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soever shall be privileged to fish and hunt but the patroons and such as they shall permit. And in case any one should in time prosper so much as to found one or more towns, he shall have power and authority to establish officers and magistrates there, and to make use of the title of his colony, according to his pleasure and to the quality of the persons.

VII. There shall likewise be granted to all patroons who shall desire the same, venia testandi, or liberty to dispose of their aforesaid heritage by testament.

VIII. The patroons may make use of all lands, rivers and woods lying contiguous to their property, until this Company, or other patroons or private persons, shall take possession of them.

IX. Those who shall send persons over to settle colonies shall furnish them with proper instructions in order that they may be ruled and gov erned conformably to the rule of government made, or to be made, by the Board of the Nineteen, as well in the political as in the judicial government; which instructions they shall be obliged first to lay before the directors of the respective chambers.

X. The patroons and colonists shall be privileged to send all their people and effects thither in ships belonging to the Company, provided they take the oath, and pay the Company for bringing over the people, as mentioned in the first article; and for freight of the goods, five per cent ready money, to be reckoned on the prime cost of the goods here, in which are, however, not to be included such cattle and implements as are necessary for the cultivation and improvement of the lands, which the Company are to carry over for nothing, if there is room in their ships. But the patroons shall, at their own expense, provide and make places for them, together with everything necessary for the support of the oattle.

XI. But in case it should not suit the Company to send any ships, or there should be no room in those sailing thither, then in such case the said patroons, after having communicated their intentions, and after having obtained consent from the Company in writing, may send their own ships or vessels thither; provided that, in going or coming, they go not out of their ordinary course, giving security to the Company for the same and taking on board an assistant, to be victualled by the patroons, and paid his monthly wages by the Company, on pain, for doing the contrary, of forfeiting all the right and property they have obtained to the colony. XII. And inasmuch as it is the intention of the Company to people the island of the Man

hattes first, all fruits and wares that are produced on the North River and lands lying thereabout shall, for the present, be brought there before being sent elsewhere, excepting such as are, from their nature, unnecessary there, or such as cannot, without great loss to the owners thereof, be brought there; in which case the owners thereof shall be obliged to give timely notice in writing of the difficulty attending the same to the Company here, or the commander and council there, that provision may be made in respect to them as the necessity thereof shall be found to require.

XIII. All patroons of the colonies in New Netherland, and also colonies on the island of the Manhattes shall be at liberty to sail and traffic all along the coast, from Florida to Newfoundland, provided that they do again return with all such goods as they shall get in trade to the island of the Manhattes, and pay five per cent duty to the Company, in order that, if possible, after the necessary inventory of the goods shipped be taken, the same may be sent hither. And if it should so happen that they could not return, by reason of contrary currents or otherwise, in such case such goods shall not be brought to any other place but to these dominions, in order that, under the inspection of the directors, at the place where they may arrive, they may be unladen, an inventory made, and the aforesaid duty of five per cent paid to the company here, on pain, if they do the contrary, of the forfeiture of their goods so trafficked for, or the true value thereof.

XIV. In case the ships of the patroons, in going to, or coming from, or sailing on the coast from Florida to Newfoundland, and no further, within the bounds of our grant, should overpower any prizes of the enemy, they shall be obliged to bring, or cause to be brought, such prize to the chamber of the place from whence they sailed out, in order that that chamber may obtain its profits from it; the Company shall keep the one-third part thereof, and the remaining two-thirds shall belong to them, in consideration of the cost and risk they have been at, all according to the orders of the Company.

XV. It shall be also free for the aforesaid patroons to traffic and trade all along the coast of New Netherland and places circumjacent, with such goods as they have acquired there, and receive in return for them all sorts of merchandise that may be had there, except beavers, otters, minks, and all sorts of peltry, which trade the Company reserve to themselves. But the same shall be permitted at such places where the Com.

