thousand men were raised. Josiah Winslow was placed at their head; and in December, 1675, the expedition was commenced. The ground was covered with snow, through which the invaders painfully forced their way. They found the enemy strongly intrenched in a swamp and defended by palisades. As they approached, a destructive fire was opened by the savages; but the place of those who fell was filled by others, and after a severe struggle of two hours the fort was taken. The victors fired the cabins of the Indians, and destroyed their winter stores. Many old men, women, and children, perished in the flames. A thousand warriors fell, the settlers showing as little mercy as they had received.

The power of the Narragansetts was thus utterly broken. The few survivors wandered through the cedar-swamps, with no shelter but the evergreens and no food save the groundnuts which they dug from under the snow. Still the proud chief Ca-non'-chet declared, "We will fight to the last man". The following April (1676), he was taken captive; but his spirit was still unsubdued. When interrogated by a young man, he refused to answer "a child", but said he would talk with a chief. On being told that death awaited him, he exclaimed, "I like it well! I shall die before I speak any thing unworthy of myself."

172. In February, 1676, Philip assailed Lancaster. Fortytwo persons took refuge in the house of Mary Rowlandson, who describes that day as the "dolefulest" she ever saw. Some were fighting for their lives, others weltering in blood, the house on fire, and the savages ready to massacre those whom the flames drove forth from its shelter. Attempting to escape, Mrs. Rowlandson received a bullet in her side, and her child was wounded in her arms. Gro'-ton, Medfield, Weymouth, and Marlborough [marl'-bur-o], were burned. Capt. Wadsworth [wods'-wurth], on his way to relieve Sudbury, was surprised and lost most of his party. Those who

Who commanded them? Give an account of the expedition. How many Indians were killed and captured? What became of the survivors? What stories are related of Canonchet? 172. What place did Philip attack in February, 1676? Relate what took place there. What villages were next burned? What befell Captain Wadsworth?

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1676]

CAPTAIN CHURCH TAKES THE FIELD.

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were unfortunate enough to be taken, were cruelly tortured. The Indians, says the quaint Cotton Math'-er, deliberately roasted their prisoners out of the world.

Philip allowed himself no rest. He was everywhere pres ent, yet seen by no one. Wherever an unprotected village invited attack, wherever a well-planned ambuscade could cut off an inexperienced enemy, there at the right moment was the watchful chief. It became necessary to trace him to his secret hiding-places. Captain Turner started in his pursuit, and came upon him at the Falls of the Connecticut. A night attack was made, and most of the Indian braves were killed on the spot or driven down the cataract.

173. The New Hampshire tribes having abandoned the war, Philip now found his forces reduced to a feeble remnant. Driven from place to place, they often suffered the greatest extremities for food. On one occasion, 300 of his men had to go many miles to the coast, to sustain life on the clams it afforded. Still the brave chief kept the field. He even struck dead one of his followers for proposing peace.

In June, 1676, a strong force, raised with the view of exterminating the savage foe, was placed under command of the celebrated Captain Church. In the course of the summer, he killed and captured many of the dispersed Wampanoags. Among others, the wife and child of Philip were taken. "My heart breaks”, cried the chieftain; "now I am ready to die!" The child alluded to was a boy of nine years, the last of the family of Massassoit. Forgetting all they owed his grandfather, the Puritans sold him as a slave in Bermuda.

174. The condition of Philip was now indeed hopeless. Deserted, betrayed, hunted down, he could hope for relief only in death. With his few remaining followers he took refuge in a swamp, in the broad hunting-grounds which had

How were the prisoners treated? What is said of Philip's movements? What did it become necessary to do? Give an account of the night attack at the Falls of the Connecticut. 173. What tribes had abandoned the war? What was the condition of Philip's men? How did the chief feel respecting peace? In July, 1676, what steps were taken by the colonists? During the summer, what did Church succeed in doing? Who were among the captives? What was the fate of Philip's son? 174. Where did the

belonged to his fathers. Here, while trying to obtain rest, he was disturbed by gloomy dreams. Impressed with a foreboding of evil, he bade his men save themselves and leave him to his fate. It was time. Capt. Church was upon him. An Englishman aimed at the chief, but his musket missed fire, and a friendly Indian in the company seized the moment to shoot Philip through the heart. Church's army raised three cheers, and treated the fallen king with savage indignity. His body was quartered. The head was cut off and carried to Plymouth, whence it was borne round the colony in triumph. The Indian who killed him received one of his hands as a reward.

