But driving to the first train out of Scotland for London that night, she secured her audience hours before the Honorable Lord Provost alighted in due dignity from his coach. Her interview resulted in the modification of the lunacy laws of Scotland, the abrogation of all private moneymaking establishments and the founding of the great new general hospitals by Parliament's final vote. This vote was consummated August 25, 1857.

Debility of heart and physician's cautions could not deter Dorothy Dix from the cry from the Channel Islands, where many of England's insane were farmed out for blood money. As a result of her visit and confronting the authorities with the conditions, came the vote to build instead a great English Hospital for the Insane!

In Switzerland, the Chamonix, Berne, Oberland, the Glaciers and the Cascades could not drown or freeze Miss Dix's heart to an ultra montane cry—a cry from Rome itself. Under the shadow of the Vatican she found one of the most cruelly neglected of all places for the detention of insane. To the noble heart of Rome's Supreme Pontiff she went straightway as America's unveiled Sister of Mercy. The Pope was astounded at the exposure. Visiting the place secretly in person, his Eminence found it worse than described. By his gracious initiative a new asylum on the most approved plan soon reared its head.

In 1856, upon Miss Dix's return to America, she was not yet to escape the call of the demented, and she confessed: "If I am cold, they are cold. If I am weary, they are distressed. If I am alone, they are abandoned."

After four years came the Civil War, whose bloodshed reddened the sunset of her afternoon. Her field of action

at once was at the front at Baltimore.

Here she revealed

the Southern strategy which contemplated an attack upon Washington and the capture of Lincoln. Through the

mob she pressed to Washington to be appointed Superintendent of women nurses. In the awful years of beautiful · service, in directing nurses to military camps, in supervising their service throughout the army, in caring for the thousands upon thousands of tons of supplies, what wonder human ingenuity sometimes became confused and human power to compass the situation fell short!

It was said that in those four years she never once sat down!

Grand as her effort, "it is not the work I am to be coupled with," was her conclusion.

Yet her work there was most illustrious.

It was so notable a climax to her career that the United States Secretary of War, by vote of Congress and the War Cabinet, offered, as we have said, to bestow the recognition of either a fortune or a national ovation. Refusing both, as we have seen, she chose instead "the flags of my country."

From now on up to her death in 1887, under the rooftree of her first-born hospital in New Jersey, her queenly, unconquerable spirit reigned like a wounded general's. Here she spent her remaining strength in supervising the insane hospitals of the country and the world. And in "the hour of bodily suffering" which for her was "the hour of spiritual joy," her life's quest ended in the fulfillment of her own prophecy of long ago when she predicted:

"This is no romance. I shall see their chains off. I shall take them into the green fields and show them the lovely little flowers and the blue sky, and they shall play with the lambs and listen to the songs of the birds, and a little child shall lead them!"

DR. BARNARDO: "THE FATHER OF

NOBODY'S CHILDREN" 1

BY WILLIAM H. TOLMAN

7N tracing back the history of successful movements and institutions, it usually happens that their inception is due to the strong personal influence of some one man or woman with a high ideal, the realization of which is to be accomplished by means of the new society. Particularly is this true of the young London doctor whose life work was the saving and right education of destitute children. He was a hard student, night and day, but two nights and all of Sunday were his own, what he called free time, and these he devoted to a ragged school, the small beginning of what is now almost a world-wide benevolence.

Jim, a London waif, had been told of this school by one of his chums, and had gone there one chilly winter night for the warmth, and not from any desire to be taught. When it came time for the young doctor, wearied and worried by the effort of dealing with the young toughs and keeping them fairly quiet, to dismiss the school for the night, he saw Jim lingering. He ordered him to go home. Something in the lad's appealing glance and his request to stop in the schoolroom aroused the teacher's flagging interest, but he said: "Why, the idea is absurd. What will your father and mother say?" Then it came out that Jim had no parents, no friends, no home. It was hard to believe that there was any child in London

1 By permission of the Author and "The Craftsman." Copyright, 1906.

who did not have a single friend, but Jim stuck to his statement so stoutly that the doctor could not, even by the most skillful cross-examination, shake his story. He decided to put Jim to the proof, but not until he had filled him up with all the hot coffee he could drink.

The search party started out half an hour after midnight, peering into barrels, looking into dark corners and down narrow passages, but no homeless boys could be found.

'That's 'cause they are 'fraid of the policemen, who keep a sharp lookout for them down here," said Jim. "You'll see lots of 'em now, if you don't wake 'em up. Here's one lay."

"Where, I don't see any boys," said the doctor.

"Course you don't," replied the waif, "you've got to climb up on the iron roof of the shed." This shed formed the boundary of the wall against which they had come.

In Dr. Barnardo's own words: "How to get up was the next question, but Jim made light work of this. His sharp eyes detected the well-worn marks by which the lads ascended and descended - little interstices between the bricks, whence the mortar had fallen or had been picked away. Jim rapidly climbed up first, and then by the aid of a stick, which he held down for me, I too made my ascent, and at length stood upon the stone coping or parapet which ran along the side. There, exposed upon the dome-shaped roof, with their heads upon the higher part, and their feet somewhere in the gutter, but in a great variety of postures, some coiled up, as one may have seen dogs before a fire; some huddled two or three together, others more apart - lay eleven boys out on the open roof.

"No covering of any kind was upon them. The rags that most of them wore were mere apologies for clothes,

apparently quite as bad as Jim's, if not even worse. One big fellow lay there who seemed to be about eighteen years old; but the ages of the remainder varied, I should say, from nine to fourteen.

"Just then the moon shone clearly out. I have already said that it was a bitterly cold, dry night, and, as the pale light of the moon fell upon the upturned faces of those poor boys, and as I, standing there, realized for one awful moment the terrible fact that they were all absolutely homeless and destitute, and were perhaps but samples of hundreds of others, it seemed as if the hand of God himself had suddenly pulled aside the curtain which concealed from my view the untold miseries of forlorn child life upon the streets of London. Add to this that a passionate sense of the unfairness of things flooded my heart and mind as I stood that night upon the roof top.

"I confess I was dazed at the very thought of it, and only found relief when I gave up trying to solve it and thought I must do just the one duty that lay so manifestly at my door to save this poor lad, whatever might come of it. Jim looked at the whole thing from a very matter-of-fact point of view. 'Shall I wake 'em up, sir?' he asked. 'Hush,' said I, 'don't let us attempt to disturb them,' and as one of them moved uneasily, I hurried away."

The first home to be established, as a result of the night's discovery, was in a lowly London street with accommodations for about twenty-five boys. Dr. Barnardo and his friend did the repairs and then he spent two whole nights on the street, getting the raw material for his home. Such was the small beginning of a work that to-day cares for thousands of children in upwards of one hundred homes, with an annual budget of hundreds of thousands of dollars.