CHARTER OF PRIVILEGES AND EXEMPTIONS.

pany have no factories, on condition that such traders shall be obliged to bring all the peltry they may obtain to the island of the Manhattes, if it is at all practicable, and there deliver to the Director, to be by him shipped hither with the ships and goods; or, if they should come here without going there, then to unload them with notice to the Company, and the making of a proper inventory, in order that they may pay to the Company one guilder for each merchantable beaver and otter skin; the retailing, risk and all other charges remaining on the account of the patroons or owners.

XVI. All coarse wares that the colonists of the patroons there shall produce, such as pitch, tar, potash, wood, grain, fish, salt, limestone and such like things, shall be conveyed in the Company's ships at the rate of eighteen guilders per last, four thousand weight to be accounted a last; and the Company's ship's crews shall be obliged to wheel and bring the salt on board, whereof ten lasts make a hundred. And, in case of the lack of ships, or of room in the ships, they may order it over, at their own cost, in ships of their own, and enjoy in these dominions such liberties and benefits as have been granted to the Company; but in either case they shall be obliged to pay, over and above the duty of five per cent, eighteen guilders for each hundred of salt that is carried over in the Company's ships.

XVII. For all wares which are not mentioned in the foregoing article, and which are not carried by the last, there shall be paid one dollar for each hundred pounds weight; and for wines, brandies, verjuice and vinegar, there shall be paid eighteen guilders per cask.

XVIII. The Company promises the colonists of the patroons that they shall be free from customs, tolls, excise, imposts or any other contributions for the space of ten years; and after the expiration of the said ten years, at the highest, such customs as the goods pay here at the present time.

XIX. That they will not take from the service of the patroons any of their colonists, either man or woman, son or daughter, man-servant or maidservant; and, though any of these should desire the same, they will not receive them, much less permit them to leave their patroons, and enter into the service of another, unless on consent obtained from their patroons in writing, and this for and during so many years as they are bound to their patroons; after the expiration whereof, it shall be in the power of the patroons to send hither all such colonists as will not continue in their service, and not to set them at liberty until

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then. And any colonist who shall enter into the service of another patroon, or shall, contrary to his contract, betake himself to freedom, we promise to do everything in our power to deliver the same into the hands of his patroon or attorney, that he may be proceeded against according to the customs of this country, as occasion may require.

XX. From all judgments given by the courts of the patroons for upwards of fifty guilders, there may be an appeal to the Company's commander and council in New Netherland.

XXI. In regard to such private persons as on their own account or others in the service of their masters here in less numbers than in case of patroons, shall be inclined to go thither and settle, they shall, with the approbation of the Director and Council there, be at liberty to take up and take possession of as much land as they shall be able properly to improve, and shall enjoy the same in full property either for themselves or masters.

XXII. They shall have free liberty of hunting and fowling as well by water as by land, generally, in public and private woods and rivers about their colonies, according to the orders of the Director and Council.

XXIII. Whosoever, whether colonists of patroons for their patroons, or free persons for themselves, or others for their masters, shall discover any shores, bays or other fit places for erecting fisheries, or the making of salt ponds, they may take possession thereof, and begin to work on them as their own absolute property, to the exclusion of all others. And it is permitted that the patroons of colonists may send ships along the coast of New Netherland, on the cod fishery, and with the fish they catch may trade direct to Italy or other neutral countries, paying in such cases to the Company a duty of six guilders per last; and if they should come with their lading hither, they shall be at liberty, though they shall not, under pretext of this consent, or leave from the Company, carry any other goods to Italy on pain of punishment, at discretion, the Company being furthermore at liberty to put a supercargo on board each ship, as in the eleventh article.

XXIV. In case any of the colonists shall, by his industry and diligence, discover any minerals, precious stones, crystals, marbles or such like, or any pearl fisheries, the same shall be and remain the property of the patroon or patroons of such colony, the discoverer being assigned such premium as the patroon shall beforehand have stipulated with his colonists by contract. And

the patroons shall be exempt from the payment of duty to the Company for the term of eight years, and pay only for freight, to bring them over, two per cent, and after the expiration of the aforesaid eight years, for duty and freight, the one-eighth part of what the same may be worth.