Thus ended King Philip's war, to the great joy of the colonists. It had cost the lives of some of their best men, and destroyed a vast amount of property, including six hundred houses. It had obliged the colonists to contract a heavy debt; but this, with honest pride, they determined to discharge without aid from the mother country,

175. THOUGH the Virginians loved liberty, they still retained some of the old forms and customs of the English aristocracy. The eldest son inherited the whole of his father's estate; and, as the influence and wealth of the landowners increased, the dividing line between the higher and lower classes became more distinct. The Virginians were mostly royalists, and but few republicans were elected to the new legislature formed after the restoration of Charles II.

The loyal colonists, however, were not treated with the favor which they had a right to expect from the home gov

How

chief and his few followers finally take refuge? Describe Philip's death scene. was his body treated? What did King Philip's war cost the colonists? What resolution did they form respecting the debt they had contracted?

175. What were still retained in Virginia? What was the character of the legislature formed after the Restoration? How were the loyal colonists treated by Parliament ?

1661]

TROUBLES IN VIRGINIA.

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ernment. Parliament soon ordered that the imports and exports of the colonies should be carried in English vessels (alone, and that their chief productions should be shipped only to the mother country. A profitable trade which had sprung up with the West Indies was thus entirely cut off.

The measures of their own legislature were hardly less offensive than those of Parliament. The right of voting was restricted to householders. The forms of the English Church were enforced on all, and a fine of £20 was laid on those who absented themselves from public worship. A special law was passed against Quakers; and Baptists were denounced as "filled with new-fangled conceits of their own heretical invention". The members of this legislature had been elected for two years; but they continued in session without regard to the expiration of their term, and fixed their own salary at 250 pounds of tobacco a day. No public improvements were attempted. Neither roads nor bridges were constructed. Governor Berkeley, whom the long possession of power had made a tyrant, expressed the common sentiment of this royalist legislature, when he said, "I thank God that there are no free schools nor printing, and I hope that we shall not have them these hundred years".

176. With such a government the people were justly dissatisfied, and, to add to their troubles, in 1675 an Indian war broke out. The Susquehannas, driven from their abodes by the Senecas, had fallen back on the Potomac and commenced depredations in Maryland. John Washington, great-grandfather of the first president of the United States, hastened to. the aid of the settlers. The Indians sent to propose peace; but their ambassadors, in violation of law and justice, were put to death. The savages retaliated by devastating the frontier from the Potomac to the James, and murdering without mercy all who fell in their power.

The people solicited Gov. Berkeley to take measures for the

What measures injurious to their commercial interests, were passed? What offensive laws were enacted by their own legislature? How did this royalist legislature and the governor feel towards schools and printing-presses? 176. What added to the troubles of the people in 1675? How did this war originate? Who hastened to the aid of the Maryland settlers? What unjust act was committed by the colonists? How did the

protection of their lives and property; but he paid no attention to their requests, and the work of death went on unchecked. In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon, who had but recently arrived from England, was urged by the people to lead them against the enemy. The governor would not commission him; but Bacon, moved by the solicitations of his friends, declared that if he heard of another murder he would take the field with no commission but his sword. He was shortly afterwards informed that several men had been killed on his own plantation. The brave young leader no longer hesitated. At the head of 57 men, he defeated the Indians, and then turned to meet the tyrannical Berkeley, who was already marching against him. So strongly, however, did the people express their disapprobation of the governor's course, that he concluded to abandon it. Concessions were made by Bacon, and he was reinstated in his former position. The old legislature was dissolved, and a new one of totally different principles was elected.

177. Peace was thus restored, but only for a short time. Bacon and his adherents were still resolved on obtaining the commission which Berkeley had promised but seemed determined to withhold. At last the republican leader appeared before Jamestown with nearly 500 followers, and obtained the governor's signature by force. But no sooner had he marched with his little army against the Indians, than Berkeley, dissolving the legislature, again raised his standard, and proclaimed Bacon a rebel. This proceeding gave general offence. Bacon returned and appealed to the Virginians to overthrow a tyrannical government. The people rose in a body to support their leader, and Berkeley was compelled to flee beyond the Chesapeake.

During the temporary absence of Bacon on an expedition against the Indians, Berkeley once more got possession of

Indians retaliate? What did the people solicit Gov. Berkeley to do? How did he treat their requests? Whom did they then urge to lead them against the Indians? What at first prevented him from complying with their request? What afterwards led him to do so? Give an account of Bacon's expedition and the difficulties to which it led. How was peace restored? 177. What new difficulties soon after arose ? Give an account of the struggle which resulted in Berkeley's expulsion from Jamestown. During