disobeying the law, or imprisonment not less than three, nor more than eight years, and payment of all costs of prosecution. Laws of 1859, April 2d, require judges of election to reject the vote of every person who has a visible and distinct admixture of African blood; impose a penalty for the violation of the above section of not more than $500, nor less than $200, and imprisonment not more than six months, nor less than one; impose a fine of not more than $500, nor less than $50, upon any person who shall procure, aid, counsel, or advise any such person to vote.

"MICHIGAN-Requires State's Attorneys to act as counsel for fugitives; grant habeas corpas, and provide for trial by jury; forbids use of jails, or other prisons, to detain fugitives; provides a punishment of not less than three nor more than five years, for falsely declaring, representing. or pretending any person to be a slave; provides a fine of not less than $500, nor more than $1,000, and imprisonment in State prison for five years, for forcibly seizing, or causing to be seized, any free person, with intent to have such person held in slavery; requires two witnesses to prove any person to be a slave."

"ILLINOIS.-Article 14th of the State Constitution reads as follows: The General Assembly shall at its first session under the amended Constitution, pass such laws as shall effectually prohibit free persons of color from immigrating into and settling in this State; and to effectually prevent the owners of Slaves from bringing them into this State for the purpose of setting them free.' In 1853, a law was passed to carry out the above provision; Provides that any person bringing into the State a free negro or slave, shall be liable to a fine of not less than $100, nor more than $500, and to imprisonment not more than one year; Proscribes the proceedings on indictment, and expressly exempts from arrest persons bona fide traveling through the State; makes it a high misdemeanor for a negro or mulatto to come into the State with intent to reside, with a penalty of $50; Provides for the sale of said negro or mulatto for non-payment of the fine, to any one who will pay it for the shortest term of service; Provides for surrender of persons, proved to be a slave, to the owner; Defines a mulatto to be one has not less than one-fourth negro blood.

"INDIANA.-Section 5, Art. 2, of the Constitution provides that no negro or mulatto shall have the right of suffrage;' forbids immigration of negroes and mulattoes, and declares contracts with them void; declares a marriage void when one of the parties is a white person, and the other possessed of one-eighth or more of negro blood;' forbids any negro or mulatto to come into, settle in, or become an inhabitant of the State; provides for a registry

of negroes and mulattoes, resident in the State prior to November 1st; declares void all contracts made subsequent to November 1st, 1851; forbids any one employing negroes or mulattoes, under a penalty not less than $10, nor more than $500; imposes a penalty of not less than $10, nor more than $500, upon any negro or mulatto coming into the State to settle; declares that no Indian, or person having one-eighth or more of negro blood, shall be permitted to testify as a witness.

"IOWA.-The Constitution confines suffrage, and the right to hold office, to free whites.

"The laws exempt negroes and mulattoes from taxation for school purposes allow them to testify in courts of justice.

"WISCONSIN.-R. S., chap. 158, sec. 61, &c., p. 912, &c., §§ 51, 52, 53 and 54, provide for the issuing of the habeas corpus in favor of persons claimed as fugitive slaves; direct how proceedings shall be conducted, and grant a trial by jury; provide a penalty of $1,000, and imprisonment not more than five nor less than one year, against any person who shall falsely and maliciously declare, represent, or pretend, that any free person within the State is a slave, or owes service or labor, with intent forcibly to remove such person from the State; require two witnesses to prove a person to be a slave; depositions not to be received in evidence; judgments under Fugitive Slave Act not to be liens upon real estate."

The laws of Pennsylvania and New Jersey were framed before the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. They remain upon the statute book unrepealed, and in force, except in so far as the United States Court has declared them in contravention of the law of Congress.

THE ALABAMA RESOLUTIONS. Alabama is fairly entitled to the honor of having been the first State to pronounce, officially, for secession. In the Winter session of her Legislature, 1859-60, the following resolutions were adopted:

Whereas, Antislavery agitation, persistently continued in the non-slaveholding States of the Union for more than a third of a century, marked at every stage of its progress by contempt for the obligations of law, and the sanctity of compacts, evincing a deadly hostility to the rights and institu tions of the Southern people, and a settled purpose to effect their overthrow, even by the subversion of the Constitution, and at the hazard of violence and bloodshed; and whereas, a sectional party, calling itself Republican, committed alike by its own acts and antecedents, and the public avowals and secret machinations of its leaders, to the execution of these atrocious designs, has acquired the

ascendency in nearly every Northern State, and hopes, by success in the approaching Presidential election, to seize the Government itself; and whereas, to permit such seizure, whose unmistakable aim is to pervert its whole machinery to the destruction of a portion of its members, would be an act of suicidal folly and madness, almost without a parallel in history; and whereas, the General Assembly of Alabama, representing a people loyally devoted to the Union of the Constitution, but scorning the Union which fanaticism would erect upon its ruins, deem it their solemn duty to provide, in advance, the means by which they may escape such peril and dishonor, and devise new securities for perpetuating the blessings of liberty to themselves and their posterity; therefore,

"1. Be it resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of Alabama, in General Assembly convened, That upon the happening of the contingency contemplated in the foregoing preamble-namely, the election of a President advocating the principles and action of the party in the Northern States calling itself the Republican party, it shall be the duty of the Governor, and he is hereby required, forthwith to issue his proclamation calling upon the qualified voters of this State to assemble on a Monday not more than forty days from the date of said proclamation, at the several places of voting in their respective counties, to elect delegates to a Convention of the State, to consider, determine, and do whatever, in the opinion of said Convention, the rights, interests and honor of the State of Alabama require to be done for their protection.

"Be it further resolved, That said Convention shall assemble at the State Capital on the second Monday following said election.

"Provision was made for the election of County Delegates to this Convention."

A bill was also passed authorizing a tax of $200,000 for "arming the State." The collection of this tax, in the summer of 1860, excited much bitterness in some sections of the State. The citizens of Madison county, for instance, met in Convention and passed the following resolves :

"Resolved, That we, as freemen, abhor the Military Law passed by our Legislature, and now, in this public manner, denounce the law as unconstitutional, and subversive of our liberties as freemen.

"Resolved, That we will resist this military tax by all lawful means, let it be attempted to be enforced in any manner or shape.

"Resolved, That we recommend to all citizens and freemen of the State of Alabama to do as we have done-take a bold

and legal stand against the enforcement of the Military Law.

Total.......

0

233

FREE STATES......................... 1800 California................................................. Connecticut.................. 251,002 Illinois...........................................

Indiana...................................... ......... 4,875

Kansas....................

Massachusetts............... 423,245

472,040

New Hampshire............. 183,762

New Jersey.

211,949

.....

Ohio......................

45,365

230,760

581,434

Oregon

77,031 217,713

83,059 235,764

97,199 280,652

108,830

1,518,930

8,204,051