Page images
PDF
EPUB

UMBREIT, Friedrich Wilhelm Karl, a German Protestant theologian, born at Sonneborn, Gotha, April 11, 1795, died in Heidelberg, April 26, 1860. He studied theology at Göttingen, especially under Eichhorn, and wrote a prize essay, Commentatio Historiam Emirorum-al-Omrah ex Abulfeda exhibens (Göttingen, 1816). In 1820 he was appointed extraordinary professor of theology and philosophy in Heidelberg, in 1823 ordinary professor of philosophy, and in 1829 ordinary professor of theology. His works include Lied der Liebe (Göttingen, 1820); Uebersetzung und Auslegung des Buches Hiob (Heidelberg, 1824); Commentar über die Sprüche Salomos (Heidelberg, 1826); Christliche Erbauung aus dem Psalter (Hamburg, 1835); Grundtöne des Alten Testaments (Heidelberg, 1843); and Commentar über die Propheten des Alten Testaments (4 vols., Hamburg, 1841-'6), his principal work. He was also, with his friend Dr. Ullmann, editor of the Studien und Kritiken, the principal theological quarterly of Protestant Germany. UMBRELLA (diminutive of Lat. umbra, a shade), a folding shade or screen, carried over the head as a protection from rain or sun. When small and used by ladies only as a sunshade, it is called a parasol (Ital. parare, to ward off, and sole, the sun). An umbrella consists of a frame covered with silk, cotton, alpaca, or other material, which can be expanded at pleasure or brought down snugly around a central stick. This stick is furnished at the lower end with a handle, and near the upper end is a metallic ring (the top notch), around which are hinged the upper ends of the ribs to which the cover is attached. Near the middle of each rib is hinged a metallic rod or stretcher, of which the lower ends all meet in a ring (the runner), sliding from the handle up far enough to spread out the ribs to the required extent. The number of ribs is usually 8, although 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, and 16 have been employed, and in the Chinese and Japanese umbrellas they amount to 40 or 50. Rattan is largely used for the ribs of the cheapest umbrellas, but its employment is steadily diminishing. Whalebone, which at one time was the principal material for the ribs, has been almost entirely superseded by steel, which, combining strength with lightness, has rapidly grown in favor since its introduction about 1840. Modern improvements have generally been in the reduction of the weight and the greater perfection of the mechanism. The most important step in this direction was the invention of the paragon ribs, patented in England in 1852 by Samuel Fox. These are of sheet steel rolled in a semi-elliptical shape, making the least weight of material with the greatest strength. The weight of the other metallic parts of the umbrella has also been much reduced within 30 years. The sticks for common umbrellas are generally made from planks sawed into strips, then turned, and bent or curved; maple is largely used for this pur

pose. The better class of sticks are root-ended, such as bamboo, partridge or hair wood, pimento, dogwood, myrtle, and orange. Metal tubes have been used quite largely at times. Handles are made of wood, ivory, bone, horn, tortoise shell, and a great variety of other materials. The covering of the umbrella of 50 years ago was oiled silk or glazed cotton cloth, which was very cumbrous and inconvenient; now silk, cotton, and alpaca or similar worsted fabrics are the principal materials. Cotton fabrics are sometimes, after dyeing, treated to render them less pervious to water, and to fasten the color. The Chinese and Japanese umbrellas are made entirely of bamboo, paper, and twine. Sliding caps to fit over the ends of the ribs, and hold the umbrella closed, have lately come into general use. Folding umbrellas are among the early inventions of which there are recorded patents, but they have never attained to general favor, being complicated and troublesome. Among other forms are umbrellas enclosed in walking sticks, self-opening, with sticks on which the cover can be thrown to one side, with windows in the covering, and with every variety of form and attachment. The English patent records show nearly 300 patents from 1780 to 1866 for improvements or changes in umbrellas. From 1808 to 1848, 124 patents were granted in France; and in 1873, 25 patents were taken out in the United States, bearing upon the same subject. Yet very few changes of any value are produced.The umbrella is found sculptured on the ruins of Nineveh and on the monuments of Egypt. In China and India its use is very ancient. It had also apparently some religious signification. In the fifth incarnation of Vishnu, the god is spoken of as going down to the infernal regions bearing an umbrella in his hand. In the Scirophoria, the feast of Athena Sciras, a white parasol was borne by the priestesses from the Acropolis to the Phalerus; and the umbrella was also used in the feasts of Bacchus. The ancient Greeks and Romans had umbrellas, which from the paintings on vases appear to have been very much like those of the present time; they were used only by women. In many countries the umbrella seems to have been part of the insignia of royalty, and its use permitted only to the king and great nobles. This still continues in some parts of Asia and Africa, and in many cases it is made very large and much ornamented. The umbrellas of the Siamese kings are said to be made with several separate circles one above another, while the nobles use them with only a single circle. During the middle ages there are occasional references to umbrellas. In the basilican churches of Rome was suspended a large umbrella, and the cardinal who took his title from the church had the privilege of having an umbrella carried over his head in solemn processions. In Wright's "Domestic Manners of the English" (1862) a drawing is given from the Harleian MS. No. 603, representing an Anglo-Saxon gentleman

