tled purpose to drive the Dutch entirely out of the territory. An agent of Lord Sterling, therefore, laid claim to Long Island, and in 1640 drove off a party from Lynn, Mass., who had attempted to settle on the western end of the island. The Dutch arms were pulled down and an indecent caricature raised in its stead. The Dutch made prisoners of the Lynn people, but when they apologized, allowed them to settle on the eastern end of the island where in 1641 they founded Southampton, placing themselves under the authority of Connecticut. Stamford, Stratford, and Greenwich were also founded about this time by New England colonists, and the English population increased so rapidly even in the record in the colony.* Beside the settlements at Flatlands and Wallabout on Long Island, Breuckelen was established in 1639. The favorable measures adopted by the West India Company induced large numbers of people to settle in the colony. The English also came from Virginia and Massachusetts in such numbers that it was deemed advisable to compel them to take an oath of allegiance to the States-General, to the Prince of Orange, and to the director of New Netherlands, after which they enjoyed the same rights and privileges as the Dutch. At New Amsterdam annual fairs were commenced, new boweries were laid out in every direction, a new stone church was erected, and various other measures were adopted toward the advancement of territory which was under the Dutch the community. The Dutch still considered that the English settlement at Red Hill or New Haven was an encroachment on their territorial rights. The Connecticut people continued to annoy the traders at the House of Good Hope on the Connecticut, and it was evident that they had formed a set # Lamb, City of New York, vol. i., p. 95. For the various measures see Fiske, Dutch and Quaker Colonies, vol. i., p. 167 et seq. See also Doyle, Middle Colonies, p. 18 et seq. On the various settlements see Doyle, Middle Colonies, p. 78 et seq.; Lamb, City of New York, vol. i., pp. 88-89. Within a few years churches were also erected at Beverswyck, Midout, Breuckelen, Bergen (N. J.), etc. See Doyle, Middle Colonies, p. 42 et seq. See also DeVries' Notes in Jameson, Narratives of New Netherland, p. 212. jurisdiction, that an English secretary was found necessary, and the office was bestowed upon George Baxter.* The New Haven people now desired to found a settlement on Delaware Bay, and for this purpose sent forth an expedition of about 50 families. Upon their arrival at New Amsterdam, Kieft warned them against making any settlement in territory under his authority, but they failed to heed his warning. In May, 1642, therefore, Kieft sent two armed MASSACRE OF THE INDIANS. sloops to break up the settlement, an enterprise into which the commander of the Swedish fort heartily entered.* The leader of the English party, George Lambertsen, was compelled to pay ransom and the other colonists were obliged to swear allegiance to Sweden. The director also insisted that they pay duties at New Amsterdam on the fur trade in the Delaware. The New Haven people became offended at this and proceeded to such lengths that Kieft finally proclaimed non-intercourse with the colonly on the Connecticut.‡ Trouble now arose with the Indians. As numerous murders had been committed, it was deemed necessary to take some steps to meet the emergency. A board of "Twelve Men" was appointed|| and in 1642 a body of 80 men were sent against the Indians, but as the guide lost the way, the expedition was abortive.§ Shortly after this a Hackensack Indian, who had been made drunk and robbed, murdered a Dutch farmer out of revenge, and though the Indians offered full reparation in zeewan, the Indian money, according to the Indian idea of justice in such cases, Kieft would * Johnston, Connecticut, p. 146. Lamb, City of New York, vol. i., pp. 99, 102. New York Colonial Documents, vol.. i., pp. 183, 414; Collections of the New York Historical Society, series ii., vol. iii., p. 103; O'Callaghan, History of New Netherland, vol. i., p. 241; Lamb, City of New York, vol. i., pp. 98-99. § DeVries' notes in Jameson, Narratives of New Netherland, p. 213, also the Journal of New Netherland in ibid, p. 275. 293 not listen to wise council, but determined upon bloody redress.