point for bringing increased federal resources to bear on this problem of organized crime. We will increase the number of personnel previously assigned to this task.

Federal efforts can best be extended by the allocation of additional resources. However, obtaining witnesses is a major difficulty in dealing with organized crime.

I recommend that the Congress enact legislation to:

-Make it a federal crime to coerce or threaten a person who is willing to give vital information to our federal investigators, thus extending additional protection to potential witnesses at the beginning of an organized crime investigation before a grand jury has been convened.

-Extend federal immunity provisions to certain crimes associated with racketeering, in order to assist in gathering competent evidence.

Criminal syndicates do not recognize state boundaries. Their impact is frequently nation-wide. The Federal government's responsibility in combatting organized crime is clear and unequivocal.

This message, however, deals principally with federal assistance to state and local law enforcement. With a few notable exceptions, State and local jurisdictions have little experience in operating an effective organized crime program. I am directing the Acting Attorney General to: Establish a special program to offer state and city officials assistance in setting up effective plans to combat organized crime.

It is the first right denied by any totalitarian system. It is associated in the minds of most Americans with the right to be free of unlawful searches and forced self-incrimination. It is a hallmark of a free society.

I believe we should protect that right against invasion by wiretapping and electronic devices.

We would indeed be indifferent to the command of our heritage if we failed to take effective action to preserve the dignity and privacy of each among us. A new Federal law banning wiretapping and electronic bugging and snooping is essential.

Present laws are clearly inadequate. They create serious uncertainties in their application and leave large loopholes in their coverage. In short, they invite abuse.

I recommend that the Congress enact the Right of Privacy Act of 1967.

Within the full reach of the constitutional powers possessed by the Federal government this law would:

-Outlaw all wiretapping, public and private, wherever and whenever it occurs, as well as all willful invasions of privacy by electronic devices such as radio transmitters and concealed microphones. The only exceptions would cover those instances where the security of the Nation itself is at stake-and then only under the strictest safeguards. -Prohibit the advertisement, manufacture or distribution in interstate commerce of wiretapping and eavesdropping devices.

THE RIGHT OF PRIVACY

Justice Brandeis called the right of privacy the "right most valued by civilized men."

TO INSURE THE PUBLIC SAFETY

The program I have called for in this message will not, of itself, bring about a sudden decline in the reported crime rate.

As crime reporting improves, as citizens increasingly demand the protection to which they are entitled and report crimes they formerly bore in silence, as larger numbers of young people enter the age of greatest susceptibility to crime, as the problems of the ghetto are compounded-as these events continue to occur, the reported crime rate will continue to rise.

Nevertheless, there are important steps we can take now to affect the incidence of crime and its contamination of our democracy. I have tried to describe several in this message.

Certain of these steps could, if resolutely undertaken by local and national officials, be in effect a year from today.

Other steps, put into effect now, could reduce the costs of crime over the next several years. These involve more than the condemnation of crime, more than spasmodic responses to sensational disclosures. They involve hard work and an unswerving commitment by all levels of government to an intensified, long-term program of action.

Yet even they will fail unless they are accompanied by the greater involvement of private citizens.

It is the citizen who will finally determine whether the agencies of law enforcement and criminal justice are staffed and nourished by first-rate skills and modern equipment. It is the citizen who maintains and enlarges respect for law and order. It is the interaction of the citizen and the community-their common dedication to public order-which is the most powerful deterrent of crime.

Thus, it is the citizen who will determine whether streets will be safe to walk, whether homes will be secure, whether property rights will be respected, whether integrity and honest dealing will govern relationships between men.

We can control crime if we will. We must act boldly, now, to treat ancient evils and to insure the public safety.

The White House

February 6, 1967

LYNDON B. JOHNSON

NOTE: For statements by the President upon signing related legislation see Items 468, 560. See also Item 530.

For a statement by the President concerning the report of the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, see Item 60.

February 6, 1967

I HAVE today sent to Congress the Safe Streets and Crime Control Act of 1967. It calls for the most comprehensive attack on crime ever undertaken. Crime is a local problem and must be solved by local authorities. But the Federal Government can help to train better police forces and give them modern equipment-to stem the rising tide of organized crime, to stop the illegal flow of

narcotics, to keep lethal weapons out of the wrong hands, guarantee the right of privacy of every American citizen.

