them. His constant endeavor was to apply severe and exact justice to all, and to avoid the entanglements and anomalies of exceptions in favor of particular persons. Shortly afterwards, when the Government issued orders removing the military restrictions imposed on the purchase of cotton, Sherman yielded a ready acquiescence, but at once addressed strong remonstrances on the subject to the authorities at Washington, assuring them that the measure would.greatly strengthen the hands of the Confederate forces. He also turned his attention to the depredations of the guerrillas who had hitherto infested the district, harbored and assisted by the more evil-disposed of the inlrabitants, protected against capture by the vicinity of a large friendly army, and secured against punishment by threats of retaliation upon the persons of our prisoners of war in the hands of the enemy. A guerrilla is a person who, alone or in company with a few comrades, wages war within or behind the lines of an enemy, for the purpose of inflicting incidental injury upon the persons or property of isolated persons or parties belonging to the opposing forces, adhering to the cause, or not adhering to the cause, of the army by which the guerrilla is sustained. He is careless as to the means he employs and the persons against whom he employs them. He wears no uniform. Robbery, arson, and murder he commits as a soldier. When in danger of capture, he throws away his arms and becomes a citizen. When captured, he produces his commission or points to his muster-roll, and is again a soldier. A few guerrillas endanger the lives and property of the thousands of non-combatants from whom they cannot be distinguished by the eye. The rebel government and the rebel commanders seem to have considered every thing justifiable that could be done by them in connection with the war: so they justified guerrillas and upheld them. Sherman regarded them as wild beasts, hunted them down and destroyed them. Where Union families were harassed, he caused the families of secessionists to be punished. Where steamboats, engaged in peaceful commerce, were fired upon, he caused the property of secessionists to be destroyed, and he finally an

nounced that, for every boat attacked by guerrillas, ten secession families should be exiled from the comforts of Memphis. If, however, the inhabitants would resist the guerrillas, he would allow them to bring in produce and take out supplies. Thus, order and quiet were, for the time being, restored throughout the limits of his command.

During the fall several important expeditions were sent out from Memphis. Early in September, Hurlbut moved with his division to Brownsville, for the purpose of threatening the flank of any force moving from the line of the Tallahatchie against General Grant's position at Bolivar; while, at the same time, Brigadier-General Morgan L. Smith with his brigade, a battery of artillery, and four hundred cavalry under Colonel B. H. Grierson, Sixth Illinois Cavalry, moved to Holly Springs, destroyed the road and railway bridges over the Coldwater, and then returned, having held in check and diverted the enemy's forces assembling at Holly Springs to threaten Grant's communications, and by destroying the bridges having prevented the enemy from harassing the flank of a column moving eastward from Memphis.

In the latter part of October, General Grant summoned General Sherman to meet him at Columbus, Kentucky, to arrange the plan of the coming campaign. Grant's army occupied, substantially, the line from Memphis eastward along the Chattanooga railway to Corinth. The Army of the Potomac remained inactive in Western Maryland; the Army of the Ohio, having defeated Bragg's invasion by the decisive victory at Richmond, Kentucky, held the passive defensive; and in Missouri, General Curtis was preparing to resist invasion from Arkansas. The great work before the Army of the Tennessee was the capture of Vicksburg. But the enemy, about forty thousand strong, under Lieutenant-General Pemberton, must first be dislodged from the line of the Tallahatchie, which they held in force, with all the fords and bridges strongly fortified. Grant was to move his main army direct from Jackson by Grand Junction and La Grange, following generally the line of the Mobile and Ohio Railway. Sherman was to move

out of Memphis with four brigades of infantry on the Tchulahoma road, to strike the enemy at Wyatt's simultaneously with Grant's arrival at Waterford. Major-General C. C. Washburne, over whom Grant had been authorized to exercise command in case of necessity, was instructed by Sherman to cross the Mississippi with above five thousand cavalry from Helena, Arkansas, and march rapidly on Grenada, to threaten the enemy's rear. Precisely on the day appointed, the three columns moved as indicated. While Pemberton was intent in preparations to meet Grant and Sherman behind his fortifications, he learned that Washburne, with a force of which he could not conjecture the size, source, or destination, had crossed the Tallahatchie, near the mouth of the Yallabusha, and was rapidly approaching the railways in his rear. There was no time to hesitate. Abandoning his works, Pemberton relinquished the line of the Tallahatchie without a battle, and hastily retreated on Grenada.

