jamin West, on first seeing the Belvedere in the Vatican, is said to have exclaimed," By heaven, a Mohawk!" Great numbers of painters, engravers, and sculptors (and in our day the photographer's art is added) have taken their subjects from the world of aboriginal thought and action, from him, who in 1576 depicted the lineaments of an Eskimo brought over to England by Frobisher, to De Bry and the later Catlin, whose gallery of Indian paintings is now the property of the nation. To-day artists are turning more and more to Indian subjects, not merely because of the increasing demand for statues and other memorials of Indian of Indian worthies and historic figures, but also by reason of the attraction of the theme itself. The artists who have dealt with the Indian are the subject of a recent article by Dr. ten Kate, the anthropologist, in the last number of the journal Anthropos. The photographic work of E. S. Curtis, in his monumental work on The American Indian (1907) is most remarkable. Many cities and towns now possess statues and other artistic remembrancers of the "great and great and good" Indians of the past. Among such monuments are those to Uncas, in Norwich, Conn.; Thayendanegea (Brant), at Brantford, Ont.; Logan, at Auburn, N. Y.; Pushmataha, at Washington, D. C.; Cornstalk, at Pt. Pleasant, W. Va.; Tomochichi, at Savannah, Ga.; Osceola, at Ft. Moultrie, S. C.; Red Jacket, at Buffalo, N. Y.;

Sacagawea, "the mother of Oregon," at Portland, Oregon; Pocahontas, on Jamestown Island, Va. Foreign artists, too, like those who accompanied Prince Maximilian and others following in their wake, including Millet, have touched "the American savage.”

Race-Mixture and the Future of the Indian. The late Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Mr. F. E. Leupp, concludes his discussion of The Indian and his Problem (1910) with the opinion that the future of the red man is absorption into our race, adding that, "regarded in its broader aspects, the intermarriage of Indians and Caucasians has nothing to condemn it," and besides, "there is no barrier of raceantagonism to overcome, for the Indian and the white mingle everywhere on a legal and social equality; and the offspring of such a marriage derives from each of the parent races certain traits which work well in combination." The American Indians have lost in numbers by wars (especially intertribal ones, made easier more or less by the gifts of horse and gun, tomahawk and scalping-knife of European origin), through disease (particularly alcoholism and the epidemics, etc., introduced by the whites), etc., but the chief cause of his "disappearance "' has long been amalgamation with the white race. This is seen in the long series of notable individual marriages from the "royal" one of the "Princess"

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Pocahontas and the Englishman, Rolfe, to the union in 1891 of Dr. C. A. Eastman, the Santee-Dakota, with Miss Elaine Goodale, of Massachusetts; and in the existence, particularly in the Canadian Northwest, of so large an element of mixed bloods (French, Scotch, and English) who had so much to do with the development and the building up of the country, and whose descendants are now among its most influential and respected citizens, figuring prominently in every activity of life. In the section of the United States from Lake Huron to beyond the Rockies the mixture of races has also been great, and in like manner socially and politically significant. In the Province of Quebec, portions of New Brunswick, etc., it has been common and important in the history of those sections of the country. The amount of white blood (due in part to captives in earlier days) in some of the Indian tribes, Algonkian and Iroquoian in particular, is large indeed - some can count hardly a single full-blood at the present moment - and the prominence of the " squaw-man but suggests the extent to which the races mixed in the old Indian Territory now merged in the new State of Oklahoma, where the process is going on even more rapidly than before. The blood of Pocahontas flowed in the veins of John Randolph and many other less celebrated individuals; the Congress of the United States to-day contains both Senators and Represen

tatives in part of Indian blood; and among the Abenakis of Maine one could find descendants of the famous Baron de Baron de Castine. The Canadian

Province of Manitoba had a halfbreed premier, John Norquay. And to the presence of an admixture of white blood in the Cherokees of the Carolinas, Mr. Mooney is inclined to attribute much of the remarkable progress made by them. Sequoyah, the "American Cadmus," who invented the "Cherokee alphabet," still in active and extensive use among the "civilized tribes" of Oklahoma, etc., was the son of a Cherokee mother and a "Dutch" (i. e., Pennsylvania German) father. The complete history of the mingling of the Indians and the whites in North America is yet to be written, but enough is already known to make it certain that the amalgamation has been more extensive and more important than is generally thought to be the case.

