almost invariably the attacking party, and when he did attack it was in the open field. These long months of battles tested the endurance and manhood of the two armies, and both stood to it like heroes. Resolute purpose, and unflinching courage were never more strikingly exhibited. Lee had warded off Grant's blows and he was now to cross the James. Richmond was still secure, but the inflexible Grant had no more idea of failure-no more doubt of final success, than when he turned his boats down the Mississippi to run the frowning batteries of Vicksburg. On the 10th of June an attempt was made by Butler with a force of infantry under General Gilmore, and of cavalry under General Kautz to capture Petersburg and destroy the railroads and bridges across the Appomattox. The cavalry under General Kautz carried the works on the South side of Petersburg, and penetrated well in towards the town, but were forced to retire. Gilmore finding the works strong returned without attempting an assault. Thereupon General Grant sent General Smith to renew the attempt to capture Petersburg before the enemy could reinforce the place.

Meanwhile General Sigel moved up the Shenandoah Valley, forming a junction with General Crook, and on the 15th met the enemy at New Market, and after a severe engagement, and a gallant resistance on our part, was compelled to return across Cedar Creek. General David Hunter relieved General Sigel, with instructions to go up the Valley to Charlottsville and Lynchburg if possible, living on the country. He was instructed to destroy the railroads and canal beyond the possibility of repairs for weeks. Then Hunter was directed to find his way back to his original base, and join the army of the Potomac from about Gordonsville. Hunter, with great energy started up the Valley, and on the 5th of June he met the rebels at Piedmont, and after a battle of ten hours defeated and routed them, capturing upon the field 1,500 men, three pieces of artillery, and 300 stands of small arms. From thence, forming a junction with Crook and Averill he marched on Lynchburg, which he reached and invested on the 16th of June. Up to this time his campaign had been a complete success, and but for the difficulty of taking through a hostile country and over so long a march,

sufficient ordnance stores, he would have he would have captured Lynchburg. As it was, he went further up the Valley than any force which preceded or followed him, and he rendered great service in destroying the enemies supplies and manufactures. To meet the threatening movement of Hunter, Lee sent a large force from Richmond, which reached Lynchburg about the same time with Hunter, who was compelled, for want of ammunition to retire. His want of ammunition compelled his retreat by way of Kanawha. This placed the troops of Hunter in a position that they could not cover Washington. Availing himself of the exposed condition of the Capital, the enemy sent large detachments from their army at Richmond, which with the troops already in the Valley under Early and Breckinridge, moved down the Shenandoah, threatening Baltimore and Washington. Their advance was checked at Monocacy by the Union troops under General Lew. Wallace and a part of the Sixth corps under General Ricketts. Still the enemy continued to advance until they met the intrenchments about Washington. In the neighborhood they plundered and burned, destroying among other things the fine country house near Silver Springs, of Montgomery Blair, Postmaster General. But they were met by the 6th corps under General Wright, a part of the 8th corps under Gilmore, and the 12th corps under General Emery. By these forces the enemy was driven back and retreated, hardly pressed by General Wright.

Returning to the army of the Potomac; on the 15th, General Grant visited Bermuda Hundred, and instructed General Butler to send General Smith, with all the troops he could spare to take possession of Petersburg, while he would return to the North side of the James, hasten the crossing of the army of the Potomac, and throw it forward to Petersburg as rapidly as possible. Grant left with the confident expectation that Smith would go into Petersburg that night. Smith's left confronted the enemy's pickets before day-light, but did not get ready to assault his lines until near sundown. Then he carried the lines upon the Appomatox for two and a half miles, capturing 15 pieces of artillery and 300 prisoners. There were no other works between his troops and Petersburg. The night was calm, the moon shining brightly. Hancock

coming up with two divisions, reached Smith just after dark, and offered the aid of his troops, waiving his rank, as he naturally supposed Smith best knew the ground, and what to do. No further assault was made. In the morning Grant arrived, but in the meantime the enemy had reached Petersburg in force. Had Sheridan commanded in place of Smith, the Union flag would no doubt have been found waving over Petersburg. However, the lines of the enemy were attacked, artillery and prisoners taken, and he was driven into an interior line, which was held; and now commenced the long, bloody siege of Petersburg.

