Elements of Mental Philosophy: Abridged and Designed as a Text-book for Academies and High Schools

Thomas Cogswell Upham

Harper & bros., 1841 - Intellect - 480 pages

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Title Page

Table of Contents

CHAPTER I	17

Of the connexion of the mind with the material world	18

Our first knowledge in general of a material or external origin 5 Shown further from what we notice in children	19

Further proof of the beginnings of knowledge from external causes	21

The same subject further illustrated	22

Illustration from the case of James Mitchell	23

CHAPTER III	24

All sensation is properly and truly in the mind 11 Sensations are not images or resemblances of objects	25

208	223

216	231

217	232

219	234

220	235

221	237

222	239

223	240

The connexion between the mental and physical change not ca ble of explanation	26

Of the meaning and nature of perception 14 Perception makes us acquainted with a material world	27

Of the primary and secondary qualities of matter	28

Of the secondary qualities of matter	29

Of perceptions of smell in distinction from sensations	33

Of the sense and the sensations of taste	34

CHAPTER IV	35

Varieties of the sensation of sound	36

Manner in which we learn the place of sounds	37

CHAPTER V	38

Origin of the notion of extension and of form or figure	40

On the sensations of heat and cold Page 38 ib 40	41

Of the sensations of hardness and softness	42

Of certain indefinite feelings sometimes ascribed to the touch	44

Relation between the sensation and what is outwardly signified	45

Page	46

Statement of the mode or process in visual perception	47

Of the original and acquired perceptions of sight	48

The idea of extension not originally from sight	49

Of the knowledge of the figure of bodies by the sight	50

Illustration of the subject from the blind	51

Measurements of magnitude by the	52

Of objects seen in a mist 41 Of the sun and moon when seen in the horizon	53

Of the estimation of distances by sight	54

Signs by means of which we estimate distance by sight	55

Estimation of distance when unaided by intermediate objects	56

Of objects seen on the ocean	57

CHAPTER VII	58

Of habit in relation to the smell CHAPTER VIII	59

Of conceptions of objects of sight	60

Of the influence of habit on our conceptions	61

Influence of habit on conceptions of sight	62

Of the subserviency of our conceptions to description	63

Of conceptions attended with a momentary belief 65 Conceptions which are joined with perceptions 66 Conceptions as connected with fictitious repr...	64

Other striking instances of habits of touch	65

Habits considered in relation to the sight	66

Sensations may possess a relative as well as positive increase	68

Of habits as modified by particular callings and arts	69

The law of habit considered in reference to the perception of the outlines and forms of objects	70

Notice of some facts which favour the above doctrine	71

Additional illustrations of Mr Stewarts doctrine	72

CHAPTER IX	83

Simple mental states not susceptible of definition	84

Simple mental states representative of a reality	85

Origin of complex notions and their relation to simple 84 85	86

Supposed complexness without the antecedence of simple feelings	87

The precise sense in which complexness is to be understood	88

Illustrations of analysis as applied to the mind	89

Complex notions of external origin 88 89	90

Of objects contemplated as wholes	91

CHAPTER X	92

Instances of particular abstract ideas	93

Mental process in separating and abstracting them	94

General abstract notions the same with genera and species	95

Process in classification or the forming of genera and species	96

Early classifications sometimes incorrect 83 Illustrations of our earliest classifications	97

OF ATTENTION 88 Of the general nature of attention	101

Of different degrees of attention	102

Dependence of memory on attention	103

Of exercising attention in reading	104

Alleged inability to command the attention	105

Instances of notions which have an internal origin	106

CHAPTER XII	107

Dreams are often caused by our sensations	108

Explanation of the incoherency of dreams 1st cause 97 Second cause of the incoherency of dreams	110

Apparent reality of dreams 1st cause	111

Apparent reality of dreams 2d cause	112

Of our estimate of time in dreaming	113

Explanation of the preceding statements	114

The idea of space not of external origin	115

The idea of space has its origin in suggestion	116

PART II	117

Occasions of the origin of the idea of power	118

CHAPTER I	119

103	120

105	121

107	122

108	123

Ideas of existence mind selfexistence and personal identity	124

110	126

111	127

113	128

114	129

CHAPTER III	136

Further remarks on the proper objects of consciousness	137

Consciousnes a ground or law of belief 126 Instances of knowledge developed in consciousness	138

