forefathers in arms encounter greater hardships, or endure them more uncomplainingly.

But great as have been the trials to which the army has been subjected, they are hardly worthy to be named in comparison with the sufferings in store for it this winter, unless the people of the Confederate States, everywhere and in whatever circumstances, come to its immediate relief. The men must have clothing and shoes this winter. They must have something to cover themselves when sleeping, and to protect themselves from the driving sleet and snow storms when on duty. This must be done, though our friends at home should have to wear cotton, and sit by the fire. The army of Virginia stands guard this day, as it will stand guard this winter, over every hearthstone throughout the South. The ragged sentinel who may pace his weary rounds this winter on the bleak spurs of the Blue Ridge, or along the frozen valleys of the Shenandoah and Rappahannock, will also be your sentinels, my friends, at home. It will be for you and your household that he encounters the wrath of the tempest and the dangers of the night. He suffers, and toils, and fights for you, too, brave, true-hearted women of the South. Will you not clothe his nakedness, then? Will you not put shoes and stockings on his feet? Is it not enough that he has written down his patriotism in crimson characters along the battle road from the Rappahannock to the Potomac? And must his bleeding feet also impress their mark of fidelity upon the snows of the coming

winter?

It is not necessary to counsel violent measures; but it is not expected that any person will be permitted to accumulate leather and cloth for purposes of speculation. The necessities of the armies rise up like a mountain, and cannot, and will not be overlooked. It was hoped at one time that we might obtain winter supplies in Maryland. This hope was born after the army left Richmond, and has now miserably perished. The Government is unable to furnish the supplies, for they are not to be had in the country. If it had exercised a little foresight last spring and summer, when vessels were running the blockade with cargoes of calico, linen, and other articles of like importance, a partial supply at least of hats, blankets, shoes, and Woollen goods might have been obtained from England. But foresight is a quality of the mind that is seldom put in practice in these days.

Bat whatever may be done by the people should be done immediately. Not one moment can be lost that will not be marked, as by the second-hand of a watch, with the pangs of a sufferer. Already the hills and valleys in this high latitude have been visited by frost, and the nights are uncomfortably cool to the man who sleeps upon the ground. Come up, then, men and women of the South, to this sacred duty! Let nothing stand between you and the performance of it. Neither pride nor pleasure, nor personal ease and comfort, should withhold your hands from the holy work. The supply of leather and wool, we all know, is limited; but do what you can, and all you can, and as soon as you can. If you cannot send woollen socks, send half-woollen or cotton socks; and so with under clothing, coats, and pants; and if blankets are not to be had, then substitute comforts made of dyed osnaburgs, stuffed with cotton. Anything that will keep off the cold will be acceptable. Even the speculator and extortioner might forego their gains for a season, and unite in this religious duty.

If the army of Virginia could march through the South just as it is-ragged, and almost barefooted and hatless; many of the men limping along, and not quite well of their wounds and sickness, yet cheerful, and not willing to abandon their places in the ranks; their clothes riddled with balls, and their banners covered with the smoke and dust of battle, and shot into tatters, many of them inscribed with "Williamsburg," "Seven Pines," "Gaines's Mill," "Garnett's Farm," "Front Royal," "McDowell," "Cedar Run," and other victorious fields-if this army of veterans, thus clad and shod, with tattered uniforms and banners, could

march from Richmond to the Mississippi, it would produce a sensation that has no parallel in history since Peter the Hermit led his swelling hosts across Europe to the rescue of the Holy Sepulchre.

The Governor of North Carolina issued an appeal to the citizens in behalf of the soldiers of that State in the following words:

After the most strenuous exertions on the part of its officers, the State finds it impossible to clothe and shoe our soldiers without again appealing to that overflowing fountain of generosity-the private contributions of our people. The rigors of winter are approaching, our soldiers are already suffering, and must suffer more if our sympathies are not practical and active. The quartermaster's department is laboring faithfully to provide for them; but owing to speculation and extortion, will fall short. The deficiency must be supplied by the people. We shall have an active winter campaign, and how can our troops, if ragged, cold and barefoot, contend with the splendidly equipped columns of the enemy.

