these arcades, forming a second promenade 35 feet above the ground. Its balustrade is ornamented with vases, and is designed for statues.

THE MACHINERY BUILDING is west of the intersection of Belmont and Elm Avenues, 542 feet from the west front of the Main Exhibition Building, the north front upon the same line as the latter. It presents a front of 3,824 feet upon the principal avenue within the grounds. The building consists of the Main Hall, 360 feet wide by 1,402 feet long, and an annex of 208 feet by 210 feet. Including the upper floors, the building provides 14 acres of floor space. The principal portion of the structure is one story in height, showing the main cornice upon the outside, at 40 feet from the ground, the interior height to the top of the ventilators in the avenue being 70 feet, and in the aisles, 40 feet. The main entrances are finished with façades extending to 78 feet in height. Along the south side is the boiler-house and other buildings. There is an annex for hydraulic machines, containing a tank 60 by 100 feet, with a depth of water of 10 feet.

THE HORTICULTURAL BUILDING is furnished by the city of Philadelphia, and will remain a permanent ornament of Fairmount Park. It is on the Landsdowne Terrace, a short distance north of the Main Building and Art Gallery, and has a commanding view of the Schuylkill River and the northwestern portion of the city. The design is after a style of architecture of the twelfth century, and the principal materials, externally, are iron and glass. The length of the building is 383 feet; width 193 feet, and height to the top of the lantern, 72 feet. The east and west entrances are approached by flights of blue marble steps from terraces 80 by 20 feet, in the centre of which stands an open kiosk, or Turkish summer-house, 20 feet in diameter. The angles of the main conservatory are adorned with eight ornamental fountains. The main floor is occupied by the central conservatory, 230 by 80 feet, and 55 feet in height, surmounted by a lantern 170 feet long, 20 feet wide, and 14 feet high. Running entirely around this conservatory, at a height of 20 feet from the floor, is a gallery five feet wide. There are forcinghouses attached to the conservatories.

THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING is north of the Horticultural Building, and on the eastern side of Belmont Avenue. Its materials are of wood and glass. It consists of a long nave crossed by three transepts, both nave and transept being composed of truss arches of Gothic form. The nave is 820 feet in length by 125 feet in width, with a height of 75 feet from the floor to the point of the arch. The central transept is of the same height, and a breadth of 100 feet; the two end transepts 70 feet high and 80 feet wide. In its immediate vicinity are stock-yards for the exhibition of horses, cattle, sheep, swine, poultry, etc.

Besides these main buildings there will be a variety of pavilions and ornamental structures erected by manufacturers and by Commissioners of foreign governments, as well as useful buildings for places of exhibition. Fountains, memorial statues, and other decorative objects give additional attractions to the Park.

ADDRESS OF GENERAL HAWLEY, PRESIDENT OF THE COMMISSION, TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF CONNECTICUT, JUNE, 1875.

Mr. Chairman and Fellow-citizens of the General Assembly of Connecticut:

I was very much pleased, as all others were who had this enterprise at heart, when the committee offered to visit Philadelphia and examine the grounds, and also invited us to come here and address you. The work on hand is one of great moment, the magnitude and importance of which were not at first fully appreciated even by those engaged in advancing it. You have sometimes perhaps toiled up a steep acclivity without pausing to look around, and having reached the summit, have been astonished at the magnificence of the view. I do not know what I should have done if I had seen all the difficulties ahead when four years ago Governor Jewell invited me to represent this State upon the Centennial Commission. I shall not attempt at present to make a set speech, the time does not permit, but shall endeavor briefly to lay before you the history, progress, and prospects of the great work. It has been quite certain for a long time past that some great celebration would be made of our Centennial Anniversary. That there would be an unusual general observance of the Nation's birthday, with the 'speeches, guns, bells, and bonfires' of which the elder Adams spoke, was certain, but as the time drew nearer the idea expanded. In the last fifty years there has been a wonderful progress in the arts, sciences, and all the industries which go to make up our civilization. Moreover, the great International Exhibitions, each more important than its predecessors, have turned thought in

