the pioneers of Missouri, many of them passing beyond its western bounds and becoming the explorers and pioneers of the mighty West, even to shores of the Pacific. Doniphan was a Kentuckian, and his men in his famous expedition were largely Kentuckians. Because of the close relations between the two states, it is believed appropriate to insert here an account of the origin of the name Missouri.

The origin and the meaning of this word are both lost. It is probably of Algonquian origin. People of that stock lived on the east bank of the Mississippi in what is now Illinois. Perhaps they spoke of the river and country to the west as the Missouri River and the Missouri country. The cause for the use of this name and the circumstances under which it came to be applied are no longer known. Among the people from whom the Iowas separated on the Fox River was another band calling themselves Miutachi. They, too, wandered in this western land through which flows the great river. It may be that on this account, their Algonquian neighbors called them Missouris. At any rate, they became known as the Missouri tribe of Indians. They belong to the great Siouan family. Members of this tribe are still to be found on reservations in Kansas and Nebraska. Their applied name attached itself to the great river, and from the river the State of Missouri got its name. There is no sufficient evidence that the name has any reference to the muddy water of the Missouri. If it should turn out that it is of Sioux origin, then it certainly has not. The Sioux word for water is me-ne. Me-ne-sota, Me-ne-apolis, Me-ne-haha, are good examples of its extensive use for present-day geographical names. It was shortened. to ne by the Osages, who named the Neosho-ne, water, and Osho, bowl, a river of deep places-bowls or basins. So, Missouri, so far as now known, does not mean muddy water. In all probability it has no reference to water of any kind.

CHAPTER II

EARLY INDIAN OCCUPANCY OF THE OHIO VALLEY

It would be impossible, of course, to ascertain what people first lived in any country, for man has been on the earth for ages. Recent discoveries show that he was here possibly as long as a million years ago. There is no record to indicate what his wanderings may have been. The most that can be hoped for in any region in North America is that the origin and movements of tribes encountered by the first Europeans may be traced through migrations back to that curtain of obscurity behind which nothing can be seen. There is a common tendency of development in the human race. Tribes of savages on opposite sides of the earth have followed identical lines of progress, the best evidence of which is found in the implements made of stone and left in the soil. To the archeologist these are books, easily read. They are far better than many of the records of this day. The written page may be deceptive or inadequate, but the wrought instrument of ancient days is infallible in revealing the mind and character of its maker.

When the length of time man has lived in America (North and South America) is considered, the same problems arise as when other continents. are studied. There exist ruins of temples and cities along the Andes of which the people found living there by Europeans could tell nothing in the matter of construction or history. Hills were scientifically terraced there for irrigation and cultivation before the beginning of our Christian era. In Mexico and Central America lie buried cities which equaled the ancient cities of the old world. The inhabitants of the new world had developed Indian corn, tobacco and the potato from original wild progenitors. That required a very long time. There must have been culture and orderly society and competent government in tropical America as early as these institutions appeared on the banks of the Euphrates. And the people responsible for these things must have had knowledge of the country to the north. But what explorations they made, and what colonies they sent out, if any, may never be known. And if any light is ever had on that period, it may be shown that these city-builders went down from the North. Who can tell? For, while it is generally believed that man originated in Asia, it might turn out that America is the cradle. of the human race.1

Mention of these matters is made here to show the knowledge of prehistoric times is very limited. Remote periods cannot be approached

1 The following appeared in the daily papers in December, 1921: "London, Dec. 11.-Scientists say the Darwinian theory that Africa may have been the original home of the human race received partial corroboration from the discovery just made in northern Rhodesia of a fossilized skull which gives a new orientation to the early history of primitive man.

"The skull, which is complete save for the lower jaw, resembles that of the ape man (pithecanthropus erectus) discovered in Java in 1892, which has been regarded as the most primitive human skull known until now. The Java skull, however, lacked a face. In this respect, the Rhodesian fossil reveals a type curiously similar to what is known as the Gibraltar skull.

"Moreover, a collar bone, a leg bone and part of a hip bone believed to belong to the skull have also been unearthed, and these may enable anatomists to reconstruct the main parts of the whole Rhodesian skeleton."

with any assurance of accurate treatment. But of the inhabitants of the Ohio Valley, say 2,000 years ago, it may be possible to discover something. Some of the American Indians were mound-builders, and they, or certain tribes of them, occupied the country drained by the Ohio River. It is fully established that the Cherokees erected mounds. The North American Indians belonged to certain well-defined linguistic families or groups. Among these groups was the Iroquoian linguistic family-many tribes speaking dialects of an older common tongue. The people of this group were strong, daring, bold, courageous. When first known to white men they occupied the country stretching from Central Georgia to the Georgian Bay of Lake Huron, though there was not entire continuity of territory. Like most other inhabitants of primitive America, the Iroquoians had traditions of migration from the West or Northwest, where their original habitat had been located, perhaps the country about the head of the Mississippi and to the northwestward thereof.