Some formal recognition of this factor in the history of human civilization in the United States and Canada will, doubtless, be made at some future time. What could be better in this respect, than some memorial to the idea of federation as exploited by the Indians, and the efforts of Hiawatha (ca. 1570, A. D.) to band together the various Indian tribes into one everlasting warless brotherhood. In truth, the first great peace-congress, consciously and deliberately organized by the genius of one indi

THE MOUND BUILDERS.

Artificial mounds belong to every

As

age and almost every country. soon as primeval man learned to use a stick for digging and a skin for carrying, he could pile up earth or stones. The custom, early begun, survived into all the nations of antiquity, in some cases to well within the Christian era. As inchoate civilization emerged from barbarism, and crude conceptions of government and religion began to take definite form, strictly utilitarian features gradually blended with others of symbolic or occult nature. A slight covering to protect a corpse from wild beasts foreshadowed the great tumulus; from a little heap of earth to raise a hut out of the mud evolved immense foundations for temple and palace. No monument can be more enduring; and thus do we know that man has built mounds whenever and wherever he has lived. Consequently, theories advocating relationship, or tracing lines of migration, or seeking to

prove descent, among peoples or races in different parts of the world, when based solely upon a practice so widely prevalent, are, from the nature of the case, untenable. Particularly is this true in regard to Mound Builders of the Mississippi Valley. The simpler structures erected by them resemble such works in other parts of the world only as any ordinary pile of earth or stones will resemble any other. When this limit is passed, when search is made for types to correspond with their elaborate enclosures or their large mounds which depart widely from common forms, it is found that such do not exist elsewhere. All these works, from the simplest to the most complex, appear to follow a line of continuous evolution which nowhere touches a similar line. There is no evidence that the Mound Builders are connected as either ancestors or descendants with

people even as near at hand as CliffDwellers or Aztecs; the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains seem to have always formed an impassable barrier to considerable movements between East and West. Assertions of the

derivation of those in one section from those in the other are based upon fortuitous resemblances which might be used with equal value in various other directions; or upon the occurrence in eastern or northern mounds of objects which show undeniable indications of Mexican origin. The latter consist mainly of thin copper plates, or sea-shells, or other minor objects, impressed or engraved with complicated emblematic figures. They are few in number, light in weight, widely scattered in locality; and could easily be procured from traders, such as ranged the entire country within historic times, and transported small articles in traffic for hundreds, even thousands of miles. So the mounds of the Mississippi valley must be regarded as the work of a people who acted entirely upon their own initiative, and concerning whose pristine habitat and affiliations nothing is known.

The caption of this paper properly covers all prehistoric aboriginal structures of earth, stone, or shell, east of the Great Plains; for such is the ordinary, or popular, conception of the term.

From the first, small mounds along the Atlantic slope were recognized as Indian burial places; no other interpretation was necessary. When explorers of the wilderness region between the Appalachians and the Mississippi brought back statements in regard to the number and magnitude of mounds, the form and extent of

earthworks, which found no parallel elsewhere, those who assumed that the American Indian had never been different from the hunter and warrior they knew him to be, felt impelled to look beyond him for a constructer capable of such a task. Others, willing to concede to the Indian a more industrious temperament when he had a motive for exercising it, could see no reason for not crediting him with all the remains, large or small, the difference being only in the amount of work involved. The former theory, having the merit of invoking the unknown and mysterious, was advocated by a majority. As more elaborate reports came in from time to time, based generally upon incomplete examinations and deducing conclusions from data which have not withstood later analysis, there gradually arose a belief in a more cultured race antedating the Red Indian.

In the middle of the Nineteenth century appeared the great work of Squier and Davis, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. The illustrations it gave of enclosures in Ohio and adjoining States, the description of these and of apparently similar works elsewhere, the results of excavations, the figures of artificially wrought objects obtained from mounds, all betokened a stage of progress greatly beyond the achievement of known Indians north of Mexico. This volume gave encouragement and impetus to succeeding