that direction, and the suggestion was made and immediately accepted that our centennial should take the shape of a great exhibition. The first design was for a national exhibition, where the different States should meet and show the progress each had made; and its peculiar resources. Having settled this much there was one step further. We had accepted the invitations of the other nations to their great expositions, and we could not in common decency hold an exhibition of our own without returning the invitations. The two expositions, national and international, are in a measure distinct. Foreign nations may not take special interest in the exercises of Fourth of July week, the giving of thanks for our national independence, but no American who exhibited at London complained because the flag of St. George floated over him, or felt insulted when the tens of thousands united in singing "God Save the Queen." International courtesies are freely exchanged. The day of barbarous hostility and jealousy has passed away. Our invitations have been accepted more promptly and cordially than those of any other exhibition. Thirty-eight nations, including nearly the whole civilized world, have accepted, and the fact is fixed that the nations are coming to see us and to exhibit their choicest productions.

General Hawley then referred to the origin of the Centennial Commission, which was created by Act of Congress, approved March 3, 1871, because "it behooves the people of the United States to celebrate by appropriate ceremonies the completion of the first century of our national existence, by an exhibition of the natural resources of the country and their development, and of its progress in those arts which benefit mankind, in comparison with those of older nations. Subsequently a board of finance was established by Act of Congress, composed of twenty-five of the most honorable and able men in the country, who have entire charge of the financial management of the exhibition. This board is a sort of trust company. It cannot be charged that any corruption or dishonesty has been practised in carrying on the work thus far, and we intend that such a charge shall not be justly raised in the future. ... We thought at first that the general government, which gave largely to the foreign exhibitions, might have contributed more liberally to our own, but the idea prevailed that the expenses of the work should fall upon the different States. And there are advantages in this. It makes it the work of the people. It was claimed that demagogues and dishonest men would be likely to control the matter under a government such as ours, while under the monarchical government such a scheme would be sure of success from the fact that only persons loyal to the crowned heads would have charge of all the details of the work. We can demonstrate the contrary of this. We hold that whatever can be done by a whole people can be best done by a free people. The hard times embarrassed our operations for a time; but it also has had this good effect,-it reduced the price of materials, and caused us also to modify our ideas to some extent, and take such precautions as will enable us to avoid the extravagance shown in previous exhibitions of this character. It is possible that Congress may, the coming Winter, make a direct appropriation for the work. A national board has been appointed, made up of persons representing all the departments of the general government. The patent office will exhibit the original models of all celebrated American inventions; the war department will show all the improvements in ordnance for the past hundred years; the navy will exhibit models and naval ordnance; and the other departments will be fully represented.

The advantages of the locality were then dwelt upon, the beauty of Fairmount Park, the largest and best park for such a purpose in the world, with unsurpassed facilities for access by railroad and steamboat. The goods for exhibition will be conveyed on cars directly into the buildings where they are to be exhibited. Two hundred acres are now enclosed.

Reference was made to the exhibition that this nation would make, and the following was quoted from a recent address by President Barnard of Columbia College:

There is hardly an industry to the progress of which we have not largely contributed The cotton-gin, without which the machine-spinner and the power-loom would be helpless, is American. The power-shuttle, which permits an unlimited enlargement of the breadth of the web, is American. The planing-machine is American. Navigation by steam is American. The mower and reaper are American. The rotary printing-presses are American. The hot-air engine is American. The sewing-machine is American. The machine-manufacture of woolcards is American. The whole India rubber industry is American Tho hand-saw originated, I believe, in America. The machine-manufacture of horse-shoes is American. The sand-blast is American. The gauge-lathe is American. The only successful composing-machine for printers is American. The grain-elevator is American. The artificial manufacture of ice, which you saw exhibited here two years ago under the name of the Carré process, was originally invented by Professor Alexander S. Twining, an American. The electro-magnet was invented,

and immediately after its invention was first practically applied in transmitting telegraphic signals, by Professor Joseph Henry, an American. The telegraphic instrument introduced a few years later into public use, and which has since obtained universal acceptance, was invented by Professor Samuel F. B. Morse, an American."

