Principles of Stratigraphy |
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Common terms and phrases
acid alkaline America anhydrite Arctic Arctic Ocean Atlantic atmosphere average barrier basins beds belt bottom calcium carbonate cent chloride clastic clastic rocks climate coast connate waters continental coral crystals cubic deposits depth desert diameter earth east epicontinental seas erosion evaporation extended feet flow formation formed fulgurites Geological glacial glaciers grains ground water Gulf gypsum heat hydrosphere igneous igneous rocks inches increase Islands kilometers laccolith Lake land latitude lava layers lime limestone lithosphere littoral marginal mass material matter maximum mediterranean meters miles mineral mountain nautical miles North occur ocean organic origin oxidation Pacific particles permille precipitation pressure quartz rainfall reefs region rise river rocks salinity salt sand sea water sea-level sediments shallow Siluric SiO2 sodium sodium chloride solution South southern square kilometers square miles strata streams sulphate surface temperature thick tion tropical upper valley varies velocity volcanic Walther wave wind zone
Popular passages
Page 592 - Subsequently to the drought of 1827 to '32, a very rainy season followed, which caused great floods. Hence it is almost certain that some thousands of the skeletons were buried by the deposits of the very next year. What would be the opinion of a geologist, viewing such an enormous collection of bones, of all kinds of animals and of all ages, thus embedded in one thick earthy mass ? Would he not attribute it to a flood having swept over the surface of the land, rather than to the common order of...
Page 591 - I was informed by an eye-witness that the cattle, in herds of thousands, rushed into the Parana, and being exhausted by hunger they were unable to crawl up the muddy banks, and thus were drowned.
Page 591 - Very great numbers of birds, wild animals, cattle, and horses perished from the want of food and water. A man told me that the deer* used to come into his courtyard to the well, which he had been obliged to dig to supply his own family with water ; and that the partridges had hardly strength to fly away when pursued. The lowest estimation of the loss of cattle in the province of Buenos Ayres alone, was taken 'at one million head.
Page 668 - Renard,c the shell is first filled with fine silt or mud, upon which the organic matter of the dead animal can act. Through intervention of the sulphates contained in the sea water, the iron of the mud is converted into sulphide, which oxidizes later to ferric hydroxide. At the same time alumina is removed from the sediments by solution and colloidal silica is liberated. The latter reacts upon the ferric hydroxide in presence of potassium salts extracted from adjacent minerals, and so glauconite...
Page 711 - By the toand-fro motion of the water, occasioned by the passage of wind waves. During the passage of a wave each particle of water near the surface rises, moves forward, descends, and moves back, describing an orbit which is approximately circular. The orbital motion is communicated downward, with gradually diminishing amplitude. Unless the water is deep the orbits below the surface are ellipses, the longer...
Page 205 - The total annual rainfall on the land of the globe, and the relation of rainfall to the...
Page 591 - Without doubt several hundred thousand animals thus perished in the river : their bodies when putrid were seen floating down the stream ; and many in all probability were deposited in the estuary of the Plata.
Page 515 - Some of the dead trunks, still retaining their branches, project above the mass, but most of them have been broken off and buried in the deposit. Other streams east from the Yahtse have invaded forests, as is indicated by dead trees standing along their borders. Where the deposit is deepest, the trees have already disappeared and the forest has been replaced with sand flats. The decaying...
Page 705 - One or two indefinite heaps of gravel on a beach would escape notice, but a hundred such heaps, evenly spaced, attract attention. A cusp may rise from an inch or less to several feet above the general level of the beach. Many are relatively low and flat, others high and steep-sided. Sometimes the highest part is comparatively near the...
Page 1067 - List of marine mollusca of Coldspring Harbor, Long Island, with descriptions of one new genus and two new species of Nudibranchs.