ing the cause of his brethren. Once, while he was undergoing this punishment, the learned Stillingfleet was sent to con vince him of his errors; but Penn requested him to tell the king that "the Tower (the building in which he was confined) was to him the worst argument in the world”. On one occasion, a jury was starved two days. and nights, to force them to convict him, but insisted on returning a verdict of acquittal, for which they were fined. At last, weary of persecution, Penn, with several others of his persuasion, embarked for Holland, that they might extend their doctrines on the continent. On this mission, Penn made the tour of Germany, preaching in palace and cottage. Returning to England and finding all other efforts in behalf of his oppressed brethren useless, he became interested in the new world in the way that we have seen.

185. Within the domain granted to Penn a number of Swedes and Dutch had already settled. These he had no desire to remove; and, soon after obtaining the grant, he sent over a copy of it with a message to the residents that he wished not to usurp their rights, but intended that they should still be governed by laws of their own making. Three vessels full of emigrants soon after set sail, with instructions for building a city. Each house was to have a large garden attached, so that it might be "a greene country town".

In 1682, Penn himself sailed for the new world with a hundred settlers. He had a long and melancholy voyage of nine weeks, during which thirty of his companions died of small-pox. He was warmly welcomed on his arrival, and, sailing up the Delaware, soon reached a place fringed with pine trees, where he determined to locate his city. The precise spot was fixed in February, 1683. The ground was

oned? Give an account of his interview with Stillingfleet. How was a jury that tried him once treated? What did persecution at last drive him to do? What was his object on this mission? 185. Who had already settled within the domain granted to Penn? What message did he send them? How many vessels sailed soon after? What instructions were given to the emigrants? What took place in 1682? Describe Penn's voyage. Give an account of the founding of Philadelphia. What does the name mean? From whom was the ground bought? Where did Penn make a treaty with

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bought from the Swedes, and the city thus commenced was named Philadelphia, brotherly love, in token of the feeling which, it was hoped, would prevail among the inhabitants. 186. Penn soon af

Here, beside the Delaware, the grave chieftains of woods assemble.

the

.

WILLIAM PENN.

The old men take their seats in the form of a half moon on the ground, while the younger warriors arrange themselves behind in a similar form. The new governor, whose friendly messages and letters have inspired them with confidence, comes in the central space before them, distinguished from his companions only by the blue sash around his waist. "We meet," he says, 66 on the broad pathway of truth and good will. No advantage shall be taken on either side, but all shall be openness and love. I will not call you children, for parents do sometimes chide their children too severely; nor brothers only, for brothers differ. The friendship between me and you I will not compare to a chain, for that the rains might rust or the falling tree might break. We are the same as if one man's body were divided into two parts. We are all one flesh and one blood."

the Indians? When was this elm blown down? How is the spot marked? Describe Penn's meeting with the Indians. What did he tell them? What reply did they

The Indians trusted his words, and received his presents, giving him in return a belt of wampum, the emblem of friendship. "We will live," said they, "with William Penn and his children in love so long as the moon and the sun shall endure." This treaty was never broken. The Red Men handed down the words of Penn from generation to generation; and, while other white settlements suffered severely from Indian wars, not a single Quaker is known to have been molested by the natives. Penn often visited their wigwams, and took part in their sports and exercises.

187. The only difficulty that disturbed the peace of Pennsylvania was the settlement of the line that separated it from Maryland. Penn and Baltimore could not agree on a boundary. The quarrel was carried to England, and there settled by a grant of half the land between Chesapeake Bay and the Delaware to Penn. The present boundary was fixed by two surveyors, Mason and Dixon, in 1761, and is often referred to as Mason and Dixon's line. The territory now called Delaware was thus at first included in Pennsylvania, under the name of "the three lower counties"; but afterwards, in consequence of the dissatisfaction of the people, it was made a separate colony.

188. The government established by Penn was strictly republican. An Assembly was formed of six members from each county, who held office for a year. All sects were tolerated. Every freeman who believed in God and abstained from labor on the Lord's day, could vote and hold office Parents were required to bring up their children to some useful trade. The only crime punishable with death was murder.