Our country's laws must be respected; order must be maintained; crime must be controlled. I am asking the Congress to act now to help insure the public safety.

NOTE: The President recorded the statement for radio and television broadcast. It was not made public in the form of a White House press release.

for 1966. February 6, 1967

Dr. Hornig, distinguished Medal of Science award winners, Members of the Cabinet, Members of the Congress, distinguished ladies and gentlemen:

The discoverer Isaac Newton once wrote that he felt like "a boy playing on the seashore," while "the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me."

Today, we have come here to the East Room to honor 11 men whose lifelong purpose has been to explore the great ocean of truth. Their achievements—and the work of other scientists-have lengthened man's life, have eased his days, and have enriched our treasury of wisdom.

For nearly two centuries, America has been a lighthouse of democratic government in the world.

But we have also stood for other things.

First, we have been an example of the power of science and technology to transform man's life.

The steamship, the telephone, the Salk vaccine, the splitting of the atom, our steady climb to the moon and the stars-all of these developments in our land have excited the entire world, and have changed it forever. Today, our enormous investment in science and research is our evidence of our faith that science can not only make man richer-but science can make man better. Second, and more important, America stands for the unfettered pursuit of knowledge.

Scientific research in our Nation is heavily financed by our Government.

I believe that government must guard freedom of inquiry-and extend it.

The voyage of our scientists should be

to make new discoveries-not just to confirm old dogmas.

In the famous poem, Ulysses pledges

"To follow knowledge, like a sinking star, Beyond the utmost bounds of human thought."

That goal is the goal of these scientiststhat goal is the goal of American science.

So gentlemen, I am greatly honored to make this year's awards of the National Medal of Science.

NOTE: The President spoke at 11:44 a.m. in the East Room at the White House. His opening words referred to Dr. Donald F. Hornig, Special Assistant to the President and Director of the Office of Science and Technology.

The National Medal of Science, established by Congress in 1959 (73 Stat. 431), is awarded to outstanding scientists on the basis of recommendations by the President's Committee on the National Medal of Science under the chairmanship of Dr. H. E. Carter of the University of Illinois. The 1966 recipients and their citations are listed below:

Biological sciences: Edward Fred Knipling, Director, Entomology Research Divisions, U.S. Department of Agriculture, "For outstanding original contributions involving unique biological approaches to the control of insect vectors responsible for diseases of humans, domesticated animals, and plants"; Fritz Albert Lipmann, professor of biochemistry, Rockefeller University, "For original discoveries of molecular mechanisms for the transfer and transformation of energy in living cells, and for fundamental contributions to the conceptual structure of modern biochemistry"; William Cumming Rose, professor of chemistry, emeritus, University of Illinois, "For the discovery of the essential amino acid threonine and for the subsequent brilliant studies elucidating the qualitative and quantitative amino acid requirements of man and of animals"; Sewall Wright, professor of genetics, emeritus, University of Wisconsin, "For original and sustained contributions to the mathematical foundations of the theory of evolution and for basic contributions to experimental and biometrical genetics."

Engineering sciences: Claude Elwood Shannon, Donner Professor of Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "For brilliant contributions to the mathematical theories of communications and information processing and for his early and continuing impact on the development of these disciplines"; Vladimir Kosma Zworykin, honorary vice president, Radio Corporation of America, "For major contributions to the instruments of science, engineering and television, and for his stimulation of the application of engineering to medicine."

Mathematical sciences: John Willard Milnor, professor of mathematics, Princeton University, "For clever and ingenious approaches in topology which have solved long outstanding problems and opened new exciting areas in this active branch of mathematics."

Physical sciences: Jacob Aall Bonnevie Bjerknes, professor of meteorology, University of California, Los Angeles, "By watching and studying maps he

discovered the cyclone-making waves of the air and the climate-controlling changes of the sea"; Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, professor of theoretical astrophysics, University of Chicago, "For numerous superb contributions to stellar astronomy, physics, and applied mathematics, and for his guidance and inspiration to his many students and colleagues"; Henry Eyring, dean, Graduate School (retired), University of Utah, "For contributions to our understanding of the structure and properties of matter, especially for his creation of absolute rate theory, one of the sharpest tools in the study of rates of chemical reaction"; and John Hasbrouck Van Vieck, Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, Harvard University, "For his many contributions to the development of the theory of molecular structure and for his profound influence, through original contributions and through many brilliant students, on the theory of the magnetic and dielectric properties of materials."

