tion. Incensed beyond measure, the Iroquois no longer delayed the invasion of Canada [1689]. They suddenly fell on Montreal, laid waste the city, massacred a thousand of the inhabitants, and overran a great part of Canada. The French in despair blew up Forts Frontenac and Niagara. Their power was now nearly extinguished, not a single town remaining in their possession between the St. Lawrence and Mackinaw. CHAPTER XX. NEW ENGLAND UNDER ANDROS AND PHIPPS. 200. WHEN the Duke of York became King of England under the title of James II. [1685], he revoked the charters of the northern colonies and made Sir Edmund Andros governor of all New England. Remembering how he had been treated a few years before in New York, Andros determined to carry out to the letter the principles of his despotic master. Every right that the people had enjoyed, was now denied them, while their taxes were largely increased. The Church of England was established contrary to their wishes, and meetings of the people, except for the choice of town officers, were prohibited. 201. After dissolving the Assembly of Rhode Island, Andros proceeded to Connecticut and demanded the surrender of its charter. Governor Treat remonstrated with him, but in vain. The Assembly, then in session at Hartford, engaged in an earnest debate on the subject, which was protracted till evening; and the people crowded into the hall to hear the discussion and take a last look of the precious parchment provoke the Indians to do? Give an account of their invasion of Canada. Upon this reverse, what did the French do? What is said of their power in the new world at this time? 200. What did James II. do on becoming king? What course did Andros pursue ? Mention some of his offensive measures. 201. What did Andros do in Rhode Island? What, in Connecticut? What took place in the Assembly hall? Where was the charter 1687] EXPULSION OF ANDROS. 133 which lay open on a carefully preserved a violent storm in the year 1856. Though the instrument on which their liberties were founded was thus saved, Andros assumed the government. His next step was to supersede Dongan in New York. Thus, in 1688, all the English possessions north of Pennsylvania were united under one despotic gov ernment. This state of things, however, did not last long. In the spring of 1689, news reached Boston, where Andros had fixed his head-quarters, that James II. was no longer king, but had been displaced by William of Orange. The people immediately rose in open revolt. Their former magistrates were restored. Andros was arrested, and sent to England for trial. Representatives were elected, and it was voted that the rights before enjoyed should be resumed. Similar movements were made in the other colonies; and in Connecticut the venerable parchment was drawn uninjured from the hollow oak. 202. The next two years were spent by the people of concealed? What became of this oak? What was the next step of Andros? What put an end to his authority? After his expulsion, what measures were taken by the Massachusetts in trying to obtain a charter from William III. They finally succeeded, though the instrument was of a totally different character from what they had expected. Many of their privileges were taken away, including the election of officers, who were thenceforth to be appointed by the governor or the crown. The boundaries of the colony were extended to the St. Lawrence, and an exposed frontier was thus added, which it cost much to defend. To reconcile the people to these changes, a native of New England, Sir William Phipps, was appointed governor of Massachusetts. He had acquired a large fortune by raising plate, jewels, and treasure from the wreck of a Spanish vessel in Hispaniola, but, being ignorant and bigoted, he did little to advance the interests of the colony. CHAPTER XXI. KING WILLIAM'S WAR. 203. A MUTUAL jealousy had long existed between the French and English in America. The former were far inferior to the latter in number and strength, particularly after their disastrous war with the Iroquois. But they had some strong posts left, and claimed a vast tract, including Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Labrador, Hudson's Bay, Canada, the valley of the Mississippi, and Texas. Their title to these extensive regions rested on the explorations of French Jesuits, who had set up the arms of France in various parts of the wilderness, and acquired great influence with the native tribes. 204. In 1689, while still ignorant of the burning of Montreal, the French government formally declared war against people? 202. In what did the people of Massachusetts spend the next two years? Mention some of the provisions of the charter they obtained. How was it sought to reconcile the people of New England to these changes? How had Phipps acquired a fortune? What was his character? 