XXV. The Company shall take all the colonists, as well free as those that are in service, under their protection, and them defend against all foreign and domestic wars and violence, with the forces they have there, as much as lies in their power.

XXVI. Whosoever shall settle any colony out of the limits of the Manhattes island, shall be obliged to satisfy the Indians for the land they shall settle upon, and they may extend or enlarge the limits of their colonies if they settle a proportionate number of colonists thereon.

XXVII. The patroons and colonists shall in particular, and in the speediest manner, endeavor to find out ways and means whereby they may support a minister and schoolmaster, that the service of God and zeal for religion may not be neglected among them, and they shall, at the first, provide a comforter of the sick there.

XXVIII. The colonies that shall happen to lie on the respective rivers or islands (that is to say, each river or island for itself), shall be at liberty to appoint a deputy, who shall give information to the commander and council of that region, and further the interests of his colony, of which deputies there shall be one changed in every two years; and all colonies shall be obliged, at least once in every twelve months, to make exact report of their condition and of the lands thereabout to the commander and council there.

XXIX. The colonists shall not be permitted to make any woolen, linen or cotton cloth, nor weave any other stuffs there, on pain of being banished, and as perjurers, to be punished, at discretion.

XXX. The Company shall use their endeavors to supply the colonists with as many blacks as they can, on conditions hereafter to be made, in such manner, however, that they shall not be bound or held to do it for a longer time than they shall think proper.

XXXI. The Company promise to finish the fort on the island of the Manhattes as soon as possible, and to put it in a posture of defence; and to cause these Privileges and Exemptions to be approved and confirmed by their High Mighti nesses the Lords States General.

CHAPTER V.
1620-1631.

THE FOUNDING AND SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND.

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The Reformation creates dissensions in religious bodies Its inception - Jealousy of the power of the PopePower of the Pope transferred to king - Changes in church doctrines - Reforms under Edward VI.- Political shrewdness of Elizabeth-Intolerance of James I.- Differences in the doctrines of two church parties — Dispute becomes bitter- Internal dissensions among Puritans - The Brownists-Congregation established at Amsterdam - Robinson's congregation emigrates to Holland - Removal to Leyden - Desire to emigrate to America The " Leyden Articles "- - Patent granted to Brewster - Its terms-Embark for Southampton-Mayflower sails - The Mayflower compact - Landing at Plymouth-Suffering and death during winter Intercourse with Indians Carver and Bradford governors Weston settles at Wessagusset— Standish attacks Indians - Robinson's letter - Gorges attempts to settle Maine - Lygonia grant — Settlements established-Laconia Company - Progress at Plymouth - Other settlements - Massachusetts Bay Colony-Endicott expels the Brownes-Change in charter - Winthrop governor - Boston and other towns founded - Deaths among colonists-Attempt to establish a theocracy - Influence of the clergy. Appendix to Chapter V.-I. Charter of New England, 1620; II. Grant of the Province of Maine to Gorges, 1622; III, Charter of New Plymouth granted to Bradford; IV. Charter of Massachusetts Bay, 1629.

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The early history and progress of New England are of peculiar interest and importance to the nation because of the prominent position taken by that section of the country among the

English colonies in America and the influence which it has always exerted in American affairs. Before we consider the actual settling of the territory, however, it is necessary that we

THE REFORMATION.

inquire with some care into a number of matters antecedent to the landing of the Pilgrims in New England. The Reformation during the Sixteenth century naturally gave rise to a large number of religious opinions and also to many differences and disputes. The preaching and labors of such men as Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin and other prominent reformers, in conjunction with the vast effect produced throughout the civilized world by the art of printing, the revival of learning in Europe and the free use of the Scripture in the vernacular, tended to instill into the minds of men opinions and sentiments on religious topics which were not altogether accordant, and adopted practices and views of the meaning of the Holy Scripture which created much controversy and ultimately resulted in the disruption of numerous religious bodies. The dissensions on these topics produced a remarkable situation in the very earliest days of Protestantism.