This city is twenty-two miles south from Richmond, and protected the communications by which the rebel Capital was supplied. It might possibly have been captured by a vigorous assault on the morning of the 16th of June. Every hour's delay, however, enabled the Confederates to strengthen their lines, and these soon became too strong to be carried by assault. General Grant gradually extended his lines south, with a view of cutting the railroads by which Lee's army and the Capital were supplied.

In front of General Burnside was an angle in the enemy's lines, covered by a Fort, from which his line was not more than one hundred and fifty yards distant. Burnside conceived the design, and formed the resolve of mining the Fort, and the plan, although suspected by the enemy was successfully accomplished without discovery. General Grant took advantage of the weakening of the rebel lines, caused by their sending troops north of the James to repel an attack, to explode the mine. On the evening of the 30th of July, between 4 and 5 o'clock, the mine was sprung, blowing up a battery and the greater part of a regiment. The advance of the assaulting column formed of the Ninth Corps, immediately took possession of the crater made by the explosion, and the Confederate line for some distance to the right and left of it. Nothing now was in the way to prevent a march directly into Petersburg. Had there been coöperation and an immediate advance, Petersburg, would have been taken. Not being properly. supported the column failed to advance; and taking shelter for a while in the crater, thus giving time for the enemy to

rally, the Union forces were ultimately forced back with great slaughter. Fifteen hundred men in grey and blue, found their graves within the crater formed by the explosion.*

On the 7th of August, General Sheridan was placed in command of the Department of Washington and the Shenandoah, and the army under his command was strengthened. The rebel army under Early was encamped on the west bank of the Opequon Creek, and the Union army under Sheridan in front of Berryville. So disastrous would have been a defeat to the Union cause, laying open to the enemy, Maryland and Pennsylvania, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, that General Grant hesitated in allowing the impetuous, confident, and yet careful Sheridan to make an attack. On the 15th of September, Grant visited Sheridan, and became so well satisfied of his ability to whip the enemy, that he says, "I saw there were but two words of instructions necessary: "Go in!"" t

Early on the morning of the 19th of September, Sheridan attacked Early, and after a bloody battle lasting until 5 P. M., he defeated him, capturing several thousand prisoners, and five pices of artillery. He pursued Early to the passes of the Blue Ridge Mountains, and destroying the Virginia Central Railroad, returned and took position behind Cedar Creek, near Strasburg. In marching back General Sheridan says, "the whole country from the Blue Ridge to the North Mountain has been made entirely untenable for a rebel army."

Early having been reënforced, again returned to the Valley, and on the 9th of October, there was an encounter between his and Sheridan's Cavalry in which the rebels were defeated with the loss of eleven pieces of artillery and 350 prisoners.

On the morning of the 19th of October, Early, under cover of darkness and fog, crossed the mountains, surprised (in the absence of Sheridan,) and turned the left flank of his army,

"For some cause, the assaulting column failed to advance promptly to the ridge beyond. Had they done this, there is every reason to believe that Petersburg would have fallen. Thus terminated in disaster what promised to be the most successful assault of the campaign."- Grant's Report, p. 14.

+ Grant's Report, p. 17.

capturing batteries which enfiladed the whole Union line. The Union troops fell back with heavy loss and in confusion; but were finally rallied between Middletown and Newtown. At this juncture, Sheridan, who had been at Winchester and there heard the heavy firing, came forward at full speed, and arrived upon the field.* His presence inspired his troops with fresh courage and enthusiasm. Passing rapidly along the line where his soldiers could see him, his presence was equal to a reënforment of thousands of troops. He arranged his lines just in time to repulse a heavy attack of the enemy. Immediately assuming the offensive, he attacked with great vigor, defeating the enemy with great slaughter, retaking the guns and prisoners captured by Early, and capturing most of his artillery. The wreck of Early's army escaped during the night. Thus ended the war in the Valley of the Shenandoah. No further attempt to menace Washington and Baltimore, nor to invade the North through this valley was ever afterwards made.

*This ride of Sheridan to the field was the occasion of an ode, certainly one of the most spirited of the war, written by Thomas Buchanan Read, from which I extract the following: