councils, or land, or naval forces; commanding, and other officers of the army and in the navy, betrayed our councils or deserted their posts for commands in the insurgent forces. Treason was flagrant in the revenue and in the post-office service as well as in the territorial governments and in the Indian reserves.

"Not only governors, judges, legislators and ministerial officers in the states, but even whole states rushed, one after another, with apparent unanimity, into rebellion. The capital was besieged and even its connection with all the states cut off. Even in the portions of the country which were most loyal political combinations and secret societies were found furthering the work of disunion while from motives of disloyalty, or cupidity, or from excited passions, or perverted sympathies, individuals were found furnishing men, money and materials of war and supplies to the insurgents' military and naval forces. Armies, ships, fortifications, navy-yards, arsenals, military posts and garrisons were, one after another, betrayed or abandoned to the insurgents."

CLEMENT L. VALLANDIGHAM.

MUCH space is given in the War Records to the chronicling of the doings of Clement L. Vallandigham of Ohio. He was particularly active in opposing the war measures of the government and in his public addresses he gave much aid and comfort to the South. In April, 1863, General Ambrose E. Burnside, commanding the Department of the Ohio, issued an order announcing that "the habit of declaration of sympathy for the enemy will not be allowed" and that persons so offending should be at once arrested. The issuance of this order had no effect upon Vallandigham, but he continued in his usual course. On the night of May 5, 1863, a detachment of 100 soldiers surrounded his house, broke in the entrance door and an inside door, and took him into custody. He was arraigned before a military commission at Cincinnati on the charge of having violated General Burnside's order. Vallandigham thereupon applied to Judge Leavitt, of the United States District Court, for release on habeas corpus proceedings. When the hearing came on General Burnside, by permission of the court, filed a paper in which he set out at length his reasons for the issuing of the order, in the course of which he said:

"I beg to call upon fathers, mothers, brothers, sisters, sons, daughters, relatives, friends and neighbors of soldiers in the field to aid me in stopping the unlicensed and untrammeled discussion which is discouraging our armies, weakening the hands of the government and thereby strengthening the enemy. If we

use our honest efforts God will bless us with a gracious peace and a united country. Men of every shade of opinion have the same vital interest in the suppression of this rebellion for, should we fail now, the dread horrors of a ruined and distracted nation will fall alike on all, whether patriots or traitors."

In passing upon the case Judge Leavitt entered into a full presentation of the legal points involved and refused to grant the application. Vallandigham was taken under guard to a point in Tennessee on the road between Murfreesboro and Shelbyville and through a flag of truce sent to the headquarters of General Bragg, then at Shelbyville. Being thus inside the Confederate lines Vallandigham applied to Bragg for a passport for protection which was at once given him, on May 26th. In transmitting it General Bragg congratulated the exile on his "safe arrival in our land of liberty, where you will find freedom of speech and conscience secured to all. Your sojourn among us as a private citizen exiled by a foreign government with which we are at war will, of course, impose some restrictions upon you which our people will fully appreciate, but I am satisfied you will ever receive the courtesy due your unfortunate position and the respect of all who learn of the quiet and retired position you have determined to occupy."

This passport permitted Vallandigham to go about within Bragg's department as any other citizen would be allowed to do. Bragg notified the Confederate War Department of his action and was promptly informed that it was a wrongful use of a flag of truce to employ it to cover a guard over an expelled citizen; that it

was his right to have held the guard as prisoners of war or even to have dealt with them as spies. Bragg was directed to ascertain from Vallandigham the exact character the latter sustained in thus coming within the Confederate lines; if he still claimed to be a citizen of the United States he must be held on parole as an alien enemy.

General Bragg thereupon withdrew the passport he had given the Ohio wanderer and the latter, in reply to the inquiry from Richmond as to his citizenship, stated that he was still a citizen of the state of Ohio and of the United States; that he was within the lines of the Confederacy by compulsion and against his consent; that he had been banished on account of his love for constitutional liberty, and that he desired to go to Canada. President Davis wrote a polite note to General Bragg directing him to send Vallandigham to Wilmington, North Carolina, under guard, and about the same time Secretary of War Seddon received a letter from one Charles Martin, eulogizing Vallandigham in the highest terms and begging permission to entertain him as a guest. The Confederate War Secretary was evidently not at all pleased with Vallandigham's presence as in one of his letters in this connection he objected to the South being converted into a sort of Botany Bay by the United States. Vallandigham asked for permission to visit a friend living at Lynchburg, Va., which he was allowed to do, under guard, and he was then sent to Wilmington, still under guard, with leave from Mr. Davis to there take shipping to any foreign port he desired to reach.

In the mean time, on June 11th, Vallandigham had

been nominated for governor by the Democrats of Ohio and upon reaching Canada, on July 15, he issued a flamboyant address to his party. His arrest and expulsion had created great excitement among the Antiwar Democrats all over the country. The convention which nominated him for governor adopted strong resolutions denouncing the action of the government in emphatic terms and a committee of nineteen members of that body, including its president, was sent to present these resolutions to President Lincoln and demand that Vallandigham be at once restored to his home and set at liberty. Mr. Lincoln listened to the committee's presentation of the matter and put in writing his own view of the case. He held that there had been no violation of the constitution by General Burnside in issuing and enforcing his order, called attention to the evil done by the addresses of Vallandigham and made a proposition to the committee to the effect that if a majority of its members would counteract the influence of the disloyalty of Vallandigham by signing a paper in which he set out three propositions indorsing the war, its purposes and its prompt prosecution by the government he would restore Vallandigham to his home. This the committee declined to do.

A Democratic mass-meeting was held at Albany, New York, where the action of the government in respect of Vallandigham was declared to be of the most dangerous character and involving the liberties of a free people. In this view of the matter Governor Horatio Seymour heartily concurred and sent to Mr. Lincoln an urgent appeal in behalf of the exile. On