Storekeepers attached to the quartermaster's department; at armories, and at arsenals of construction; the storekeeper at Watertown arsenal, and storekeepers of ordnance serving in Oregon, California, and New Mexico, receive $1,490 per annum; at all other arsenals, $1,040 per annum.

Chaplains are paid $100 per month, 2 rations per day, or $18 per month commutation value; and in time of war or peace $1 per month is allowed for forage; total, $119.

Paymasters' clerks receive $700 per annum, and one ration (75 cents) per day when on duty. The officer in command of a company is allowed $10 per month for the responsibility of clothing, arms, and accoutrements.-Act March 2, 1827, Sec. 2.

Subaltern officers, employed on the general staff, and receiving increased pay therefor, are not entitled to the additional or fourth ration provided by the Act March 2, 1827, Sec. 2. Every commissioned officer below the rank of brigadier-general receives one additional ration per day for every five years' service.-Act July 5, 1836, Sec. 12; and July 7, 1838, Sec. 9. In suddenly calling such vast numbers of men into the field, the industrial energies of the Northern States were aroused to prepare them for an active campaign. While the generals were engaged in organizing and disciplining these forces, the Government was preparing for their equipment. Their clothing was of a uniform material, which was made up in every part of the loyal States. The personal outfit of the soldiers was very complete. The arms were in part manufactured in the country, and partly imported from Europe. The supply of artillery in the country was also so small that it was not only manufactured to the utmost extent practicable, but also imported from Europe. The harness for the horses in every variety of the service, and the materials of which it was composed, and the equipments for the large force of cavalry, were not in existence, and could be obtained only by manufacture and importation. The thousands of wagons required existed only in the form of rough wood and bars of iron. The tents of the soldiers demanded for their manufacture the active efforts of those heretofore employed to make the sails for ships. These demands exposed the unprepared condition of the country for a great war, and delayed the period of active operations. The abundant resources of the Northern States, however, enabled them to fit out their troops with a profuseness that was burdensome, and interfered to some extent with military success.

From a careful investigation and comparison of the monthly "casualty returns" made to the office of the adjutant-general, it is calculated that the number of deaths in the volunteer force of the United States in active service has been at the annual ratio of 53.2 per thousand men, of which 44.6 were from disease and accident, and 8.6 from wounds received in action. Some

defects and omissions in the regimental returns render it probable that this may be an understatement, as the data do not include deaths among those discharged from or otherwise quitting the service. An allowance, however, was made for this defect.

Assuming that the rate of mortality experienced by those who quit the service (by discharge for disability, desertion, or otherwise) is the same as those continuing in the service, to wit, 53.2 per 1,000-a very moderate estimate, since those discharged for disability are justly. presumed to be at the time, in point of health, inferior to their comrades who remain -the actuary of the Sanitary Commission, reckons the annual rate of deaths at about 65 per 1,000.

It appears from the returns, that while the death-rate from wounds in action is greater in the case of officers than of privates, being respectively 11 and 8 per 1,000, the death-rate of officers from disease and accident is much less than of privates-22 for the former to 46 for the latter-and that the rate from all causes, embracing both disease and violence, is less with the officers than with the men-the entire rate for officers being 33, and for men 54 per 1,000.

The excess of the mortality due to disease and accident, over that due to wounds in action, is a noticeable fact in the volunteer army of the United States, as in all other armiestwo thirds of the deaths of the officers and five sixths of those of the men resulting from disease and accident; the remaining one third and one sixth, respectively, being caused by wounds received in battle.

It appears from the returns that the general mortality of the army has been gradually increasing since the commencement of the war, and that the rate for the autumnal months is 1.7 times that indicated by the returns for the summer period, and the winter rate in turn double 1.9 times that of autumn.

It is also observed that the mortality of the armies recruited at the West, and which operate at the West, is 3.01 times that of the troops recruited in the Middle and New England States, and which serve in the armies at the East; the Western rate from wounds received in action being 4.9 times, and that from disease and accident 2.8 times as great as the corresponding rates in the East.

To supply losses among the enlisted men in the Eastern armies requires recruits at the rate of 18.8 per 1,000 per month, or 226 per 1,000 per annum; of which latter proportion 32 is the number required to supply the annual loss by death; 100 the annual loss by discharge from service, chiefly from disability; 79 the annual loss from missing in action and from desertions; and 15 to supply the loss from other causes.