The articles most needed, and which the State finds it most difficult to supply, are shoes, socks and blankets, though drawers, shirts, and pants would be gladly received. If every farmer who has hides tanning would agree to spare one pair of shoes, and if every mother in North Carolina would knit one strong pair of either thick cotton or woollen socks for the army, they would be abundantly supplied. A great lot of blankets also might yet be spared from private use, and thousands could be made from the carpets upon our parlor floors. With good warm houses and cotton bed clothing we can certainly get through the winter much better than the soldiers can with all the blankets, we can give them.

The colonels of militia regiments throughout the State are hereby appointed agents for the purchase and collection of all such articles as can be spared by our people, who, through their respective captains, are ordered immediately to canvass every county and visit every citizen in their beats for this purpose. A liberal price will be paid for everything where the owner feels that he or she is not able to donate it, and active agents will immediately forward them to our suffering regiments. Expenses will be allowed the officers engaged in this duty, and transportation furnished the colonels or their agents to bring the articles to Raleigh.

And now, my countrymen and women, if you have anything to spare for the soldier, in his name I appeal to you for it. Do not let the speculator have it, though he offer you an enormous price; spurn him from your door, and say to him that our brave defenders have need for it, and shall have it without passing through his greedy fingers. Do not place yourselves among the extortioners-they are the vilest and most cowardly of all our country's enemies; and when this war is ended, and people come to view the matter in its proper light, you will find that the most detested tories are more respected than they. When they tempt you with higher prices than the State offers; just think for a moment of the soldier, and what he is doing for you. Remember, when you sit down by the bright and glowing fire, that the soldier is sitting upon the cold earth; that in the wind which is whistling so fearfully over your roof, only making you feel the more comfortable because it harms you not, he is shivering in darkness on the dangerous outpost, shuddering through the dreary hours of his watch. Remember that when you come forth in the morning well fed and warmly clad, leading your families toward the spot where the blessed music of the Sabbath bells tells you of the peaceful worship of the God of Peace, the soldier is going forth at the same moment, perhaps, half fed, after a night of shivering and suffering, to where the roar of artillery and shout of battle announce that he is to die that your peace and safety may be preserved. Oh, remember these things, generous and patriotic people of North Carolina, and give freely of your perishable

goods to those who are giving all that mortal men can give for your safety and your rights. Z. B. VANCE. RALEIGH, Oct. 15, 1862.

These appeals were not without effect. As an instance, the proprietors of the Pulaski House, in Mobile, contributed the carpeting of one hundred and twenty rooms, which was estimated to be sufficient to make five hundred blankets.

The straggling from the army, as the winter approached, was without a parallel. The press, the President, and officers of the Confederate and State Governments appealed to the people, and particularly to the women, to frown upon all stragglers, and use every means to secure their apprehension. It was declared that more than half the men who went into service from the northeastern counties of the State of Georgia were at home without leave, and most of them were skulking in the mountains to avoid being arrested. Others had banded together under a few desperate leaders to resist any attempts that might be made to arrest them, or to release from the jails those who had been arrested. Some of those bands had arms and ammunition, and subsisted by plunder. They were volunteers and not conscripts, as the conscript laws had never been enforced in that section.

ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. The United States, unlike the great powers of Europe, has not hitherto considered a large standing army necessary, and has only maintained a sufficient force to garrison moderately its forts and fortresses, and to form a nucleus for the organization and training of a large volunteer army in time of war. The policy of the Government being eminently peaceful, it has been only on great emergencies that it has been necessary to call out any considerable force of militia or volunteers. Aside from the war of 1812 and the Mexican, no such force had ever been called for previous to the present war; and the militia of particular districts had only occasionally been summoned in small numbers to suppress local insurrections or riots. It may be well, therefore, to give a brief historical sketch of the origin, growth, and present condition of the regular or standing army of the United States, and then to speak of the militia and volunteer troops.

I. The Regular Army.-The Constitution of the United States, Art. 1, sec. 8, empowers Congress "to raise and support armies;" and Art. 2, sec. 2, designates the President as "commander in chief of the army and navy, and of the militia when called into the service of the United States." The War Department, as the agency by which the President was to carry into effect these provisions of the Constitution, was established by act of Congress, Aug. 7, 1788. At first the standing army was organized under the "Original Rules and Articles of War," adopted by the Continental Congress of 1776, with such slight modifications as were necessary to adapt them to the altered condition of affairs. This military code formed the

basis of the present articles of war, though greatly modified in 1806.