Emigrants arrived in great numbers from Holland, Germany, and Great Britain. The peaceful colony grew and prospered. In August, 1683, Philadelphia consisted of three

make? How did the Indians show their regard for it? How did Penn display his friendship for them? 187. What difficulty disturbed the peace of Pennsylvania? How was the quarrel settled? What is meant by Mason and Dixon's line? What is said of the territory now called Delaware? 188. What was the character of Penn's government? Mention some of its provisions. From what countries did emigrants arrive?

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or four cottages, and the deer ran among the trees on which the surveyor had "blazed out" the courses of the streets. In 1685, it contained 600 houses. It grew more in three years than New York did in half a century.

In 1684, Penn left his colony, now firmly established and containing a population of 7,000, for the mother country. During his absence difficulties arose. The Assembly encroached on his rights; and the rents, which were his only remuneration for the expense of planting the colony, were appropriated in part to the public service. After trying for a time to enforce his authority, Penn yielded to the Assembly, reserving to himself only the right of veto.

189. With the fall of James II., who both as Duke of York and as king had been a firm friend to Penn, ended the favor which the pure and peaceful Quaker had enjoyed. He was charged with abandoning his principles and favoring the cause of the deposed king. His proprietary rights in Pennsylvania were taken from him; and, while the colony which owed every thing to his wisdom and integrity was growing in power and importance, he closed his life in obscurity and gloom. He died encumbered with debt in 1718; at which time, the population of Philadelphia amounted to about 10,000.

CHAPTER XVIII.

INDIAN HISTORY. JESUIT MISSIONARIES.

190. THE tribe that received William Penn in the friendly manner just described belonged to the Algonquin family, and were called Len'-ni Len'-a-pees in their own language, and Delawares in English. According to their traditions,

Describe Philadelphia, as it was in 1683. In 1685, how many houses did it contain? How did its growth compare with that of New York? In 1684, what did Penn do? What difficulties arose in his absence? How were they settled? 189. Throughout his whole career, how did James II. conduct himself towards Penn? On his fall, what happened? What is said of the close of Penn's life? When did he die? What was the population of Philadelphia at that time?

190. What tribe was it that received William Penn? To vhat family did they belong? What did their traditions say about their former history? What did part of

they had once lived far off in the northwest, and had united with the Iroquois in driving out the mound-builders from the valley of the Mississippi. In the fertile region thus acquired they lived for a time in peace; till their hunters, having ascended the mountains on the east, announced that great streams flowed down from them into a vast salt lake beyond, watering a pleasant and unoccupied land. On this, part of the Lenapees migrated eastward, and took possession of the region traversed by the Susquehanna, the Delaware, and the Potomac. Those who remained in the west became known at a later day as Illinois.

wo

Shortly before their interview with Penn, the Delawares had been defeated by their former allies, the Iroquois, and reduced to so powerless a state that they were called “ men" by their conquerors. But they had never acknowledged the Iroquois as masters. The renowned Tam'-anend, the greatest of their warriors and statesmen, was still living at this time. He was afterwards known as St. Tam'ma-ny, and different associations have since been called by his name.

191. During the establishment of the various European settlements, important events were transpiring among the Indians of America. The chief of these was the formation of the Iroquois confederacy, about the year 1539. It embraced five nations, the Mo'-hawks, Oneidas [o-ni'-daz], Onondagas [on-on-daw'-gaz], Cay-u'-gas, and Sen'-e-cas. With these the Tuscaroras afterwards united, when they were known by the name of "the Six Nations". This confederacy was the work of a great and wise chief, Hiawatha [he-awah'-tha]. The Indians regarded him as the special favorite of the Great Spirit, and believed that he was taken up to heaven in a snow-white canoe amid strains of celestial music.

The original seat of the Five Nations was in what is now the central part of New York. But, after a series of bril

the Lenapees do? What were those who remained afterwards called? What had happened shortly before the interview of the Delawares with Penn? Who was still living at that time? What have been named from Tamanend? 191. What important confederacy was formed about 1539? What nations did it embrace? Who brought it about? What was the belief of the Indians respecting Hiawatha? What was the