66

walking out, attended by his servant carrying notched in front; the shell is small and liman umbrella with a handle that slopes back-pet-like, merely covering the most important ward, so as to bring the umbrella over the organs. The U. umbellata (Lam.), the Chinese head of the person in front. Until a com- umbrella shell, is a native of the Indian ocean. paratively recent time umbrellas were used in UMBRELLA BIRD, the popular name of a sinItaly and France only as a protection from the gular South American bird, placed by the latest sun. Kersey's English Dictionary" (1708) authors among the chatterers (ampelida), subdefines an umbrella as a "screen commonly used family gymnoderina or fruit birds, and genus by women to keep off rain." Jonas Hanway cephalopterus (Geoffr.). The bill is stout, long, is said to have been the first man who commonly carried an umbrella in the streets of London, about 1750; at that time their use was considered a mark of great effeminacy. They were at first kept in the halls of great houses, and at coffee houses, to be used in passing from the door to the carriage. In 1787 an English advertisement speaks of "a great assortment of much approved pocket and portable umbrellas."-For a considerable time after the introduction of umbrellas into the United States, in the latter half of the 18th century, it was considered effeminate to carry one. Their manufacture was begun about 1800, and has risen to be an important branch of industry, the products equalling the best English and French. It is confined almost entirely to the cities of Philadelphia, New York, and Boston. By the census of 1870, the number of hands employed directly in the making of umbrellas and canes was 2,618, and the value of the production $4,098,032; and since that time the business has maintained a steady growth.-The silk for covering umbrellas is a special branch of weaving, principally carried on about Lyons, France; but the neighborhood of Crefeld on the Rhine also produces a large quantity, and in Switzerland and England a limited quantity is made. Some silks and alpacas for umbrellas have been made in the United States, but not with much success. The manufacture of the metal parts and of the handles is generally a separate branch. The census of 1870 gives 578 hands employed upon metallic umbrella furniture, producing a value of $724,034. UMBRELLA (Lam.), a genus of gasteropod mollusks, so called from the resemblance of

[graphic]

Umbrella umbellata.

the flattened shell to an umbrella. The animal has a very large tuberculated foot, deeply

Umbrella Bird (Cephalopterus ornatus).

flattened, gradually curved, with the tip notched and slightly hooked; wings moderate, rather pointed, with the third quill longest; tail short and rounded; toes long and slender, with curved claws. The C. ornatus (Geoffr.) is about as large as a crow, glossy black, with violet, blue, and metallic reflections on the crest and pectoral appendage. The head of the male is surmounted by a large crest of 50 to 80 feathers springing from over the nostrils, the lower half a white stiff shaft, and terminating each in a tuft of black hair-like feathers spreading. in all directions, but principally forward; it arises from a contractile skin on the top of the head, and when erected almost hides the bill from view; it is 5 in. in length and about 4 in. wide, somewhat resembling a beautiful blue umbrella. The skin of the neck is very loose, and from it grows a cylindrical fleshy process, about as thick as a goose quill, 14 in. long, from which extends a tuft of imbricated feathers, bordered with metallic blue, and hanging down several inches. It is found in the islands of the great South American rivers, feeding principally on fruits; it is arboreal, and utters a very loud and deep note, which has gained for it from the tribes of the Rio Negro the name of piper bird.-The araponga or bell bird (procnias alba, Thunb.) is about 12 in. long and pure white; it has a singular cylindrical fleshy appendage, with a few small feathers, rising from the base of the bill; the mouth is very wide; the voice resembles the tolling of a bell, and may be heard, according to Wa

[graphic]

terton, nearly three miles, and during the heat of the day, when most other birds are silent; it is a native of the forests of tropical South America.

