-shaped, 2 to 3 in. long, with five somewhat irregular on the throat. The related Bignonia venusta, from Brazil, with crimson flowers, is a gorgeous climber for a warm greenhouse. A very neat non-climbing shrub is tecoma stans, of southern Florida and northern Mexico; it is about 4 ft. high, with large clusters of lemon-yellow flowers; it is hardy at Washington. are generally small, and found in the tropics. There are a few species on the coast of the United States, arranged by De Kay in his genus lactophrys, having a triangular body, with strong spines, directed backward, in front of the anal fin, and the orbits usually spinous. Yale's trunk fish (0. [L.] Yalei, Storer), on TRUNK FISH, the name of the plectognathous fishes of the genus ostracion (Linn.), derived from the bony case in which their soft parts are enclosed; they are also called coffer fishes. The head is prolonged into a snout, at the end of which is the mouth, with fleshy lips, and armed with a series of distinct teeth, 10 or 12 in each jaw, received into sockets, somewhat like the human incisors; body covered by bony plates, large, quadrangular or hexagonal, encasing the animal in an inflexible bony armor; tail enclosed in a bony tube, this and the pectoral fins being the only movable parts; even the vertebræ are usually immovable; eyes large and prominent; dorsal single, far back, small, and entirely soft; pelvic bones and ventrals absent; body three- or four-sided, with linear branchial openings, bordered by a fleshy edge within which are the gill covers. They have very little flesh, and some are believed to be poisonous; the stomach is membranous and Trumpet Flower (Tecoma radicans). very large; the liver is also large, often yieldlobes, within which the four stamens are in- ing a considerable quantity of oil; some are cluded; the fruit is a two-celled pod, contain-armed with spines on the head and body; they ing numerous winged seeds. This, which is often called trumpet creeper, is found from Pennsylvania and Illinois southward, and is very common in cultivation, it being vigorous and perfectly hardy, soon covering a large space, and reaching to the height of 60 ft.; it blooms in July and August, when flowers are scarce, and the abundance of its orange and scarlet bloom makes it very showy. It is a useful vine to drape a tree that is not in itself pleasing, and to cover the sides of brick or stone buildings; its faults are a tendency to become naked below, which may be remedied by cutting back, and an abundant production of suckers; it should not be planted near borders, as its roots extend a long distance.-Bignonia capreolata is a closely related climber, with a more southern range; its leaves consist of but two leaflets and a terminal tendril; its flowers, similar to those of the preceding, are orange; this is known in the southern states as cross-vine, as the wood cut transversely shows a cross. The great-flowered trumpet flower (tecoma grandiflora), from China and Japan, in its garden varieties, is a very showy climber; it does not reach very high, and has narrower leaflets than our native species and much larger flowers, which are bell-shaped and 3 in. across; in some varieties they are very dark-colored; it is scarcely hardy north of New York city. Some species are cultivated in greenhouses, the most frequent being T. Capensis, with curved orange flowers, and T. jasminoides, from Australia, with bright green leaves, and white flowers which are purplish Yale's Trunk Fish (Ostracion Yalei). the coast of Massachusetts and New York, is 14 in. long, with two abdominal spines. There are also species in the East Indies. TRURO, the capital of Colchester co., Nova Scotia, at the head of Cobequid bay, and on the Intercolonial railway at the junction of the Pictou branch, 67 m. by rail N. N. E. of Halifax; pop. in 1871, 3,998. It is one of the handsomest places in the province, and contains, besides the county buildings, several churches, a branch bank, and the provincial normal and model schools. There are manufactories of engines, iron castings, axles, machinery, boots and shoes, lasts and pegs, hats, leather, wooden ware, and woollens. TRUSS, a contrivance for preventing the reappearance of a hernial tumor after its reduction. The general form of the truss is a flat |