In 1790, Congress fixed the number of rank and file in the army at 1,216 men; in 1791 an additional regiment of of 900 men was authorized. In 1796, the standing army consisted of 4 regiments of infantry, of 8 companies each; 2 companies of light dragoons; and a corps of artillerists and engineers; and the President was authorized by Congress to appoint one major-general and one brigadier-general, each with a suitable staff, for the command of this force; but in 1797 the major-general was discharged as being unnecessary.

In 1798, a provisional force of 10,000 men was authorized owing to the threatening attitude of France; but the danger passed over and the army returned to its former small proportions. The war of 1812 had been long foreseen, and provision made for it not by an increase of the regular army but by the authorization of a provisional volunteer force of 30,000 to 35,000 men, and at the close of the war in 1815 this provisional army was disbanded; but no permanent modifications were made in the peace establishment till 1821.

By the act of Congress for the organization of the army in 1821, 7 regiments of infantry, 4 of artillery, and a corps each of engineers, topographical engineers, and ordnance were established and provision made for medical, adju tant-general's, quartermasters', paymasters', and commissary-generals' departments. Irregular mounted rangers, occasionally called into the service, formed the only cavalry force of the army till 1833, when a regiment of dragoons was authorized; and in 1836 a second was added.

At the commencement of the Mexican war in May, 1846, the whole number of troops of the line was 7,244. The regular army was increased during the war, by the enlistment, to twenty thousand soldiers, aside from the volunteer troops; this addition was made to the different arms of the service as follows: 9 infantry regiments (one of them a voltigeur regiment, that is, light horsemen); a third regiment of dragoons, and a regiment of mounted riflemen, who, however, served on foot during the war. At the close of the war the third regiment of dragoons and the 9 infantry regiments were discharged, and the only permanent increase of the army was the mounted rifles.

The grade of lieutenant-general by brevet, which had not existed since the death of Washington, was revived and bestowed on Maj.-Gen. Winfield Scott in 1855. The same year, there were added to the regular army 2 regiments of infantry and 2 of cavalry.

On the 1st of January, 1860, the whole number of commissioned officers in the regular army was 1,083; of non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates, 11,848, forming a total of line troops of 12,931.

In August, 1862, the following was the number of officers of each grade and privates, in the regular army:

months being then generally understood to be the longest term for which they could be called out), and the mode of appointing their officers by the suffrages of the privates, were fatal to their use for any considerable period, and volunteers were called for within four weeks from the first proclamation, though unfortunately not in sufficiently large numbers at first. In July Congress, by act of July 22, 1861, authorized the raising of 500,000 volunteers, and on the 25th of the same month, probably inadvertently gave authority for the raising of 500,000 more.

How many were actually raised under these two acts is somewhat uncertain. Secretary Cameron, in his report of Dec. 1, 1862, gives the aggregates as follows: Three months' regiments, 77,875 men; volunteers for the war, 640,637. The reports of the adjutant-generals of the different States show a very considerable difference between the number raised and the number credited therein in this report; some claiming many thousands more, and others considerably less than the number assigned them by the Secretary. At the date of the Secretary's report a large number of regiments organizing under the call had not been mustered into the service; many of the regiments indeed were not fully organized till January or February. About the 1st of June, 1862, a call for militia troops for three months' service was made upon several of the States, and Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio sent forward regiments numbering in all nearly 40,000 men. In August and September the raids of the Confederate forces along the Ohio river, and the invasion of Maryland by the Confederate generals Lee, Jackson, and Stuart, led to the calling out of militia and volunteer troops in large numbers, from Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, who were discharged when the enemy had been driven back. On the 1st of July, 1862, the President called for 300,000 more volunteers for the war, and on the 9th of August for 300,000 for nine months, who were to be drafted unless they volunteered promptly. There was subsequently considerable vacillation on the part of the Government in regard to the force to be raised under these two calls. In Pennsylvania a part of those enlisted under the first call were enlisted for twelve months only; in other States an excess raised under the first was allowed to be credited to the second; and in some instances an excess under the previous calls was allowed to count on these. There was very little drafting; probably up to Feb. 1, 1863, there were not 10,000 drafted men in the army. This was mainly due to the great exertions made in the loyal States to promote volunteering and the very liberal bounties offered by States, counties, cities, towns, and individuals, to those who would enlist. The following table, prepared from official reports from each loyal State, shows the number of troops furnished by each for the war to Dec. 1, 1862: