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DEATH OF COLUMBUS.

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* His remains were buried in the Franciscan monastery at Valladolid; in 1513 they were removed to the monastry of Las Ceuvas at Seville, where the body of his son, Diego, was buried in 1526; ten years after the remains of both were removed to Hispaniola to the cathedral of San Domingo, but at the cession of Hispaniola to the French they were again moved in January, 1796, with great pomp to the cathedral of Havana, Cuba. In 1898, after Cuba had been wrested from Spain by the United States, the remains were taken to Spain to their final resting place.

For details of the voyages made by Columbus see Abbott, Christopher Columbus (1898); C. K. Adams, Christopher Columbus, His Life and Work (1892); W. L. Alden, Christopher Columbus; Barton, Columbus the Catholic; N. R. E. M. Bell, Columbus and Other Heroes of American History (1885-93); Marquis de Belloy, Christopher Columbus and the Discovery of the New World (1889); S. K. Bolton, Christopher Columbus in Famous Voyagers and Discoverers (1893); Brooks, True Story of Christopher Columbus (1892); J. W. Buell, Columbus and the New World in Columbus and Columbia (1892); Edward Channing, Columbus and His Companions, in Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America (1888); Cronau, Amerika; Seine Entdeckung (1891-2); Charles Elton, Career of Columbus (1892); Goodrich, History of the Character and Achievements of the So-Called Christopher Columbus (1874); Hakes, Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus (1892); Helps, The Spanish Conquest in America, vol. i., pp. 55–124; Henry Harrisse, Christoph Colomb (1884); Irving, History of the Life and Voyages of Columbus; Knight, Life of Christopher Columbus (1877); A. M. L. P. de Lamartine, Christopher Columbus (1887); Roselly de Lorques, Christophe Colombe (1856); Mackie, With the Admiral of the Ocean Sea (1891); Mackie, The Last Voy

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The naming of the Western Continent which has since been known as America took its rise from a voyage made in 1499* by Amerigo Vespucci,

ages of the Admiral of the Ocean Sea as Related by Himself and His Companions (1892); C. R. Markham, Life of Christopher Columbus (1892); Mavor, First, Second, Third and Fourth Voyages of Columbus, in Collection of Voyages and Travel, vol. i. (1810); Nasmith, Columbus, in Makers of Modern Thought, vol. i. (1892); Ober, Columbus, the Discoverer in Heroes of American History, vol. i. (1906); Payne, History of the New World, vol. i. (1892); Pratt, Story of Columbus (1892); H. F. Reddall, Columbus the Navigator (1892); Frederick Saunders, Story of the Discovery of the New World by Columbus (1892); E. E. Seelye, Story of Columbus (1892); Tarducci, Life of Christopher Columbus (1890); J. B. Thacher, Christopher Columbus (1993); Henry Vignaud, Toscanelli and Columbus (1902); Winsor, Christopher Columbus and How He Received and Imparted the Spirit of Discovery (1892); Young, Christopher Columbus and the New World of His Discovery (1906); Prescott, History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic (1837); H. B. Adams and H. Wood, Columbus and His Discovery of America, in Johns Hopkins Studies in Historical and Political Science, series x, nos. 10-11; 0. O. Howard, Isabella of Castile (1894); Charles Morris, Christopher Columbus, the Discoverer of America, in The Discoverers and Explorers of America, pp. 14-22 (1906); the biographies of Las Casas, the friend of Columbus (Historia de las Indies) and by his son, Ferdinand, Historie del S. D. Fernando Colombo, etc., which latter survives only in the Italian translation of Alfonso Ulloa, published at Venice in 1571 and reprinted at Milan (1614) Venice (1676 and 1678), and London (1867).

*

Some writers state that there was an earlier voyage, said to have been made in 1497. Mr. C. E. Lester (Life and Voyages of Americus Vespucius, pp. 93-108) argues in favor of an earlier voyage, but Irving sems to have successfully controverted this view, and we have followed Irving in the text. See his Life of Columbus, vol. iii., pp. 330-345. See also Fiske, Discovery of America, vol. ii., pp. 24-176; Sir Clements R. Markham, Americus Vespucius; William H. Johnson, Pioneer Spaniards in North America, pp. 2345, and the narrative of the voyage of 1497-8 reprinted in Old South Leaflets, no. xxxiv.

a distinguished Florentine navigator. Vespucci wrote a number of letters in Latin to Lorenzo de Medici, one of which was printed in 1505 and was the first of his narratives published. On September 4, 1504, he also wrote a letter from Lisbon to René, duke of Lorraine, in which he claims to have discovered the mainland in 1497. As Vespucci was a man of superior learning and intelligence, and as his name was thus publicly connected with the New World, as the discoverer of the Continent- although he was not the first to reach Terra Firma, Columbus, Cabot and others having preceded him the well-known cosmographer, Martin Waldseemüller, of Fribourg, patronized by René, decided in 1507 to give the New World the name of America. The works of Waldseemüller, who styled himself by the Grecianized title, Hylacomylas, went through a large number of editions, and thus the name America became familiar throughout the larger part of the civilized world. It does seem, however, that this was a great injustice to Columbus.*

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Meanwhile, the Portuguese had been making discoveries along the coast of Africa in the hope of finding a route there to the East and for several years before Columbus started

* Harrisse, Bibliotheca; Decouverte; Fischer and Wieser, Die Alteste Karte mit dem Namen America; d'Avezac, Martin Hylacomylus Waltzemüller; Humboldt, Kritische Untersuchungen; Charles Morris, Americus Vespucius and the Naming of America, in The Discoverers and Explorers of America, pp. 23-31 (1906).

many voyages had been made and much money expended in a vain endeavor to locate the passage eastward. As Spain and Portugal had made their attempts in opposite directions, Pope Alexander VI, thinking to settle all future territorial disputes, on May 4, 1493, issued his famous bull giving Spain the western half of the Christian world and Portugal the eastern half.* This bull gave to Spain "all lands that might be discovered west and south of a line drawn from the North to the South Pole, at a distance of one hundred leagues west of the Azores and Cape Verde Islands." In June, 1494, the line was changed and by the convention of Tordesillas it was made to run 370 leagues west of Cape Verd, thus giving the larger share of Brazil to the Portuguese.†

The spirit of maritime enterprise was immediately aroused in England by the marvelous discovery of the New World and the glory of first reaching the continent of North America undisputably belongs to one of her sons. England had not as yet reached that position of prominence in naval affairs which she acquired many years afterward. The active

*The Latin text of this bull will be found in Thorpe, Federal and State Constitutions, vol. i., pp. 41-43; Hazard, State Papers, vol. i., pp. 3-6.

George P. Fisher, The Colonial Era, pp. 1415; Bancroft, History of the United States, vol. i.. p. 9 (author's last revision, 1882); Edward G. Bourne, Spain in America, in American Nation series, vol. iii., p. 31; Hart, American History Told by Contemporaries, vol. i., p. 40.

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