To supply such losses in the Western armies requires recruits at the rate of 19.5 per 1,000 per month, or 134 per 1,000 per annum; of which latter proportion 96 are required to

supply the annual loss from deaths; 101 the loss from discharges from service, mainly from disability; 35 the loss from missing in action and from desertions, and 2 from other

causes.

The number of "missing" and of "deserters" in the Eastern volunteer army is more than double the number of those classes in the Western volunteer forces.

Taking the returns of the period from the 1st of June, 1861, to the 1st of March, 1862, as the basis of calculation, it is estimated that to secure in the field a constant force of 500,000 effective men, the nation must not only maintain 58,000 sick men, but must also recruit the ranks of the enlisted portion of these forces with new material at the rate of 123,000 per annum so long as the war shall last-a rate somewhat exceeding 10,000 recruits per month. Of those 123,000 annual recruits 83,000 are to supply losses by death and discharges from service (exclusive of discharges for expiration of term of enlistment); 34,000 for desertions and missing in action; and 6,000 to supply other losses specified and unspecified.

The desertions from the army in the autumn of 1862 became so great as to cause the appointment of officers to arrest and return such persons. An order of Gen. Buell, dated near Florence, Alabama, on June 24, stated that 14,000 officers and soldiers were absent from the various divisions of his army. Some had gone without any authority, and others with the permission of officers not authorized to grant it. Sickness was generally stated to be the cause of this absence, but in many cases it had notoriously ceased to exist. In September the War Department issued the following order:

Orders respecting Special Provost Marshals, and defining their duties.

WAR DEPARTMENT, ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S OFFICE WASHINGTON, Sept. 24, First. There shall be a Provost Marshal General of the War Department, whose headquarters will be at Washington, and who will have the immediate supervision, control, and management of the corps.

Second. There will be appointed in each State one or more Special Provost Marshals, as necessity may require, who will report to, and receive instructions and orders from the Provost Marshal General of the War Department.

Third. It will be the duty of the Special Provost Marshals to arrest all deserters, whether regulars, volunteers, or militia, and send them to the nearest military commander, or military post, where they can be cared for and sent to their respective regiments; to arrest, upon the warrant of the Judge Advocate, all disloyal persons subject to arrest under the orders of the War Department; to inquire into and report treasonable practices, seize stolen or embezzled property of the Government, detect spies of the enemy, and perform such other duties as may be enjoined upon them by the War Department; and report all their proceedings promptly to the Provost Marshal General.

Fourth. To enable Special Provost Marshals to discharge their duties efficiently, they are authorized to call on any available military force within their respective districts, or else to employ the assistance of citizens, constables, sheriffs, or police officers, so far as may be necessary under such regulations as may be prescribed by the Provost Marshal General of the War

Department with the approval of the Secretary of

War.

Fifth. Necessary expenses incurred in this service will be paid on duplicate bills certified by the Special Provost Marshals, stating the time and nature of the service, after examination and approval by the Provost Marshal General.

Sixth. The compensation of Special Provost Marshals will be dollars per month, and actual travelling expenses and postage will be refunded on bills certified to under oath and approved by the Provost Marshal General.

Seventh. All appointments in this service will be subject to be revoked, at the pleasure of the Secretary of War.

Eighth. All orders heretofore issued by the War Department, conferring authority upon other officers to act as Provost Marshals (except those who have received special commissions from the War Department), are hereby revoked.

By order of he Secretary of War,

J. THOMAS, Adjutant-General.

The operations for the surgical department have been aided by humane and benevolent associations. The horrors of battle have been assuaged by ministers of mercy, and the services of the medical profession have been voluntarily and gratuitously offered on every occasion. Relief associations in every State have done much to comfort and assist the sick and wounded in camps and hospitals, and their vigilant superintendence has perhaps operated to check the negligence, abuse, and fraud that too often prevail even in such institutions. Religious congregations and societies have also tendered to the Government their church buildings for hospitals, while their pastors have ministered to the patients.

The subsistence of the armies during the year has been reported as good and wholesome. Fresh beef has generally been supplied to the armies in the field on the hoof, to lessen, as far as possible, the quantity of transportation required, and in larger proportion of the ration to marching columns. The troops on the coasts of the Carolinas, and at the Gulf posts, including New Orleans, received their fresh beef by shipment from New York. In addition to the troops, subsistence has been furnished to all political prisoners and prisoners of war, to a large number of contrabands, and to the suffering Union inhabitants found in the march of armies in the Confederate States. It is statarmies in the world are so well supplied as the ed by the general-in-chief-Halleck-that no armies of the United States.