* In 1643, before this dispute had been settled, the Mohawks attacked the Tappan Indians who fled to the Dutch, and it was while trusting to the hospitality of the white man that the dastardly plan was hastily formed to cut them off. Though the best men of the colony, including DeVries, remonstrated with Kieft, the plan was carried out and on February 25, 1643, the attack was made. The shrieks of the victims were heard even across the river, men, women and children to the number of 120 or more being killed in the shameless massacre. Numbers of infants with their mothers were drowned in the river; the wounded were killed the next morning in cold blood; and about 30 prisoners were taken across the river to New Amsterdam. This was as black a chapter as any in the annals of the colony and certainly no more civilized than the acts of the savages themselves.† The Indians immediately determined upon a bloody retaliation, a number of the smaller tribes in the vicinity uniting to carry on the war against the Dutch. All the boweries on the outskirts of the city extending 20 or 30 miles to the northeast were * Ibid, pp. 215-216. † Doyle, Middle Colonies, p. 21; Lamb, City of New York, vol. i., pp. 109-111; Hildreth, vol. i., pp. 420-421; Bancroft, vol. i., pp. 504–505; Roberts, New York, vol. i., pp. 59-61. See also the account by DeVries in Jameson, Narratives of New Netherland, pp. 225-229, and the Journal of New Netherland, in ibid, p. 277. attacked; the houses were burned; and such of the women and children as were not killed were carried into captivity. The surviving colonists fled to New Amsterdam in terror, and the majority united in bitterly reproaching Kieft for what had happened. A fast was then proclaimed.* After this savage warfare had been carried on for some time, the Indians considered that their revenge had been satisfied, and in 1643 a treaty of peace was arranged with the Dutch.t Peace was not of long duration, however, and in the autumn of 1643 the war again broke out with greater fury. An appeal from the board of * Lamb, City of New York, vol. i., pp. 112-113. † Bancroft, vol. i., pp. 505–506. See also the account by DeVries in Jameson, Narratives of New Netherland, pp. 229-232; see also pp. 278279. A good general account of the governor's attempts to levy taxes, and extracts from the protests of the "Eight Men" will be found in Fiske, Dutch and Quaker Colonies, vol. i., pp. 189-194. See also Brodhead, vol. i., p. 371 et seq.; Osgood, American Colonies, vol. ii., p. 145 et seq.; N. Y. Col. Docs., vol. i., pp. 144, 148, 209. Villard's Early History of Wall Street, in the Half-Moon series (New York, 1897). Captain John Underhill, who had subdued the Pequots, had now established himself in New Netherland and offered to give the Dutch the advantage of his military skill in their fight against the Indians, who, to the number of about 700, were encamped in the rugged mountain country north of Stamford, Conn. Leading a body of 130 Dutch soldiers against the Algonquin stronghold in March, 1644, Underhill repeated his Pequot success, leaving the Algonquin village in ashes and the entire tribe dead (only 8 escaping), while the loss to the Dutch was only 15.* This blow broke up the formidable league of the tribes against the Dutch. The "Eight Men" strongly complained against Kieft's conduct, and sent an appeal to Holland respecting the war,† but it was not until August 30, 1645, that a treaty of peace was agreed upon.‡ During the war, the settlers about New Amsterdam had been almost entirely ruined, only five or six remaining out of the thirty flourishing boweries, while hardly 100 fighting men could be mustered.|| * Brodhead, vol. i., pp. 390-391; the Journal of New Netherland in Jameson, Narratives of New Netherland, pp. 279-284; Lamb, City of New York, vol. i., pp. 118-119. The various petitions sent to the Company at this time led to an exhaustive investigation by the States-General which involved important results for the province, N. Y. Col. Docs., vol. i., pp. 139, 141, 188 et seq. ‡ Brodhead, vol. i., pp. 407-408; Lamb, City of New York, vol. i., p. 122. For other details regarding the Indian trouble see Fiske, Dutch and Quaker Colonies, vol. i., pp. 178-188, 195-196; Hildreth, vol. i., pp. 423–428. DISPUTE WITH NEW ENGLAND; STUYVESANT GOVERNOR. 