Statement of the case.

it was wholly immaterial whether the debtor was surprised or not at the consequences, as they had all flowed from his own voluntary act.

Several other questions were discussed at the argument, but inasmuch as they are not within the errors assigned in the record it is unnecessary to give them any separate examination.

Decree affirmed.

BAILEY, ASSIGNEE, v. GLOVER ET AL.

1. Tho policy of the Bankrupt law is speedy as well as equal distribution of the bankrupt's assets among his creditors, and the one is almost as important as the other. The delays in the inferior courts commented on. 2 Hence the clause limiting the commencement of actions by and against the assignee to two years after the right of action accrues, applies to all judicial contests between the assignee and any person whose interest is adverse to his.

8. But though this clause in terms includes all suits at law or in equity, the general principle applies here, that where the action is intended to obtain redress against a fraud concealed by the party, or which from its nature remains secret, the bar does not commence to run until the fraud is discovered.

4. And this doctrine is equally applicable on principle and authority to suits at law as well as in equity.

APPEAL from the Circuit Court for the Southern District of Alabama.

Bailey, assignee in bankruptcy of Benjamin Glover, and appointed as such December 1st, 1869, filed a bill on the 20th of January, 1873 (three years and seven weeks, therefore, after the date of his appointment) against Elenora Glover, wife of the bankrupt, Hugh Weir, his father-inlaw, and Nathaniel Glover, his son, to set aside certain conveyances.

The bill alleged that Glover, the bankrupt, owed Winston & Co. $13,580, and that judgment had been obtained against him for that debt; that Glover was a man of fortune-pos

Statement of the case.

sessed of at least $50,000 in different kinds of property—and owed no debt but the one just mentioned; that being thus entirely solvent and able to pay that debt, but fraudulently intending to avoid its payment by applying for the benefit of and getting a discharge under the Bankrupt law, he previously to applying conveyed, without any or upon grossly inadequate considerations, all his estate to the defendants; and then with fraudulent intent filed a petition in voluntary bankruptcy, setting forth that he owed the debt to Winston & Co., that this was the only debt which he did owe, and that he had no property or effects whatever except such as the law exempted from execution.

The bill further alleged that on his petition as aforesaid he was, on the 11th of April, 1870, discharged under the Bankrupt Act; Wiuston & Co. proving their debt as creditors; and he, the complainant, being appointed assignee in the bankruptcy.

The bill further alleged that the bankrupt and his wife, son, and father-in-law-these being the already-named defendants in the case-kept secret their said fraudulent acts, and endeavored to conceal them from the knowledge both of the assignee and of the said Winston & Co., whereby both were prevented from obtaining any sufficient knowl edge or information thereof until within the last two years, and that even up to the present time they had not been able to obtain full and particular information as to the fraudulent disposition made by the bankrupt of a large part of his property.

It also alleged that the surviving partner of Winston & Co., in December, 1871, filed a petition in the District Court against the bankrupt in order to have his discharge set aside for this fraud, but before process could be served on the bankrupt he died.

These were the material allegations of the bill, and if true they showed, of course, a very clear case of fraudulent conspiracy, between the bankrupt and his family connections, to defraud the only creditor named in his petition—a scheme of gross fraud, in short-concealed by the defendants from

Argument for the creditor.

the knowledge of the assignee and from Winston & Co., against whom the fraud was perpetrated.

The defendants demurred to the bill, because the suit was not brought within two years from the appointment of the assignee, and their demurrer was sustained. This appeal was taken from the decree of the court dismissing the bill, and the sole question here was, whether on the case made by the bill this decision of the Circuit Court was right.

The second section of the Bankrupt Act of 1867, under which section the case arose, reads as follows:

"The Circuit Court shall have concurrent jurisdiction of all suits at law or in equity, brought by the assignce, against any person claiming an adverse interest; or by such person against the assignee touching the property of the bankrupt transferable to or vested in the assignee; but no suit at law or in equity shall in any case be maintainable by or against such assignee, or by or against any person claiming an adverse interest, touching the property or rights of property aforesaid, in any court whatsoever, unless the same shall be brought within two years from the time of the cause of action accrued for or against such assignee."