CHAPTER IV	140

Occasions on which feelings of relation may arise	141

Of the use of correlative terms 130 Of relations of identity and diversity	142

11 Relations of degree and names expressive of them	143

III Of relations of proportion	144

IV Of relations of place or position	145

v Of relations of time	146

vi Of ideas of possession	147

VII Of relations of cause and effect	148

Of complex terms involving the relation of cause and effect	149

Connexion of relative suggestion with reasoning	150

CHAPTER V	151

Of the general laws of association	152

Resemblance the first general law of association	153

Of resemblance in the effects produced	154

Contrast the second general or primary	155

Contiguity the third general or primary	157

Cause and effect the fourth primary	158

Section	159

The foregoing as applicable to the sensibilities	166

Section	167

Illustrations of philosophic memory	172

Further directions for the improvement of the memory	179

Approval and illustrations of these views from Coleridge	185

Use of definitions and axioms in demonstrative reasoning	186

The opposites of demonstrative reasonings absurd	187

Demonstrations do not admit of different degrees of belief	188

Of the use of diagrams in demonstrations	189

CHAPTER XI	190

Definition of reasoning and of propositions	191

Of reasoning from analogy	192

Of reasoning by induction	193

Of combined or accumulated arguments	194

184	200

Imagination an intellectual rather than a sensitive process	204

The imagination closely related to the reasoning power	205

190	206

Process of the mind in the creations of the imagination	207

Further remarks on the same subject	208

Illustration from the writings of Dr Reid	209

Grounds of the preference of one conception to another	210

Illustration of the subject from Milton 212 The creations of imagination not entirely voluntary 213 Illustration of the statements of the preceding sect...	211

Care to be used in correctly stating the subject of discussion	212

Consider the kind of evidence applicable to the subject 199 Reject the aid of false arguments or sophisms 211 ib 212 213	213

Fallacia equivocationis or the use of equivocal terms and phrases	215

Of the sophism of estimating actions and character from the cir cumstances of success merely	216

Of adherence to our opinions	217

Effects on the mind of debating for victory instead of truth CHAPTER	218

Of the less permament excited conceptions of sound	219

First cause of permanently vivid conceptions or apparitions Morbid sensibility of the retina of the	220

206	221

207	222

224	241

225	242

227	244

228	245

229	246

231	248

232	249

235	251

THE SENSIBILITIES	259

PART I	267

EMOTIONS OF BEAUTY Section 252 Characteristics of emotions of beauty	273

Of what is meant by beautiful objects	274

Of the distinction between beautiful and other objects	275

Grounds or occasions of emotions of beauty various	276

All objects not equally fitted to cause these emotions	277

A susceptibility of emotions of beauty an ultimate principle of our mental constitution	278

Remarks on the beauty of forms The circle	279

Original or intrinsic beauty The circle 260 Of the beauty of straight and angular forms	280

Of square pyramidal and triangular forms	281

Of the original or intrinsic beauty of colours	283

Further illustrations of the original beauty of colours	284

Of sounds considered as a source of beauty	286

Illustrations of the original beauty of sounds	287

Further instances of the original beauty of sounds 290 267 The permanency of musical power dependent on its being intrinsic	290

Of motion as an element of beauty	291

Explanation of the beauty of motion from Kaimes	292

CHAPTER IV	300

The occasions of the emotions of sublimity various	301

Great extent or expansion an occasion of sublimity 279 Great height an element or occasion of sublimity	302

Of depth in connexion with the sublime	303

Of colours in connexion with the sublime 282 Of sounds as furnishing an occasion of sublime emotions	304

Of motion in connexion with the sublime	305

Indications of power accompanied by emotions of the sublime	306

Of the original or primary sublimity of objects 286 Considerations in proof of the original sublimity of objects	307

Influence of association on emotions of sublimity	308

CHAPTER V	309

Occasions of emotions of the ludicrous	310

Of what is understood by wit 291 Of wit as it consists in burlesque or in debasing objects	311

Of wit when employed in aggrandizing objects	312

Of the character and occasions of humour	313

Of the practical utility of feelings of the ludicrous 278 279 280	314

298	316

300	317

302	321

303	322

304	323

306	324

309	326

310	327

ib 312	328

313	330

314	331

CHAPTER III	333

Further illustrations of the principle of curiosity	339

Of the natural desire of esteem	344

Of the desire of esteem as a rule of conduct	345

Of the desire of possession	346

Of the moral character of the possessory principle	347

Of perversions of the possessory desire	348

Of the desire of power	349

Of the moral character of the desire of power	350

Propensity of selflove or the desire of happiness	351

Of selfishness as distinguished from selflove	352

Reference to the opinions of philosophical writers	353

The principle of sociality original in the human mind	354

Evidence of the existence of this principle of sociality	355

340	356

Relation of the social principle to civil society	357

CHAPTER V	358

Of the complex nature of the affections	359

Of resentment or anger	360

Illustrations of instinctive resentment 346 Uses and moral character of instinctive resentment	361