Space. February 7, 1967

To the Senate of the United States:

I

I am today transmitting to the Senate, for your advice and consent, the first Treaty on Outer Space.

The provisions of this Treaty reflect the will and desire of the signatory states, already numbering more than half the nations of the world, that the realms of space should forever remain realms of peace.

The privilege of transmitting this milestone agreement to you before the end of the first decade of space exploration is espe cially gratifying for me.

Only ten years ago, as a Senator, I chaired the first Congressional hearings called to determine what response our national policy should make to the challenges of the exploration of outer space. The hearings and the events of those times seem now a world away for us all. Yet I remember-as I know

you do the climate of great awe and greater anxiety in which Senators addressed them selves to their responsibilities. At that time: -No American satellite had yet been orbited.

-The readiness of our rockets was much in question.

-There was no NASA, no vast complex at what is now Cape Kennedy, no Manned Spaceflight Center at Houston. The very word, "astroca," was not in our vocabulary.

-Men questioned the capacity of our ed ucational system to yield up the incalculably valuable resource of minds trained for the great as of the space age.

-The stature of our advanced technic

and our ability to participate as leaders
in the explorations of the verse
far from being established
tainty.

In that uncertain dimate, an

for 1966. February 6, 1967

Dr. Hornig, distinguished Medal of Science award winners, Members of the Cabinet, Members of the Congress, distinguished ladies and gentlemen:

The discoverer Isaac Newton once wrote that he felt like "a boy playing on the seashore," while "the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me."

Today, we have come here to the East Room to honor 11 men whose lifelong purpose has been to explore the great ocean of truth. Their achievements—and the work of other scientists have lengthened man's life, have eased his days, and have enriched our treasury of wisdom.

For nearly two centuries, America has been a lighthouse of democratic government in the world.

But we have also stood for other things. First, we have been an example of the power of science and technology to transform man's life.

The steamship, the telephone, the Salk vaccine, the splitting of the atom, our steady climb to the moon and the stars-all of these developments in our land have excited the entire world, and have changed it forever. Today, our enormous investment in science and research is our evidence of our faith that science can not only make man richer-but science can make man better. Second, and more important, America stands for the unfettered pursuit of knowledge.

Scientific research in our Nation is heavily financed by our Government.

I believe that government must guard freedom of inquiry-and extend it. The voyage of our scientists should be

to make new discoveries-not just to confirm old dogmas.

In the famous poem, Ulysses pledges

"To follow knowledge, like a sinking star, Beyond the utmost bounds of human thought."

That goal is the goal of these scientiststhat goal is the goal of American science.

So gentlemen, I am greatly honored to make this year's awards of the National Medal of Science.

NOTE: The President spoke at 11:44 a.m. in the East Room at the White House. His opening words referred to Dr. Donald F. Hornig, Special Assistant to the President and Director of the Office of Science and Technology.

The National Medal of Science, established by Congress in 1959 (73 Stat. 431), is awarded to outstanding scientists on the basis of recommendations by the President's Committee on the National Medal of Science under the chairmanship of Dr. H. E. Carter of the University of Illinois. The 1966 recipients and their citations are listed below:

Biological sciences: Edward Fred Knipling, Director, Entomology Research Divisions, U.S. Department of Agriculture, "For outstanding original contributions involving unique biological approaches to the control of insect vectors responsible for diseases of humans, domesticated animals, and plants"; Fritz Albert Lipmann, professor of biochemistry, Rockefeller University, "For original discoveries of molecular mechanisms for the transfer and transformation of energy in living cells, and for fundamental contributions to the conceptual structure of modern biochemistry"; William Cumming Rose, professor of chemistry, emeritus, University of Illinois, "For the discovery of the essential amino acid threonine and for the subsequent brilliant studies elucidating the qualitative and quantitative amino acid requirements of man and of animals"; Sewall Wright, professor of genetics, emeritus, University of Wisconsin, "For original and sustained contributions to the mathematical foundations of the theory of evolution and for basic contributions to experimental and biometrical genetics."