295 Kieft not only embroiled himself with the inhabitants, but also continued his unfriendly relations with New England. In July, 1643, he had endeavored to come into more friendly relations with the New Englanders by sending a letter of congratulation to the commissioners for the United Colonies of New England, but at the same time he complained of the "insufferable wrongs" to which the Dutch residents at Good Hope had been subjected by the people of Connecticut. Naturally, the commissioners could not let such a complaint pass without notice. At their meeting in September they made counter charges against the Dutch which led, as was natural, to a rejoinder on the part of Kieft, and this crimination and recrimination continued for some time without any good result to either party. In his own town Kieft had become tyrannous, exacting and arbitrary. fell into a number of disputes with the ministers of churches as well as individuals,† and finally matters came to such a pass that the "Eight Men " preferred charges against Kieft to the council, petitioned for his removal, and requested that the Company appoint a new director.t cordingly, in May, 1645, the Company * Hildreth, vol. i., p. 423. He Ac For which see Doyle, Middle Colonies, p. 22. et seq.; Brodhead, vol. i., p. 357 et seq.; Fiske, pp. 196-198. Brodhead, vol. i., pp. 397-400; Roberts, New York, vol. i., p. 63; Lamb, City of New York, vol. i., p. 119 et seq. appointed Petrus Stuyvesant, governor of Curaçoa, a staunch old soldier, but very haughty and imperious in his bearing, to the office vacated by Kieft. Stuyvesant received his commission and took office before the States-General July 28, 1646. At this same time the Company removed some of the restrictions upon imports and exports, though New Amsterdam was continued as the sole port of entry. The Company also promised representative government should be instituted, proposing that deputies from each township should meet twice a year to confer with the governor and council on public affairs.t that When Kieft departed, he carried with him, according to report, about $100,000 worth of furs, but the ship on which he sailed was wrecked off the coast of Wales in 1647, and he with about 80 others were lost.‡ In May, 1647, when Stuyvesant assumed the government, the condition of the colony was far from being prosperous, in comparison with Virginia and Maryland on the south and the New England colonies on the north. At this time the southern colonies contained about 20,000 inhabitants and the New England colo nies about the same, while in New Netherland there were only about 2,000 people. New Amsterdam was a village of wooden huts with roofs of straw and chimneys of mud and sticks; a large proportion of the buildings were devoted to the sale of rum, beer and tobacco. Brooklyn set up a municipal government in 1646. Long Island and Rensselaerwyck were accounted prosperous. There were about 50 boweries or farms; mines of valuable ore, quick-silver and gold were reported in Staten Island and toward the South River; barytes, supposed to be gold, had also been found in the Catskill.* Beverswyck, which then stood on the site of the present city of Albany, was a hamlet of only ten houses. On the western end of Long Island were a number of plantations, but these belonged principally to the Dutch and English and were under English domination. When Stuyvesant arrived in 1647, the United Colonies of New England sent him a letter of congratulation, which also included a resumé of the complaints previously sent by and to Kieft. Stuyvesant had been instructed to settle these old disputes and differences, if possible, and he immediately set about the task. The negotiations did not advance easily and rapidly, however, and it was not until September 19, 1650, that the arbitrators who had been appointed by the various litigants succeeded in Roberts, New York, vol. i., pp. 65-66. * 66 reaching a conclusion. 'By their award, all the eastern part of Long Island, composing the present county of Suffolk, was assigned to New England. The boundary between New Haven and New Netherland was to begin at Greenwich Bay, to run northerly twenty miles into the country, and beyond as it shall be agreed,' but nowhere to approach the Hudson nearer than ten miles. The Dutch retained their fort at Good Hope, with the lands appertaining to it; but all the rest of the territory on the river was assigned to Connecticut. Fugitives were to be mutually given * Hildreth, History of the United States, vol. i., P. 438. See also Doyle, English Colonies in America, vol. ii., pp. 292-293, 296-298; Johnston, Connecticut, pp. 147-149; Trumbull, History of Connecticut, vol. i., pp. 141-142, 153–157; Palfrey, History of New England, vol. i., pp. 337338, 364-366; Fiske, Dutch and Quaker Colonies, vol. i., pp. 251-259; Plymouth Colony Records, vol. ix., p. 188; Lamb, City of New York, vol. i., pp. 148-149; Osgood, American Colonies, vol. i., pp. 407-409; New York Historical Collections, 1st series, vol. i. Johnston, Connecticut, p. 149; Trumbull, History of Connecticut, vol. i., pp. 159–160. |