Notwithstanding the extraordinary demand for arms occasioned by the new levies, and the enormous losses occasioned by the casualties of war, and, in some instances, by the misconduct of officers and men, over four hundred thousand new troops suddenly called into the field were supplied at once. The issues from the ordnance department include 1,926 field and siege, and 1,206 fortification cannon, 7,294 gun carriages, caissons, mortar beds, travelling forges and battery wagons; 1,276,686 small arms, 987,291 sets of equipment and accoutrements, and 213,991,127 rounds of ammunition for artillery and small arms.

Casualties in the Volunteer Force.-Maj.-Gen. Charles F. Smith, at Savannah, Tenn., April 25, 1862.

Maj. Gen. O M. Mitchel, at Beaufort, S. C., Oct. 30, 1862.. Maj. Gen. Israel B. Richardson, of wounds received at the battle of Antietam, at Harper's Ferry, November 4, 1862. Maj.-Gen. Philip Kearney, of New Jersey, killed at the battle of Chantilly, Va, September 1, 1862.

Maj. Gen. Jesse L. Reno, of Massachusetts, killed at the battle of Catochtin, Md., September 14, 1862.

Maj. Gen. William Nelson, of Kentucky, killed in a personal rencontre at Louisville, September 29, 1862.

Brig. Gen. F. W. Lander, at Camp Chase, Va., March 2, 1862. Brig. Gen. Wm. H. Keim, at Harrisburg, Pa., May 18, 1862. Brig.-Gen. William H. L. Wallace, at Savannah, Tenn., of wounds received at the battle of Shiloh, Tenn., April 10, 1862. Brig. Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, of Connecticut, killed at the battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo., August 10, 1861.

Brig-Gen. Thomas Williams, of Michigan, killed at the battle of Baton Rouge, La., August 5, 1862.

Brig.-Gen. Robert L. McCook, of Ohio, shot by guerillas in northern Alabama, August 6, 1862.

Brig.-Gen. Joseph B. Plummer, of Missouri, at Camp Gaylord, Miss., Angust 9, 1862.

Brig. Gen. Henry Bohlen, of Pennsylvania, killed on the Rappahannock, Va., August 23, 1862.

Brig-Gen. George W. Taylor, of New Jersey, killed at the second battle of Bull Run, Va., August 31, 1862.

Brig. Gen. Isaac I. Stevens, of Washington Territory, kilied at the battle of Chantilly, Va., September 1, 1862. Brig.-Gen. Joseph K. F. Mansfield, died at the battle of Antietam, Md, September 18, 1862.

Brig.-Gen. Isaac P. Rodman, of R.I., died at Hagerstown, Md., Sept. 29, of wounds received at the battle of Antietam. Brig. Gen. Pleasant A. Hackleman, of Indiana, killed at the battle of Corinth, Miss., October 4, 1862.

Brig. Gen. James S. Jackson, of Kentucky, killed at the battle of Perryville, Ky., October 8, 1862.

Brig.-Gen. Wm. R. Terrill, of Va. (Captain Fifth U. S. Artillery), killed at the battle of Perryville, Ky., Oct. 8, 1862. Brig -Gen. F. E. Patterson, at Fairfax, Va., Nov. 22, 1862. Brig. Gen. Richard J. Oglesby, of Michigan, at the battle of Perryville, Ky., October 8, 1862.

Brig. Gen. George D. Bayard, of New Jersey, at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 13, 1862.

Brig.-Gen. Joshua W. Sill, of Ohio, at the battle of Murfreesborough, December 31, 1862.

