at intervals of equally industrious emigrants of other nationalities. Both from the necessities of their situation and from the habits of their lives, they became small farmers and manufacturers, and of this class was the emigration which came to the Northern portion of the United States during that period of movement toward America which took place from 1820 to 1850.

The North became the great provider, not only of her own wants, but of those of the South as well. The shipments of American products, with the exception of cotton, tobacco, and sugar, were shipments of Northern and Western products and manufactures, and even the Southern staples were largely shipped abroad from Northern ports. The logical consequence of these trade conditions was that the North became the strong advocate of the economic principle of protection, while the South, which had every reason to welcome the manufactures of Europe in competition with those from the manufacturing States of the Union, was equally ardent in favor of free trade.

The original Southern States had drawn largely from that class which participated in the benefits of royal favor and came to the New World to take up large grants of land, and to establish in America such estates as they had been accustomed to in the Old World. These brought over to the country in their train the mechanics and workmen necessary to the profitable development of the land. The Southern pioneer frequently, usually indeed, was of that adventure-loving type that sought under the new conditions of life which prevailed in America an opportunity for the gratification of his desire for excitement rather than for the commercial development of the land. The nature of the country, the climate, and the early discovery that the great cotton fields which came to characterize the South could best be worked by servile labor, were favorable to the fostering of these tendencies.

The South and the Southwest were instinct with the spirit of dominance, as much as the North was pervaded by the

spirit of democracy. The constant exercise of authority constituted the training school for the Southern character. The South abounded in pride of birth, land, and leisure; the North was equally proud of her industry, wealth, and frugality.

To one preeminent fact must be attributed the concentration of the black population of America in the Southern States. This was the invention by Eli Whitney of the cotton gin in 1795, whereby the cultivation of cotton became so profitable that it constituted the chief interest of the Southern planter. For the labor required for its cultivation the negro was better adapted than the white man; and the impetus given to cotton cultivation not only rendered imperative his employment in the fields, but seemed to demand his retention in a servile relation. The cotton gin arrested the steady process of emancipation of slaves which had been going on, and shattered the dream of Washington and contradicted the prediction of Jefferson that the day was not remote when Maryland and Virginia would be entirely free from servile population and even States further down the coast would emancipate their slaves. Having turned her entire attention to the cultivation of cotton, the South experienced fifty years of industrial prosperity, affected only by the conditions which regulate crops. Her interests were homogeneous, her population as much so, and she presented a solidarity in sentiment and feeling in striking contrast to the more individualistic North.

If the wealth of a land could be measured simply by the money paid it for its products, then would the South indeed have been in an enviable position. The planter States produced annually more than two million bales of cotton, and exported, aside from sales to the free States, cotton to the value of sixty or seventy million dollars.

In territory, the fifteen slave States were much more extensive than the sixteen free States; the first having a territorial area of nine hundred and twenty-eight thousand eight hundred and ninety-four square miles, while the latter had

but six hundred and forty-three thousand three hundred and twenty-six square miles. The natural increase in population of the South kept pace with that of the North. Nevertheless, in 1850, the population of the free States was thirteen million three hundred and forty-two thousand three hundred and twenty-five, while that of the slave States was nine million six hundred and twelve thousand nine hundred and sixty-nine. In the North, there were forty-five and eight-tenths inhabitants to the square mile, while in the Southern States there were but eighteen and ninety-three hundredths. In the slave States, there were only three hundred and five thousand five hundred and fifty-seven persons who had been born in foreign countries, while in the free States this element of the population amounted to one million eight hundred and ninety-three thousand and fifty-five. Of this number, six hundred and fifty-one thousand eight hundred and one were to be found in New York. Thus there were not half so many immigrants in the South as in one Northern State. The use of the negro for manual labor did not encourage immigration to the South, and the same conditions which prevented an influx of population occasioned an exodus. The South offered little opportunity for any white men save those of the slaveholding class. The number of inhabitants in the South who had been born in the North was but two hundred and five thousand three

hundred and seventy-seven. On the other hand, six hun

dred and seven thousand three hundred and sixteen of the Southern population had gone to the North. Thus the total influx of population in the South from the free States and from Europe did not suffice to equal the drain which that section suffered through the emigration of its youth to the Northern States.

Not only did the South not participate in the tide of immigration flowing into the country, but it did not receive nearly a proportionate share of the capital which came to the North in payment of exports. The entire wealth of the slave States in 1850 was valued at two billion seven

hundred and fifty-five million four hundred and eleven thousand five hundred and fifty-four dollars, and that of the free States, excluding California, at three billion one hundred and eighty-six million six hundred and eighty-three thousand nine hundred and twenty-four dollars. In the valuation of the South, however, slaves are included. Estimating these at four hundred dollars a head, they represent one billion two hundred and eighty million one hundred and sixty-four thousand eight hundred dollars in the total sum, leaving but one billion four hundred and seventy-five million two hundred and forty-six thousand seven hundred and fifty-seven dollars, which is considerably less than half of the sum credited to the North. Not merely did the South lose in the matter of capital received in payment of imports, but she sent gold to the North in payment for those commodities which the South could not produce, for the North supplied food stuffs and provisions to the South, and agricultural implements, furniture, clothing and almost all domestic necessities. Indeed much of the industrial activity of the North would have felt keenly the loss of Southern trade. De Bow, commenting upon this in 1853, remarks: "The Northern States, and Europe also, are in the power of the cotton growers of the South. A withdrawal of the cotton of the United States from England would produce an instant and terrible revolution in that island; and to cut off from the Northern States of the confederacy their Southern trade would destroy their merchants and manufacturers, cause a failure of their banks and bring about a financial crisis such as they have never experienced, and of which their imagination can scarcely conceive. The amount of cotton consumed in the Northern States during the last five years has been two million three hundred and sixty thousand six hundred and forty-five bales, or an average per annum of four hundred and seventy-three thousand nine hundred and thirty-one bales. The value of the cotton consumed during the last five years in the Northern States has been eighty-eight million six hundred

and thirty-seven thousand and forty-nine dollars, or an average of seventeen million seven hundred and twentyseven thousand four hundred and nine dollars per annum. The profits arising from the manufacture of this cotton, and selling it to the Northern people, amounted to perhaps double the cost of the raw material, whilst it furnished employment to thousands of operatives, and secured to the Northern farmer a market for his produce. Surely, then, the North can have nothing to hope from a disruption of this confederacy, which many of its people seem to be striving so hard to bring about. The remedies then which we propose, to prevent the evils of a redundant slave population, are the employment of slave labor in the construction of railroads throughout the Southern States, and the use of negroes in our factories and in our workshops. In this way we can build all the important roads in the Southern States without taking any thing of consequence from the available means of our people, and we can obtain those articles of taste and elegance which we now rely upon the North to furnish us, made at our own doors. We must bring slave labor directly in competition with Northern labor. We must continue to seek out and find new fields for slave labor, whenever it ceases to be profitable in agriculture. These are the measures which we are bound by the highest obligations to adopt, to ward off the alarming evils of a rapidly and fearfully increasing slave population, confined as we think it will be within its present limits, unless there is a great change in the political condition of the country." Governor Hammond, of South Carolina, speaking of these conditions in 1850, said: "It is well known that for the past twenty years floating capital to the amount of five hundred thousand dollars per annum on the average has gone out of South Carolina, seeking and finding more profitable investment than could be found here. But our most fatal loss, which exemplifies the decline of our agriculture and the decay of our slave system, has been owing to emigration." The lower value of improved farm land in the