UMBRIA, a country of ancient Italy, bounded N. by Cisalpine Gaul, E. and S. by the Adriatic, Picenum, and the territory of the Sabines, and W. by the Tiber, separating it from Etruria. Its principal cities were Ariminum (now Rimini), Pisaurum (Pesaro), Fanum Fortunæ (Fano), Sena Gallica (Sinigaglia), Narnia (Narni), Iguvium (Gubbio), Fulginium (Foligno), and Spoletium (Spoleto). The N. E. part stretched out toward the coast in fertile plains. Besides the Tiber, the principal rivers were the Rubicon, Ariminus (Marecchia), Pisaurus (Foglia), Metaurus (Metauro), and Esis (Esino), all flowing into the Adriatic, and the Nar (Nera), an affluent of the Tiber. The inhabitants, the Umbri, were one of the most ancient races of the peninsula, and at an early period became the most powerful people of central Italy. Etruria was originally in their possession. The Romans overcame them in 308 B. C. The battle of Sentinum, 295 B. C., when the Samnites, Gauls, Etruscans, and Umbrians were defeated by the Romans under Quintus Fabius, is sometimes called the battle of Umbria.-The name Umbria has been revived in modern times to designate a portion of what was formerly the Papal States, comprised chiefly in the delegations of Spoleto and Perugia. It constitutes now a province of the kingdom of Italy, also called Perugia. (See PERUGIA.)

UMPQUA, a river of Oregon, which, rising in the Cascade mountains and pursuing a general W. N. W. course, breaks through the Coast range and flows into the Pacific ocean at Umpqua head, lat. 43° 41' N. It has a total length of about 200 m., and is navigable by steamers of light draught to Roseburg, about 90 m. from its mouth, though more than half this distance is obstructed by rapids.

UMRITSIR. See AMRITSIR.
UNAU. See SLOTH.

UNCAS, a North American Indian, sachem of the Mohegan tribe in Connecticut, died about 1682, at a great age. He was originally a war chief of the Pequot nation, but about 1635 revolted from the Pequot sachem Sassacus, and gathered a band of Indians who were known by the old title of Mohegans once borne by the Pequots. In May, 1637, he joined the English in the war against the Pequots, and proved a valuable auxiliary, receiving for his services another portion of the Pequot lands. Many of the Pequots were shielded by him from the vengeance of the English when the war was over, and for this he was for a time in partial disgrace with the authorities; but he was soon received again into so great favor with the whites that several attempts were made by different Indians to assassinate him. Uncas accordingly attacked and reduced Sequasson, sachem of the Connecticut river, and in 1643 defeated and took the powerful Narra

|

gansett sachem Miantonomoh, whom he finally put to death. He was a brave but tyrannical chief, and frequent complaints were made to the colonial government of his oppression. In 1648 the Mohawks, Pocomtocks, and other tribes made war against Uncas with but little success. He was besieged in 1657 in his stronghold on the Connecticut by the Narragansett chief Pessacus, and nearly starved out; but he was relieved at almost the last moment by Ensign Leffingwell, who took in to him at night a canoe laden with supplies. For this act, it is said, Uncas gave to Leffingwell a deed for all the land upon which the town of Norwich now stands, though that chief afterward sold it to a company. He was characterized in 1674 as "an old and wicked, wilful man, a drunkard, and otherwise very vicious; who hath always been an opposer and underminer of praying to God." He was the ally of the English in all their wars against the Indians.

UNG, a N. E. county of Hungary, in the Cis-Tibiscan circle, bordering on Galicia and the counties of Zemplén, Szabolcs, and Bereg; area, 1,180 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 130,032, the majority Slavs, and the rest Magyars. The N. part of the county is traversed by thickly wooded branches of the Carpathians, and it is watered by the Ung and the Latorcza. The chief products are rye, oats, wine, and hemp. It contains the mineral springs of Szobráncz. The capital, Ungvár, is situated on the Ung, 85 m. N. N. E. of Debreczin; pop. in 1870, 11,017. It is the seat of a United Greek bishop, and has an episcopal seminary and lyceum, a gymnasium, an ancient castle, and mineral springs.

UNGER, Franz, a German palæontologist, born in Styria in 1800, died in Gratz, Feb. 13, 1870. He took his medical degree in Vienna in 1827, and practised as a physician till 1836, when he became professor of botany at Gratz, whence he removed in 1850 to the university of Vienna. His most noteworthy publications are Anatomie und Physiologie der Pflanzen (1855); Botanische Streifzüge auf dem Gebiete der Culturgeschichte (1857 et seq.); Geologie der europāischen Waldbäume (1869 et seq.); and Ueber Lieschkolben der Vorwelt (1870). His life has been written by Reyer (Gratz, 1871).