During the fall, and in preparation for the movement on Vicksburg, a sufficient number of the regiments called out by the President, after the failure of the summer campaign in Virginia, reported to General Sherman, to swell his division to six brigades; and by persistent and repeated applications he finally succeeded in adding the only organized battalion of his own regular regiment, the Thirteenth Infantry, under the command of Captain Edward C. Washington. Early in November, the division, which in the latter part of October had been renumbered as the First Division of the Army of the Tennessee, was organized as follows:

The first brigade, Brigadier-General Morgan L. Smith, consisted of the Sixth Missouri, Eighth Missouri, Fifty-fourth Ohio, One Hundred and Thirteenth Illinois, and One Hundred and Twentieth Illinois.

Second brigade, Colonel John A. McDowell, of the Sixth Iowa; Sixth Iowa, Fortieth Illinois, Forty-sixth Ohio, Thirteenth U. S. Infantry, and One Hundredth Indiana..

Third brigade, Brigadier-General James W. Denver; Forty

eighth Ohio, Fifty-third Ohio, Seventieth Ohio, Ninety-seventh Indiana, and Ninety-ninth Indiana.

Fourth brigade, Colonel David Stuart, of the Fifty-fifth Illinois; Fifty-fifth Illinois, Fifty-seventh Ohio, Eighty-third Indiana, One Hundred and Sixteenth Illinois, and One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Illinois.

Fifth brigade, Colonel R. P. Buckland of the Seventy-second Ohio; Seventy-second Ohio, Thirty-second Wisconsin, Ninetythird Illinois, and One Hundred and Fourteenth Illinois.

Sixth, or reserve brigade; the Thirty-third Wisconsin, and One Hundred and Seventeenth Illinois.

Besides these regiments of infantry, there were attached to the division, and unassigned to brigades, seven batteries of light artillery, and the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, Colonel Benjamin H. Grierson. The new regiments are designated in

italics.

Early in the winter of 1862, the organization of army corps commenced in the Army of the Potomac, just before its spring campaign was introduced in the West. In December, the troops serving in the Department of the Tennessee were designated as the Thirteenth Army Corps, and Major-General Grant as the commander. He immediately subdivided his command, designating the troops in the district of Memphis as the right wing of the Thirteenth Corps, to be commanded by Major-General Sherman, and to be organized for active service in three divisions. Sherman assigned BrigadierGeneral Andrew J. Smith to the command of the first division, consisting of the new brigades of Burbridge and Landrum; Brigadier-General Morgan L. Smith to the second division, including the brigades of Colonel Giles A. Smith, Eighth Missouri, and David Stuart, Fifty-fifth Illinois, formerly the first and fourth brigades; and Brigadier-General George W. Morgan to the third division, comprising the new brigades of Osterhaus and Colonels Lindsay and De Courcey. The other brigades remained as the garrison of Memphis.

CHAPTER VII.

THE ATTEMPT ON VICKSBURG.

GENERAL GRANT directed General Sherman to proceed with the right wing of the Thirteenth Corps to the mouth of the Yazoo River, and there disembark and attempt the capture of Vicksburg from the north side, while he himself, with the left wing, should move on Jackson, against the enemy from the rear, and, uniting the two columns, proceed to invest the place, in the event of the first part of the plan proving impracticable.

Before entering upon the duty now confided to him, Sherman issued the following characteristic orders, dated Memphis, December 18, 1862:

"I. The expedition now fitting out is purely of a military character, and the interests involved are of too important a character to be mixed up with personal and private business. No citizen, male or female, will be allowed to accompany it, unless employed as part of a crew, or as servants to the transports. Female chambermaids to the boats, and nurses to the sick alone, will be allowed, unless the wives of captains and pilots actually belonging to the boats. No laundress, officer's or soldier's wife must pass below Helena.

"II. No person whatever, citizen, officer, or sutler, will, on any consideration, buy or deal in cotton, or other produce of the country. Should any cotton be brought on board of any transport, going or returning, the brigade quartermaster, of which the boat forms a part, will take possession of it, and invoice it to Captain A. R. Eddy, chief quartermaster at Memphis.

"III. Should any cotton or other produce be brought back