203. How did the French and English in America feel towards each other? How did they compare in number and strength? What regions did the French claim? On what 1689] RAVAGES OF THE ABENAKIS. 135 England. Count Frontenac was made governor of Canada, with instructions to protect the French possessions, to de stroy the English stations around Hudson's Bay, and to make a descent on New York in conjunction with a French fleet. On reaching the St. Lawrence and learning the losses of his countrymen, he found it necessary to alter his plans; and, sending out emissaries, he excited the tribes in alliance with France to dig up the tomahawk against the English. The Abenakis [ab-e-nak-eez], a branch of the Lenni Lenapees living in Maine [see Map, p. 10], were the first to commence hostilities. They had been treacherously dealt with by English settlers thirteen years before, and rejoiced at this opportunity of revenge. Two of their squaws were sent to the house of an aged English magistrate named Waldron, and, pleading fatigue, obtained permission to lodge there for the night. Rising after the family had retired, they opened the doors to their confederates. The savages placed Mr. Waldron on a chair on his own table, and bade him "judge Indians" now, as he had done before. A number of them owed him money for goods. Each, drawing his knife with inhuman barbarity across the old man's breast, cried in turn, “Thus I cross out my account". At last fainting from loss of blood, the unfortunate man fell to the floor. The Indians, after burning his house and others in the neighborhood, returned to their villages with 29 captives. The English settlements on the Penobscot and St. John's were attacked in like manner, and in a short time the Abenakis recovered the whole of their former hunting-grounds. 205. Frontenac now resolved to strike a bold blow, in the hope of inspiring the Iroquois, the old enemies of his nation, with respect for French prowess, and winning them over from the side of the English. Accordingly, in 1690, he fitted out did their claim rest? 204. What did the French government do in 1689? Whom did they send out to Canada? What were his instructions? What made him alter his plans? What means did he take for injuring the English? Who were the first to commence hostilities? What made them rejoice at the opportunity? Give an account of their barbarous murder of Mr. Waldron. How many captives did they carry off? What English settlements were attacked at the same timo by the savages? 205. In 1690. a force of French and Indians for an attack on the New York frontier. A rapid march of twenty-two days brought them to the neighborhood of Schenectady [ske-nec'-ta-de]. About an hour before midnight, they entered one of the gates in the palisade wall that surrounded the village, and found all the inhabitants asleep, even to the sentinel at his post. The terrible war-whoop was raised, and the work of massacre went on for two hours. Completely taken by surprise, the settlers hardly attempted resistance. Some were butchered in their beds; others hid themselves till the flames of their burning dwellings drove them on the tomahawks of their foes; a few escaped half dressed into the woods in the hope of reaching Albany, but were either lost amid the snow or suffered incredible hardships. At sunset there had been forty well-built houses in this thriving village; the next morning hardly one was standing. About sixty of the inhabitants had fallen. 206. At last the English were roused to a sense of their danger; and in 1690, at the suggestion of Massachusetts, delegates from all the colonies as far south as Maryland assembled in New York. They resolved to fit out two expeditions for the conquest of Canada,-a land force to invade the country by way of Lake Champlain, and a fleet to operate against Quebec. The command of the latter was given to Sir William Phipps. After taking Port Royal, Phipps sailed leisurely up the St. Lawrence. But meanwhile Frontenac had received intelligence of his approach through an Indian runner. When Phipps, therefore, arrived before Quebec, he found it prepared for the attack. His summons to surrender was treated with contempt; and, as the land force which he expected had not arrived, without attempting an assault, he reëmbarked his troops and sailed for home. Violent storms shattered his ships; and, when Phipps returned to Boston, it was found that nothing had been gained by the expedition but an exhausted treasury. what did Frontenac do? Give an account of the attack on Schenectady. How many houses were destroyed? How many of the inhabitants perished? 206. What did the English colonies do in 1690? How many expeditions did they resolve to fit out? To |