The Reformation in England, however, was marked by other peculiarities which were almost certain to produce strong feelings on both sides, and these peculiarities led to the formation of religious parties and sects which strenuously advocated the respective views held by each. The Reformation in England had its inception in a personal and political quarrel between Henry VIII. and the Pope, and was not therefore chiefly a religious movement. Henry VII. had

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based the Tudor throne upon the interests of the commercial classes, but his son Henry VIII. (reigned 15091547) appealed to national feeling against a universal Papacy, and to lay impatience of ecclesiastical control, though he did not appreciate either grievance until his own personal will had been crossed by the Pope and Church. A few years after he had ascended the throne, Henry feared a recrudescence of the struggle for the crown if Queen Catherine of Aragon had no issue, and as early as 1514 rumors of a royal divorce were circulated if the queen remained barren. The queen, however, soon presented the Princess Mary. Though satisfied for a time, Henry desired a son as heir to the throne, and as none arrived, he again became desirous of a divorce, which Pope Clement VII. refused to grant.

For some time the Church had been growing less and less popular, though it was not its ritual or its dogmas that created the dissatisfaction, but the privileges, the perquisites and the power of the Church. The laity were Catholic and did not object to persecution except by priests; they desired to control the penal machine and envied the Church her wealth. They were utilitarian and commercial, and could not conceive wherein lay the advantages in vast endowments for the training of future monks who would be non-productive or in having so many holy days on which the pursuit of wealth was prohibited. In

addition, the Pope was coming to be viewed as a foreigner who had no right to interfere with political matters and as at this time he was especially regarded as being the tool of a national enemy (Spain), the sentimental grievance against him was much aggravated. In 1529 Henry took his first step in the revolt step in the revolt against Papacy by dismissing his ecclesiastical ministers and substituting laymen in their positions, thus gaining the favor of Parliament, and both he and Parliament vied with each other in instituting measures to reform the Church, in the sense of reducing its power. As the foundation of that power was the Papacy which was beyond national control and as the English Church could not be curbed until that independent authority was excluded from control, Henry VIII. decided that, for the good of the country, the control should be vested

in the national state. Acts of Annates, Appeals, and Supremacy were therefore passed by which the financial and jurisdictional rights of the Pope over the Church in England were transferred to the king, and the Church then became the Church of not in England. Henry made little change in the Church doctrine, however, though the denial of purgatory in 1536 cut deep at the root of Catholicism, and there were indications of further changes in 1546-47. But Henry remained essentially a Roman Catholic throughout his life, and the general impression was that he

simply destroyed the Pope, not Popery.

Edward VI., who ascended the throne in 1547 upon Henry's death, died young, but during his reign many reforms in doctrine were made by his ministers under the leadership of Protector Somerset and Northumberland. Under Somerset in 1549 the changes were represented by the First Act of Uniformity and the First Book of Common Prayer, which were extremely liberal and moderate compromises. Northumberland played for the support of the extreme Protestants, who desired to exclude the Catholic Mary from the throne, and under him in 1552 Catholicism was completely excluded by the Second Act of Uniformity and the Second Book of Common Prayer. But the very harshness and violence of Northumberland's rule was the

undoing of Protestantism for the time being, and when Mary ascended the throne in 1553, Catholicism again assumed its previous power. But again the reaction overreached itself persecutions

and the intolerable

under Mary, culminating in the burning of Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, and other prominent Protestants at the stake in 1555–56, the like of which had never before been seen in England, rehabilitated rather than discredited the Reformation, and Protestantism grew under the persecution, which was only ended by Mary's death in 1558.

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