UNGUICULATA, and Ungulata, terms originally applied by Ray to mammals, according as they possessed claws or hoofs, though Aristotle had made a similar division of quadrupeds, placing among unguiculates the monkeys, bats, carnivora, and rodents, and among the ungulates the pachyderms, ruminants, and solipeds (horse). Ray placed among unguiculates the camel, elephant, and edentates, as well as those above mentioned; Linnæus followed Ray in his division of quadrupeds. This system has been variously modified by Cuvier, Swainson, Oken, C. L. Bonaparte, and Owen, the last restricting the unguiculates to the monkeys and carnivora, and the ungulates to the omnivora, ruminants, solipeds, and pachyderms. The un

gulates are divided by Huxley into the two sec- | tions of perissodactyls or odd-toed, and artiodactyls or even-toed; the former including the rhinoceros, tapir, and horse, the latter the omnivorous pig and hippopotamus, and the ruminating animals. (See MAMMALIA, vol. xi., pp. 79, 80, and 82.)

UNICOI, an E. county of Tennessee, separated from North Carolina by the Unaka mountains, and watered by the Nolichucky river and its tributaries; area, about 300 sq. m.; pop. about 2,000. It was formed in 1875 from Carter and Washington counties. It is a rugged mountain region, some peaks attaining a height of 5,500 ft. The arable land is confined to a few valleys and river basins. The slopes are well wooded with pine, chestnut, hemlock, cherry, spruce, and poplar. The tops of some of the peaks are bald, and furnish good pasturage. Iron ore is abundant. The climate is severe in winter, but cool and bracing in summer. | Wheat, corn, oats, buckwheat, rye, and potatoes are the chief crops. Apples flourish, and peaches grow well in the recesses of the mountains. Capital, Longmire.

UNICORN, a fabulous animal resembling a horse, with a single horn issuing from the middle of the forehead, well known as the supporter with the lion of the coat of arms of England. The unicorn of various versions of the Bible undoubtedly originated in a mistranslation of a Hebrew word which probably denoted a kind of wild ox with two horns. Though the animal above described is often mentioned by ancient writers, none of them had ever seen one, and modern naturalists generally disbelieve that any such ever existed. The rhinoceros with a single horn does not correspond in any other particular to the description. The sea unicorn is the narwhal.

UNICORN PLANT. See MARTYNIA. UNION, the name of 16 counties in the United States. I. A N. E. county of New Jersey, bounded N. W. by Passaic river, E. by Staten Island sound and Newark bay, and S. partly by Rahway river, and drained by Elizabeth river and several small streams; area, 101 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 41,859. The surface is nearly level, and the soil generally fertile. It is traversed by the New Jersey, the New Jersey Central, and other railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 5,339 bushels of wheat, 4,215 of rye, 94,618 of Indian corn, 36,948 of oats, 61,544 of potatoes, and 114,763 lbs. of butter. There were 1,428 horses, 2,780 milch cows, 899 other cattle, 460 sheep, and 1,116 swine. There were 315 manufacturing establishments, with $3,570,450 capital, and an annual product valued at $5,986,512. The principal manufactories were 34 of carriages and wagons, 1 of cars, 2 of cordage and twine, 1 of cutlery and edge tools, 7 of wagon material, 5 of iron, 3 of machinery, 3 of floor oil cloth, 1 of paving materials, 5 of sash, doors, and blinds, 9 flour mills, 3 bleaching and dyeing establishments, and 1 straw goods bleachery. Capital, VOL. XVI.-8

