1676]

DEATH OF BACON.

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Jamestown, but was a second time driven out. To prevent it from again falling into his hands, Bacon, before retiring, burned it to the ground. Several of the patriots applied the torch to their own dwellings. A new state-house and the oldest church in the Dominion were consumed by the flames.

The people of Virginia seemed now to have gained the object for which they had struggled,-a liberal and efficient government, when their worthy leader was seized with an illness which put an end at once to his life and their hopes, Though denounced as a traitor in his life-time by the opponents of popular rights, Bacon has been regarded by posterity as a true friend of the people, a fearless champion of humanity, justice, and liberty.

178. No one could be found worthy of succeeding Bacon

Bacon's absence, what advantage was gained by Berkeley? On his return, what took place? What did Bacon and his adherents do, to prevent Jamestown from again falling into Berkeley's hands? What buildings were destroyed? What did the Virginians now seem to have gained? How were their hopes disappointed? How was Bacon denounced in his life-time? How is he regarded by posterity? 178. What became of

as the leader of the popular party. Berkeley was restored, and with his return began a series of fines, confiscations, and executions. All that had sided with "the rebels" were cruelly persecuted. Hansford, the first partisan leader that was taken, was condemned to death. The vindictive governor refused his request to be shot like a soldier; and he was hanged-the first white native of America that perished by the gibbet. "Take notice," said he on coming to the gallows, "I die a loyal subject and a lover of my country”. Drummond, another republican, was soon after taken. "You are very welcome," said Berkeley on beholding him; "I am more glad to see you than any man in Virginia. You shall be hanged in half an hour." Twenty-two persons were executed before the vengeance of the implacable governor was satiated. The Assembly at last begged him to abstain from further bloodshed, and he reluctantly yielded to their request.

Berkeley soon after returned to England, where his conduct was severely censured. "The old fool," said the king, "has taken away more lives in that naked country, than I for the murder of my father."

179. The avaricious Culpepper succeeded as governor in 1680. He enriched himself by taxing and impoverishing the colony. The king after a time recalled him, and, annulling the unjust grants he had himself made to unworthy favorites, declared Virginia once more a royal province.

180. THE region called CAROLINA was so named in honor of Charles IX., of France, but was first successfully colonized

the popular party after Bacon's death? How did the vindictive governor treat Hansford? How, Drummond? How many were executed? Who at last interfered? What became of Berkeley? What did the king say about him? 179. Who succeeded as governor? What course did he pursue? What did the king soon after do? Under whose auspices was it first settled?

180. From whom was Carolina so called?

1663]

66

LOCKE'S GRAND MODEL".

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under the auspices of Charles II. of England. In 1663, this monarch, in defiance of former charters and the counter claims of France and Spain, bestowed the territory in question on Edward Clar'-en-don, Lord Al'-be-marle, the Earl of Shaftesbury [shafts'-ber-ry], and others.

Clarendon and his associates contemplated founding a great empire. Shaftesbury was appointed to draw up a constitution. He called to his aid the philosopher Locke, who constructed a "Grand Model”, which gave almost unlimited power to a body of nobles and entirely overlooked the rights of the people. This constitution was signed in 1670. There was then neither church, court-house, nor printing-press, in Carolina. But it was the land of peace and plenty, and its great natural advantages had already attracted settlers. Some had fixed their abodes near Albemarle Sound. Others had purchased a tract on the Cape Fear River, and established a flourishing trade in staves and shingles. The intermediate country was mostly a wilderness.

Such was the condition of Carolina, when Locke's "Grand Model" of a constitution arrived. Nothing could have been less adapted to the people. There was no room for a grand series of lords among men who dressed in deer-skins and homespun. The hardy people of Carolina, "the freest of the free", had learned to govern themselves, and every effort to enforce the new constitution utterly failed.