This, the first band to break away from the parent stock and strike out to have a country to itself, has been traced through Iowa, Illinois (north part) and Indiana, into Ohio and the country immediately to the eastward. The people of this migrating band were warlike, and they seated themselves firmly in the country embraced in the present State of Ohio, some parts of the country along the Detroit River, and along the Alleghany River. There they attained to as advanced a social condition as the North American Indians are known to have achieved. They were numerous, and it may be estimated that they numbered at one time 100,000 souls. They had many extensive towns, and they lived principally by the cultivation of the soil. Indian corn, beans, pumpkins and tobacco were produced.

As to why these people did not inhabit the country on the south side of the Ohio, now largely embraced in Kentucky, is not certainly known. But living in a territory stretching from the Tidewater of the Atlantic up and over the Alleghanies into the Valley of Ohio was a virile people known now as the Siouan linguistic family. While it has not yet been established that the Siouans inhabited most of what is now Kentucky, they may, in fact, have been there at that time. It is certain that some tribe strong enough to withstand this Iroquoian intrusion occupied the country south of the Ohio in that day. For nothing has been found to indicate that these invaders ever dwelt to any appreciable extent along the south banks of the Ohio.1a

How long it was after this first Iroquoian migration to the eastward before the remaining portion of their stock began to move in a body in the same direction cannot now be told. But there came a time when not only the Iroquois but other tribes left their original seats in those regions. to seek a home in the East. This parent body had so far forgotten the first band that no attempt appears to have been made to establish any friendly and helpful relations with its descendants. And the descendants of this original colony, having now occupied the land and set up claims. of possession to a vast territory, seem to have made no offer of a home to their kinsmen. Or, matters of state policy might have made it inexpedient or impossible for them to do so, for, with the Indians, as with Europeans, kindred people were often at war. When the later migration had reached a certain great river they were halted by hostile forces, and the eastward advance brought to a complete stop.

There was living in the far Northwest at that day another linguistic family of Indians. This was the Algonquin stock, the most numerous and widespread on the continent. Some portion of this people, includ

1a See "Early Indian Occupancy of the Great Plains," by William E. Connelley, in Kansas Historical Collections, Vol. 14, pp. 438, et seq.

ing the progenitors of what became the Delaware or Lenape nation, began a migration eastward. When the Algonquins came to this large river they found the Iroquois halted there, and they were themselves unable to force a passage. Those who dwelt there fought stubbornly and successfully to throw back these invasions. The Delawares have shown an inclination to make records of their doings, and it is to this trait that we owe any account of these ancient movements and wars. And their traditions extend back to those dim and shadowy transactions with some certainty and distinctness. That account dealing with their coming to live. in the East has been preserved by John Heckewelder, who was long a Moravian missionary to a sub-tribe of the Delawares. This account is as follows: 2

"The Lenni Lenape (according to the traditions handed down to them by their ancestors) resided many hundred years ago in a very distant country in the western part of the American continent. For some reason, which I do not find accounted for, they determined on migrating to the eastward, and accordingly set out together in a body. After a very long journey and many nights' encampments 2a by the way, they at length arrived on the Namaesis Sipu,2b where they fell in with the Mengwe, 20 who had likewise emigrated from a distant country, and had struck upon this river somewhat higher up. Their object was the same with that of the Delawares; they were proceeding on to the eastward, until they should find a country that pleased them. The spies which the Lenape had sent forward for the purpose of reconnoitering had long before their arrival discovered that the country east of the Mississippi was inhabited by a very powerful nation, who had many large towns built on the great rivers flowing through their land. Those people (as I was told) called themselves Talligeu or Talligewi. Col. John Gibson,24 however, a gentleman who has a thorough knowledge of the Indians and speaks several of their languages, is of opinion that they were not called Talligewi, but Alligewi, and it would seem that he is right, from the traces of their name which still remain in the country, the Alleghany River and mountains having indubitably been named after them. The Delawares still call the former Alligewi Sipu, the River of the Alligewi. We have adopted, I know not for what reason, its Iroquois name, Ohio. which the French had literally translated into La Belle Riviere (the Beautiful River).2o A branch of it, however, still retains the ancient name Allegheny.

2 History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations, Heckewelder, 47, 48, 49, 50.

2a "Night's encampment" is a halt of one year at a place.