Elizabeth. II. A central county of Pennsyl-
vania, bounded E. by the West branch of the
Susquehanna river, and drained by Penn's,
Buffalo, and White Deer creeks; area, about
250 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 15,565. Spurs of
the Alleghany range traverse a large part of
the county; the soil along the streams is very
rich. Iron ore, bituminous coal, and limestone
abound. The chief productions in 1870 were
262,639 bushels of wheat, 297,513 of Indian
corn, 318,154 of oats, 75,374 of potatoes, 265,-
936 lbs. of butter, and 19,542 tons of hay.
There were 3,271 horses, 3,565 milch cows,
3,305 other cattle, 2,639 sheep, and 6,128
swine; 2 manufactories of agricultural imple-
ments, 1 of boots, 12 of carriages and wagons,
2 of pig iron, 2 of iron castings, 8 tanneries, 1
planing mill, 4 saw mills, and 1 woollen mill.
Capital, Lewisburg. III. A S. county of North
Carolina, bordering W. and S. on South Caro-
lina, drained by Lynches creek and branches
of the Catawba and Yadkin rivers; area, about
350 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 12,217, of whom
2,694 were colored. The surface is generally
hilly, and the soil in some parts fertile. Gran-
ite and slate abound, and excellent stone for
hones and whetstones is found. Gold mines
of some value have been worked. The chief
productions in 1870 were 79,934 bushels of
wheat, 203,032 of Indian corn, 72,308 of oats,
16,945 of sweet potatoes, 75,096 lbs. of butter,
8,262 of tobacco, 12,444 of wool, and 1,196
bales of cotton. There were 1,624 horses, 3,501
milch cows, 4,735 other cattle, 8,973 sheep, and
12,163 swine. Capital, Monroe. IV. A N.
county of South Carolina, bounded E. by Broad
river and S. by the Ennoree, and intersected
by the Pacolet and Tyger rivers; area, 500 sq.
m.; pop. in 1875, 21,965, of whom 12,505 were
colored. The surface is hilly, and the soil fer-
tile. Iron ore and granite abound, and gold
was formerly mined. It is intersected by the
Spartanburg and Union railroad. The chief
productions in 1870 were 36,286 bushels of
wheat, 314,981 of Indian corn, 18,491 of oats,
30,610 of sweet potatoes, 92,094 lbs. of butter,
6,562 of wool, 5,282 of tobacco, and 8,537 bales
of cotton.

|
There were 1,674 horses, 1,839
mules and asses, 3,446 milch cows, 4,935 other
cattle, 4,550 sheep, and 12,666 swine; 15 flour
mills, and 2 iron works. Capital, Unionville.
V. A N. county of Georgia, bordering on North
Carolina, and drained by the head streams of
the Hiawassee and Tocoa rivers; area, about
400 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 5,267, of whom 114
were colored. It is traversed by the Blue
Ridge. The highlands are well adapted to pas-
turage. Iron, marble, and granite are found,
and there were formerly profitable gold mines.
The chief productions in 1870 were 7,681 bush-
els of wheat, 10,632 of rye, 139,127 of Indian
corn, 12,099 of oats, 90,098 of sweet potatoes,
50,155 lbs. of butter, 12,458 of wool, 20,268 of
tobacco, and 225 tons of hay. There were 800
horses, 1,622 milch cows, 3,008 other cattle,
6,345 sheep, and 9,723 swine. Capital, Blairs-

ville. VI. A N. county of Mississippi, drained | by the head waters of the Tallahatchie river; area, about 400 sq. m. It has been formed since the census of 1870. The surface is generally level and the soil productive. Cotton, grain, sweet potatoes, &c., are grown. Capital, New Albany. VII. A N. parish of Louisiana, bordering on Arkansas, bounded E. by the Washita river, and intersected by Bayou D'Arbonne and other affluents of that stream; area, about 1,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1875, 12,158, of whom 4,667 were colored. The surface is moderately hilly, and the soil sandy and fertile. The Washita and D'Arbonne are navigable for steamboats. The chief productions in 1870 were 230,282 bushels of Indian corn, 50,445 of sweet potatoes, 28,800 lbs. of butter, and 6,675 bales of cotton. There were 1,400 horses, 1,138 mules and asses, 2,741 milch cows, 6,246 other cattle, 5,502 sheep, and 20,175 swine. Capital, Farmersville. VIII. A S. county of Arkansas, bordering on Louisiana, bounded N. E. by the Washita river, and drained by several of its tributaries; area, about 1,230 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 10,571, of whom 4,896 were colored. The surface is hilly, and the soil fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 232,038 bushels of Indian corn, 9,308 of peas and beans, 56,623 of sweet potatoes, 44,471 lbs. of butter, and 6,181 bales of cotton. There were 1,290 horses, 1,007 mules and asses, 3,071 milch cows, 4,973 other cattle, 4,697 sheep, and 14,810 swine. Capital, El Dorado. IX. A N. E. county of Tennessee, intersected by Clinch river, and bounded N. by Powell's river; area, about 400 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 7,605, of whom 214 were colored. The surface in the north and centre is mountainous, and in other parts hilly, and the soil adapted to grazing. Iron and lead are found. The chief productions in 1870 were 29,615 bushels of wheat, 168,579 of Indian corn, 69,799 of oats, 53,470 lbs. of butter, 10,673 of wool, and 14,169 of tobacco. There were 1,451 horses, 1,264 milch cows, 1,987 other cattle, 6,326 sheep, and 6,971 swine. Capital, Maynardville. X. Â N. W. county of Kentucky, separated from Indiana and Illinois by the Ohio river, and drained by Tradewater and Highland creeks; area, 350 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 13,640, of whom 2,574 were colored. The surface is undulating or hilly, and the soil fertile. Bituminous coal is abundant, and there are several sulphur and chalybeate springs. The chief productions in 1870 were 82,892 bushels of wheat, 771,186 of Indian corn, 34,398 of oats, 69,731 lbs. of butter, 19,402 of wool, and 2,096,260 of tobacco. There were 2,800 horses, 2,130 milch cows, 4,958 other cattle, 7,816 sheep, and 14,976 swine; 3 flour mills, and 1 woollen mill. Capital, Morganfield. XI. A central county of Ohio, drained by affluents of Scioto river; area, 445 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 18,730. The surface is level and the soil fertile. It is intersected by the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis, and the Atlantic and Great Western railroads. The