Of voluntary in distinction from instinctive resentment	362

Tendency of anger to excess and the natural checks to	363

Other reasons for checking and subduing the angry passions	365

Modifications of resentment 351 Modifications of resentment 352 Modifications of resentment 353 Modifications of resentment 354 Nature of the pa...	366

Envy	367

Jealousy	368

Revenge	369

CHAPTER VI	371

Love in its various forms characterized by a twofold action 357 Of the parental affection 358 Illustrations of the strength of the parental affection 35...	372

Of the affection of pity or sympathy	373

Of the moral character of pity 375 Of the affection of gratitude	374

359	375

360	376

361	377

362	379

363	380

365	382

369	383

Of humanity or the love of the human race	384

Further proofs in support of the doctrine of an innate humanity or love for the human race	386

Of the moral character of the voluntary exercises of the benevo lent affections	392

375	394

376	395

379	398

380	400

Further illustrations of the results of the absence of this principle	401

Proofs of a humane or philanthropic principle from the existence of benevolent institutions	404

386	408

387	413

389	414

390	416

392	418

394	420

Further proof from language and literature	426

Feelings of obligation have particular reference to the future	430

413	436

419	442

425	451

Disordered action of the principle of selfpreservation	454

Disordered and alienated action of the possessory principle	455

Disordered action of imitativeness or the principle of imitation	456

Disordered action of the principle of sociality	457

Further remarks on the disordered action of the social propensity	458

Of the disordered action of the desire of esteem	459

Disordered action of the desire of power 459	460

CHAPTER IL	461

Familiar instances of sympathetic imitation	462

Instances of sympathetic imitation at the poorhouse of Harlem	463

439	464

DISORDERED ACTION OF THE AFFECTIONS 440 Of the states of mind denominated presentiments	465

Of sudden and strong impulses of the mind	467

Insanity of the affections or passions	468

Of the mental disease termed hypochondriasis	469

Of intermissions of hypochondriasis and of its remedies	471

Disordered action of the passion of fear 446 Perversions of the benevolent affections	473

CHAPTER IV	475

Of accountability in connexion with this form of disordered con science	476

Of natural or congenital moral derangement	477

Of moral accountability in cases of natural or congenital moral derangement	479

17

ib 18

19

20

ib 222 26 27 27 28 29 30 31 32 ib 33 34 35 36

ib 78 81

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Common terms and phrases

able action acts affection appear apply association attention beauty become body called cause CHAPTER character circumstances colour complex conceptions connexion consequence consideration considered constitution course desire direct disordered distinct emotions evidence examination exercise existence experience express external fact feelings frequently further give greater habit HISTORY human ideas illustrations imagination important influence instance instinctive intellect interesting kind knowledge known less means memory mental mentioned merely mind moral nature never notice notion objects observation occasion once operations opinion original particular passion perception perhaps period person Philosophy possess practical present principle probably proper properly propositions question reasoning reference regard relation remark respect seems sensations sense Sensibilities separate sight simple sometimes sound speak statement sublime suggestion suppose term thing thought tion touch true truth various vols whole

Popular passages

Page 101 - The crow doth sing as sweetly as the lark, When neither is attended ; and, I think The nightingale, if she should sing by day, When every goose is cackling, would be thought No better a musician than the wren.

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Page 163 - Where the great Sun begins his state Robed in flames and amber light, The clouds in thousand liveries dight; While the ploughman, near at hand, Whistles o'er the furrowed land, And the milkmaid singeth blithe, And the mower whets his scythe, And every shepherd tells his tale Under the hawthorn in the dale.

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Page 118 - ... as we do from bodies affecting our senses. This source of ideas every man has wholly in himself; and though it be not sense, as having nothing to do with external objects, yet it is very like it, and might properly enough be called internal sense.

Appears in 248 books from 1722-2007

Page 187 - ... according to the deeds done in the body, whether they be good or whether they be evil...

Appears in 369 books from 1694-2008

Page 385 - The air was sweet and plaintive, and the words, literally translated, were these : ' The winds roared and the rains fell. The poor white man, faint and weary, came and sat under our tree. Ke has no mother to bring him milk ; no wife to grind his corn.' Chorus : 'Let us pity the white man ; no mother has he, etc., etc.

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Page 310 - The sun had long since in the lap Of Thetis taken out his nap, And like a lobster boiled, the morn From black to red began to turn," The imagination modifies images, and gives unity to variety ; it sees all things in one, il piti nelV uno.

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Bibliographic information

QR code for Elements of Mental Philosophy

Title	Elements of Mental Philosophy: Abridged and Designed as a Text-book for Academies and High Schools
Author	Thomas Cogswell Upham
Publisher	Harper & bros., 1841
Original from	Harvard University
Digitized	18 Mar 2008
Length	480 pages

Export Citation	BiBTeX EndNote RefMan

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