Mr. P. Phillips, for the appellant:

The demurrer admits:

1st. That the defendants hold the property in fraud of the creditors.

2. That they so concealed the fraud that the assignee only came to the knowledge of it within a year from filing the bill.

The question then is, whether the second section of the Bankrupt Act protects persons fraudulently obtaining property from the bankrupt, in the enjoyment of the fruits of their fraud, if they are able to conceal from the assignee the knowledge of their fraud for two years?

To answer such a proposition in the affirmative shocks one's moral sense, and if it is to prevail we must find in the words of the section instruction so explicit as to leave no room for construction. No such words exist there. We

Argument for the holder of the property.

submit rather that the action does not "accrue" while the fraud is concealed.*

Independently of this, the second section does not apply to the present proceeding. It refers to suits brought by the assignee "against any person claiming an adverse interest." The present fraudulent possessors of the bankrupt's property never made known their interest. The assignee by their concealment had no knowledge of their claim. The evident intention of the section was to apply the limitation when an adverse interest was asserted. In such a case it was only reasonable that a statute of limitation should exist. To apply it to an interest concealed, and of which the assignee could have no knowledge, would be unreasonable.

Mr. S. J. Cumming, contra:

The right of the complainant to bring this suit accrued on his appointment, and under the second section of the act he could bring it only within two years from the time the cause of action accrued. This bill was not filed until more than two years after the cause of action accrued; in fact, not until more than two years after the final discharge of the bankrupt. The eighth section of the Bankrupt Act of 1841 is similar to the second section of the act of 1867, now under consideration. On that section numerous decisions which would go to sustain the demurrer have been made.t

The bill attempts to take the case out of the statute by alleging that the fraud was not discovered until within two years before the filing thereof. The auswer to this is twofold:

First. That the complainant does not, by the allegations of his bill, bring the case within the exception to the ordinary statute of limitations.t

* Massachusetts Turnpike v. Field, 3 Massachusetts, 201; Homer v. Fish, 1 Pickering, 435; Welles v. Fish, 3 Id. 74; Sherwood v. Sutton, 5 Mason, 143. + Comegys v. McCord, 11 Alabama, 932; Harris v. Collins, 18 Id. 388; Paulding v. Lee, 20 Id. 753; Clark v. Clark et al., 17 Howard, 315.

Kane v. Bloodgood, 7 Johnson's Chancery, 122; Bank of the United States v. Daniel, 12 Peters, 56; Moore v. Greene et al., 19 Howard, 69; Harwood v. Railroad Co., 17 Wallace, 78.

Opinion of the court.

Second. That the statute is imperative, admitting of no exceptions as to any tribunal, and consequently sets aside the rule invoked as to bankruptcy cases under the act.

Mr. Justice MILLER delivered the opinion of the court. Counsel for the appellant argues that the provision of the second section of the Bankrupt Act has no application to the present case because it is not shown that the defendants have set up or asserted any claim to the property now sought to be recovered adverse to that of the assignee. It is rather difficult to see exactly what is meant by this proposition. The suit is brought to be relieved from some supposed claim of right or interest in the property on the part of the defendants. If no such claim exists, it does not stand in the way of complainant, and he does not need the aid of a court of equity to set it aside. If it is intended to argue that until some one asserts in words that he claims a right to property transferred to the assignee by virtue of the act, which is adverse to the bankrupt, the statute does not begin to run though such person is in possession of the property, acting as owner, and admitting no other title to it, we think the construction of the proviso entirely too narrow.

This is a statute of limitation. It is precisely like other statutes of limitation and applies to all judicial contests between the assignee and other persons touching the property or rights of property of the bankrupt transferable to or vested in the assignee, where the interests are adverse and have so existed for more than two years from the time when the cause of action accrued, for or against the assignee. Such is almost the language in which the provision is expressed in section 5057 of the Revised Statutes.

It is obviously one of the purposes of the Bankrupt law, that there should be a speedy disposition of the bankrupt's assets. This is only second in importance to securing equality of distribution. The act is filled with provisions for quick and summary disposal of questions arising in the progress of the case, without regard to usual modes of trial attended by some necessary delay. Appeals in some in