2b The Mississippi, or River of Fish; Namaes, a Fish; Sipu, a River. 20 The Iroquois, or Five Nations.

2d Col. John Gibson, to whom Mr. Heckewelder frequently alludes, was born at Lancaster, Pa., in 1740. At the age of eighteen he made his first campaign under Gen. Forbes in the expedition which resulted in the acquisition of Fort De Quesne from the French. At the peace of 1763 he settled at that post (Fort Pitt) as a trader. Some time after this, on the resumption of hostilities with the savages, he was captured by some Indians, among whom he lived several years, and thus became familiar with their language, manners, customs and traditions. In the expedition against the Shawanese under Lord Dunmore, the last royal governor of Virginia, in 1774, Gibson played a conspicuous part. On the breaking out of the Revolutionary war he was appointed to the command of one of the Continental regiments raised in Virginia, and served with the army at New York and in the retreat through New Jersey. He was next employed in the Western department, serving under Gen. McIntosh in 1778, and under Gen. Irvine in 1782. At one time he was in command at Pittsburgh. In 1800 Col. Gibson was appointed Secretary and acting Governor of the territory of Indiana, a position which he filled for a second time between 1811 and 1813. Subsequently he was Associate Judge of Allegheny County, Pa. He died near Pittsburgh in 1822. He was an uncle of the late John B. Gibson, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, between 1827 and 1851.

20 Loskiel's History of the Mission of the United Brethren, Part I, ch. 1.

Vol. I-6

"Many wonderful things are told of this famous people. They are said to have been remarkably tall and stout, and there is a tradition that there were giants among them, people of a much larger size than the tallest of the Lenape. It is related that they had built to themselves regular fortifications or entrenchments, from whence they would sally out, but were generally repulsed. I have seen many of the fortifications said to have been built by them, two of which in particular were remarkable. One of them was near the mouth of the River Huron, which empties itself into the Lake St. Clair, on the north side of that lake, at the distance of about 20 miles N. E. of Detroit. This spot of ground was, in the year 1786, owned and occupied by a Mr. Tucker. The other works, properly entrenchments, being walls or banks of earth regularly thrown up, with a deep ditch on the outside, were on the Huron River, east of the Sandusky, about six or eight miles from Lake Erie. Outside of the gateways of each of these two entrenchments, which lay within a mile of each other, were a number of large flat mounds in which the Indian pilot said were buried hundreds of the slain Talligewi, whom I shall hereafter, with Colonel Gibson, call Alligewi. Of these entrenchments, Abraham Steiner, who was with me at the time when I saw them, gave a very accurate description which was published at Philadelphia in 1789 or 1790, in some periodical work, the name of which I cannot at present remember.21

"When the Lenape arrived on the banks of the Mississippi, they sent a message to the Alligewi to request permission to settle themselves in their neighbourhood. This was refused them, but they obtained leave. to pass through the country and seek a settlement farther to the eastward. They accordingly began to cross the Namaesi Sipu, when the Alligewi, seeing that their numbers were so very great, and in fact they consisted of many thousands, made a furious attack on those who had crossed, threatening them all with destruction if they dared to persist in coming over to their side of the river. Fired at the treachery of these people and the great loss of men they had sustained and, besides, not being prepared for a conflict, the Lenape consulted on what was to be done; whether to retreat in the best manner they could, or try their strength, and let the enemy see that they were not cowards, but men, and too high-minded to suffer themselves to be driven off before they had made a trial of their strength and were convinced that the enemy was too powerful for them. The Mengwe, who had hitherto been satisfied with being spectators from a distance, offered to join them, on condition that. after conquering the country, they should be entitled to share it with them; their proposal was accepted, and the resolution was taken by the two nations to conquer or die.

"Having thus united their forces, the Lenape and Mengwe declared war against the Alligewi, and great battles were fought, in which many warriors fell on both sides. The enemy fortified their large towns and erected fortification, especially on large rivers and near lakes, where they were successively attacked and sometimes stormed by the allies. An engagement took place in which hundreds fell, who were afterwards. buried in holes or laid together in heaps and covered over with earth. No quarter was given, so that the Alligewi at last finding that their destruction was inevitable if they persisted in their obstinacy, abandoned the country to the conquerors and fled down the Mississippi River, from whence they never returned. The war which was carried on with this

2f In 1789 Mr. Heckewelder, accompanied by Abraham Steiner (subsequently a missionary to the Cherokees of Georgia), visited the mission at New Salem, on the Petquotting (now the Huron), in Erie County, Ohio, on business relating to the survey of a tract of land on the Tuscarawas which Congress had conveyed to the Moravians in trust for their Indians. This was to indemnify them for losses incurred at their settlements during the border-war of the Revolution.