ARMY OPERATIONS. At the commencement of the year 1862, the position of the Federal forces was as follows: At Fortress Monroe and Newport News under the command of General Wool, there were estimated to be 15,000 men in a good state of organization and discipline. Thence proceeding up the Potomac, Gen. Hooker's division, including Gen. Sickles's brigade, was south of Washington, and partly on the Maryland side of the Potomac. They numbered about 10,000 men. Southwest of Washington, and in the neighborhood of that city, was the mass of Gen. McClellan's army, consisting of a large portion of the men who had volunteered from the middle and eastern States, for the war. They were organized into eight divisions, and becoming disciplined for future operations. The divisions of Gens. Keyes and Casey were in and around Washington, that of Gen. Stone was at and near Poolesville, and that of Gen. Banks near Darnestown, with detachments on the Potomac to Williamsport. The entire force thus organized, was not far from 160,000 men, which, in connection with other troops on the line of railroad to Baltimore, at that city, and in the vicinity, was something less than 200,000 men. This force before Washington was subsequently designated as the Army of the Potomac. It was organized into divisions, each commanded by a major-general, or by a brigadier-general acting as a major-general; and each division consisted of three brigades, each brigade of four, a few of five, regiments of infantry, making twelve infantry regiments in a division, one regiment of cavalry, and three and sometimes four batteries of artillery, or about twenty pieces. To each division generally one regiment of cavalry was assigned, and one or two of them had four instead of three batteries.

Further up the Potomac, was Gen. Kelly's force, of which Gen. Lander soon took command, looking up the valley of the Shenandoah, toward Winchester. Gen. Rosecrans was in western Virginia, with a force somewhat less than 20,000 men.

At Louisville, in Kentucky, Gen. Buell had collected and combined the scattered Federal forces, and was now organizing and preparing for future operations, an army of more than 100,000 men. At St. Louis and Cairo, Gen. Halleck was performing a similar service, and at the same time holding in check the Confederate forces in Missouri, and preparing to drive them entirely over its southern border. The force he was thus organizing, was nearly equal to that under Gen. Buell in Kentucky.

On the western frontier preparations were also making for an expedition, which was designed to be more than 20,000 strong, for the purpose of penetrating from Kansas to the Gulf of Mexico. A naval force was also collected at Cairo and St. Louis, to cooperate, by gunboats, with the military force, at important points on the western rivers. The entire Federal force, including the troops under Gen.

Sherman in South Carolina, and those under Gen. Burnside on their way to North Carolina, and the regiments designed for the expedition under Gen. Butler, made not more than 450,000 to 475,000 in the field.

The position and force of the Confederate army at the commencement of the year, were nearly as follows: At Norfolk and Yorktown there was a considerable force, probably over 30,000 men. The larger portion of this force was at Yorktown. A small force also manned batteries on the James and York rivers. The army before Washington was fortified on a very extended line. Its right wing rested upon the Potomac, beyond Fredericksburg, and at Stafford Court House, Dumfries, &c., and thus formed a support to the batteries which blockaded the Potomac river, and endangered the navigation between Washington and the lower Potomac into Chesapeake Bay. The main body was at Centreville and Manassas. The former place was strongly fortified, and held not less than 75,000 troops. The left wing occupied Aldie and Leesburg, and considerable forces were stationed at Winchester and Martinsburg. This entire force has been estimated to have reached 175,000 men, under Gen. Joseph Johnston. A small force was in western Virginia.

In Kentucky, the Confederate forces were stationed at Prestonburg, Hazel Green, Bowling Green, Columbus, Hickman, Donelson and Fort Henry, and amounted to 30,000 men.

The points occupied by the Confederate forces in Tennessee, were Cumberland Gap, Nashville, Waverly, Humboldt, Chattanooga, Jonesboro, Memphis, and forts Osceola, Wight, Randolph, Rector and Harris. These troops amounted to 20,000 men.

There were also Confederate troops stationed at Vicksburg, Natchez, New Orleans, Mobile, Savannah, Charleston, and at various po. 's in Missouri. The total force under arms, was not far from 350,000 men.

The Confederate forces at this time occupied half of Missouri, nearly half of Kentucky, including the strong positions of Columbus and Bowling Green, western Virginia, nearly as far north as the Kanawha river, the whole of eastern Virginia, except a few miles around Washington and Fortress Monroe and Newport News, the whole of North Carolina, except Hatteras Inlet, the whole of Florida except Key West, and Santa Rosa Island, and all the rest of the Southern States.

The results of the previous year when compared with the purposes entertained by the cit izens of the North, appear most insignificant. But this is not a true view of the case. It was too soon to expect results, and nothing was done which had any influence upon the termination of the war. These gigantic combatants were yet unprepared for the conflict. Armies had been collected and hastily equipped, and the work of organization and discipline to change raw militia into men of war was progressing on both sides. So unused, however,