chief productions in 1870 were 208,660 bushels of wheat, 808,275 of Indian corn, 156,436 of oats, 60,341 of potatoes, 451,407 lbs. of butter, 43,654 of cheese, 390,281 of wool, and 30,027 tons of hay. There were 6,876 horses, 5,073 milch cows, 9,106 other cattle, 75,924 sheep, and 19,252 swine; 11 manufactories of carriages and wagons, 5 flour mills, 1 woollen mill, 1 distillery, 2 planing mills, and 14 saw mills. Capital, Marysville. XII. A S. E. county of Indiana, bordering on Ohio, drained by the East fork of Whitewater river; area, 168 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 6,341. The surface is generally undulating and the soil very fertile. The Cincinnati and Indianapolis Junction railroad traverses it. The chief productions in 1870 were 261,895 bushels of wheat, 417,555 of Indian corn, 59,400 of oats, 16,527 of potatoes, 160,540 lbs. of butter, 13,514 of wool, and 2,699 tons of hay. There were 2,469 horses, 1,884 milch cows, 3,378 other cattle, 4,215 sheep, and 16,955 swine; 1 manufactory of agricultural implements, 4 of carriages and wagons, 2 planing mills, 3 saw mills, 1 woollen mill, and 9 flour mills. Capital, Liberty. XIII. A S. county of Illinois, bounded W. by the Mississippi; area, 320 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 16,518. The surface is undulating and the soil fertile. Iron ore, lead, chalk, bituminous coal, porcelain clay, alum, and copperas are found. It is intersected by the Illinois Central railroad. The chief productions in 1870 were 180,231 bushels of wheat, 679,753 of Indian corn, 124,473 of oats, 95,352 of Irish and 75,052 of sweet potatoes, 93,545 lbs. of butter, 24,653 of wool, and 22,291 of tobacco. There were 3,919 horses, 2,907 milch cows, 5,127 other cattle, 9,342 sheep, and 25,145 swine; 5 manufactories of agricultural implements, 9 of carriages and wagons, 1 of lime, 1 of stone and earthen ware, and 12 flour mills. Capital, Jonesborough. XIV. A S. W. county of Iowa, drained by the head waters of the Platte and Grand rivers; area, 432 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 5,986. surface is level or undulating, and the soil fertile. The Burlington and Missouri River railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 58,217 bushels of wheat, 259,063 of Indian corn, 65,145 of oats, 27,707 of potatoes, 92,797 lbs. of butter, 19,622 of wool, and 9,817 tons of hay. There were 2,058 horses, 1,557 milch cows, 3,119 other cattle, 4,675 sheep, and 5,231 swine. Capital, Aston. XV. The N. E. county of Oregon, bounded N. by Washington territory and E. by Idaho, separated from the latter by Snake river, and watered by Grand Ronde and Powder rivers; area, 4,550 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 2,552, of whom 45 were Chinese. The Blue mountains are on the W. border, and the surface is generally elevated, three fourths of it consisting of mountains and hills, the former covered with forests of pine, larch, and fir, and the latter with pasturage. The valley of the Grand Ronde is large and very productive. Gold, silver, and copper are found, and some mines

The

« PreviousContinue »