The speaker continued: How did we succeed at London in 1851? Why, we had only six or seven hundred exhibitors there, and yet the London Times said that the American department was second in interest in the Crystal Palace. The Europeans looked with astonishment upon our Colt's revolvers, our reapers, sewing-machines, and the numerous other American inventions which are blessing mankind and revolutionizing the labor of production. For twenty years there was an offer in the streets of London of two hundred guineas to any mechanic who would open one of Bramah's locks. Hobbs, an American, opened it in two days, and then opened and shut it at pleasure. There was a similar challenge in the streets of London to any mechanic to open Chubb's lock; Hobbs opened it in twenty-five minutes. Then Steers's little schooner went over from this country. John Bull thought that if Britannia was queen anywhere it was upon the sea. But when the yachts came home in the race John Bull telegraphed to London that the yacht America was ahead and the rest nowhere. Again, too, at the London exposition, the English artists and critics dwelt with rapture on the work of an Ohio man, the beautiful statue of the Greek slave, the most notable and best-remembered sculpture in that exhibition. We gained ten times our meed of honor in proportion to the number of exhibitors we had there.

But will the exhibition pay? I believe that even from the lowest material standpoint none other ever paid so well as this will. The boundless resources of our nation will be shown and advertised to the world. As a result immigration will be stimulated. It will be a low figure to place the consequent increase at 20,000 a year, 200,000 in the next ten years. The ablest political economists place the value of an immigrant at $1,000, and this would make a gain to the country of $200,000,000 for the ten years. But this is only one item of the resulting gain. There are some who call in question our capacity to conduct such an enterprise. There is a provoking and often disgusting tone of general denunciation of the present times. It is not true. We are better to-day than we were five years ago, better than a hundred years ago. We look back with pride to the old revolutionary days, but there was greater corruption, more speculation and fraud then than in the worst of modern times. The spirit of patriotism was never stronger than to-day. Do you doubt our ability to manage such an exposition? Look at our committees: there is Governor Straw of New Hampshire, with forty acres of flooring in the Amoskeag mills, and with four thousand operatives. Governor Straw, a civil engineer by profession, sits there and drives that great establishment with its four thousand operatives, working up twenty-five thousand bales of cotton a year as easily as the speaker presides over this house. Then there is Mr. Corliss of Rhode Island, proprietor of one of the most extensive boiler factories in the world. There is Mr. Blake of this State, with experience gained by a thorough study of the expositions at Paris and Vienna. Our exhibition at most will require but ten millions of dollars. How many corporations are there in the country representing three or four times that amount. Look at our seventy thousand miles of railways. We have forty railroad companies in this country that have within their own organization the men and the discipline that could carry out a great exhibition as easily as they can run an extra machine shop."

General Hawley then exhibited engravings of the various buildings, making brief descriptions of their size and arrangement.

In concluding General Hawley referred to the great benefit which would result to the nation from the success of the centennial enterprise in restoring fraternal feelings. It would produce a perfect and lasting reconciliation. "In that summer of 1876 we of these

States will meet under one flag and one name, avowing one purpose and one destiny, looking back far beyond the fierce and bloody quarrels that have tortured our hearts and reddened our fields. Our friends of the South will come, and from the North, the East, and the West, there to compare and talk over our progress. The result of the six months' gathering will overreach all the money that will be expended. He also referred to several Confederate officers who were warm friends of the enterprise. They see, he said, in this thing a method for reconciliation and a promise of fraternity. They feel that there is an unkind feeling for them at the North; but there is no hatred anywhere here, and I want this demonstrated. Now, gentlemen, I thank you for your attention. I am sorry that I have talked so long, and yet I reproach myself that I have not presented the subject as it should have been, and have not said a hundredth part of what was in my mind."