181. The same year in which this instrument was signed, a company of emigrants sailed for Carolina under William Sayle [sale], and landed near the mouth of the Ashley River. Though they established a republican government and representative Assembly, they tried to carry out Locke's absurd constitution, but found it impossible. As they were at some distance from the Albemarle and Cape Fear settlements, they thought it best to form an entirely distinct government; and

On whom did Charles II. bestow the territory in question? What did Clarendon and his associates contemplate? Who was appointed to draw up a constitution? Whom did he summon to his aid? What was the instrument thus constructed called? What was its character? When was it signed? What was the state of things in Carolina at this time? Where had settlements been made? What was the result of the efforts made to enforce Locke's "Grand Model"? Why was this? 181. What took place the

hence the division into NORTH and SOUTH CAROLINA. The Indians, influenced by the Spaniards of Florida, displayed an unfriendly disposition; and the new colonists, when gathering oysters on the coast, or engaged in other work, carried guns for their protection.

In 1672, a few graziers erected their cabins on the spot where Charleston now stands [see Map, p. 151], and eight years later the town was formally founded. The surrounding country was a paradise. The river's banks were lined with stately pines, up which the yellow jasmine climbed, loading the air with the perfume of its flowers. Immigrants arrived from the northern colonies as well as England, and among the rest fifty families sent over by Charles II. to introduce the culture of grapes, almonds, olives, and the silkworm. The attempt failed, but a valuable addition in the form of thrifty and industrious laborers was thus made to the colony. The population was further increased in 1685 by the arrival of many Hu'-gue-nots, or French Protestants, driven from their country by persecution, among the descendants of whom were some of the bravest heroes of the Revolution.

182. The same fondness for self-government that prevailed in North Carolina was also rife in the Southern colony; and Governor Col'-le-ton, sent over by the proprietors with enlarged powers to awe the people into submission, was met with open resistance. The Assembly boldly asserted its rights, defied the governor, and imprisoned his secretary. In vain he called out the militia; the people triumphed. When the news of the revolution which placed William and Mary on the throne of England was received, Colleton was banished from the province. Similar measures were taken

same year in which the new constitution was signed? Why was the territory divided into North and South Carolina.? What feelings did the Indians display towards the settlers? Give an account of the founding of Charleston. Describe the surrounding country. With what view did Charles II. send over fifty families? What was the result? How was the population increased in 1685? 182. What spirit was soon manifested in South Carolina? Give an account of Gov. Colleton's difficulties with the Assembly. Where were similar measures taken? What was the state of things in both colonies in 1689?

1689]

EARLY LIFE OF WILLIAM PENN.

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in North Carolina; and in 1689 we find the cause of popular rights triumphant in both colonies, and in both the prospect of a highly prosperous future.

CHAPTER XVII.

SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA.

183. CRUELLY persecuted in New England and the mother country, a number of Quakers in 1675 took refuge in New Jersey. Within a year, one of the proprietors sold out his interest to several persons, among whom was William Penn. Longing to provide a happy home for the people of his creed, Penn resolved to try his "holy experiment" on a larger scale. In 1681, he obtained from Charles II. an extensive tract west of the Delaware, in payment of a claim against the government for £16,000, left him by his father. The king himself gave it the name of Pennsylvania, "the woody land of Penn".

184. This eminent man was a son of Admiral Penn, who had won distinction by his conquest of Jamaica and brilliant achievements during the war with Holland. He was born in 1644, and at the age of sixteen was expelled from Oxford University for embracing the doctrines of the Quakers. Incensed at his expulsion, his father beat him and turned him out of doors, but afterwards sent him to travel on the continent, in the hope that his opinions would be changed by intercourse with the world. On his return to England, he commenced the study of law; but, on again listening to a Quaker preacher, he became so firm a convert that all his father's reproaches, and even a second expulsion from home, could not turn him from his faith.

The young Quaker was several times imprisoned for plead

188. Where did a number of Quakers settle in 1675? How did William Penn become interested in this colony? What did he resolve to do? How did he obtain an extensive tract on the Delaware? What and by whom was it named? 184. Who was William Penn? Recount his early history. For what was he several times impris