vancements! Behold our factories of all kinds where machinery is used, and what do we see but design and perfection in the rotary or longitudinal direction of those bodies which seem to reason from cause to effect, and from effect to cause! In all this, a Wise Providence has indicated the Race created after the Image of Him, our Creator!

If, then, the colored races were not created after the Image of the Creator, but for subordinate works in the scale of progress, assuming their relative positions, why should we hesitate to use them, according to that evident intent by the indications and marks fastened upon them? In descending to the lower scale of animated nature, and examining their habits and customs, especially those of the bee and the pismire, we see in them marks of design, and a conceded power, in one of their kind, to direct them towards obtaining their subsistence, and the performance of required labor. This may be slavery, yet it is evident that this course with them is natural; otherwise the many would destroy the few rulers, and each one would act for himself, as in the higher scale of creation. In this illustration of animated nature, we see thought and reason displayed in the division of labor, yet we see these little armies obeying their high officials, as in the still higher existence of brute, or human nature.

We see that labor is necessary, in order to act, and provide for our being and advancement; and if we are created after the Image of our Creator, with full reason and thought, and as we believe that there is only one great class of the human family, that is so created;-our province then is to rule the earth, and

to elicit its products by labor. We are held accountable for our intelligence to be directed reasonably, to subdue the earth, that is, all that which contravenes its productiveness and well-being. Consequently,

every thing, and existence of an animated nature, having serviceable qualities, cannot escape our attention, either in animals or progressive existences of color, nearing humanity.

The day may not be distant, when the Ape tribes, now so useless to man in his progressive state, will be taught some useful avocation;-such as the picking of cotton and the like occupations, of which they are fully susceptible by imitation. And if this should

ever take place in the progress of labor within the tropics, by their being caught, reclaimed from their wild state, and taught to labor in the fields, like those who are a scale higher, or those a scale lower in animated nature.—what humanist, contending that all races are created after the Image of our Creator, will then say, if the apes should learn to speak, that they should, therefore, be set free and should be placed on an equality with the whites, as they indicate somewhat of a human form and intelligence, so far as relates to the performance of labor!

This may be taken as though we were humorists; we are not; we speak of things and animated nature as they appear to our consideration, with the endeavor to render plants and animated nature useful to man, and man grateful to his Creator! This can be done by none so fully, as by those who study nature's laws. In the discovery of the Continent of America, reason of the highest order was fully dis

played, especially when it contemplated another division of the Globe, as requisite to counterbalance what then was known of the rotundity of the earth, and of its gravitation.

Therefore, since the settlement of this Western Continent, we have ever seen it used as the cradle of towering genius, and of innovations upon old and established customs. Here, the mind dares to act, to think, invent, and display itself in the full enlargement begot by its contemplation of surrounding objects, vast plains and forests, with lofty mountains, majestic rivers, and ocean-like lakes. It copies after the creation! In search of laborers to fell the forests of America, the natives nor the white exotics, being equal to the task, the thralldom of Africa was transferred to this continent; and the profits of black labor, with the ability of the negroes to endure the climate of the tropics, were soon made obvious, and their increase by importation was not, in those days, a question of ethics among the European nations; nor has it become so, till a superabundance of white labor has surfeited Europe, making governments there look out for homes for those of the same color.

In the early settlement of the English colonies of North America, we discover a hardy and venturesome set of pioneers, who made little advancement till slavery was introduced at Jamestown, Virginia. The forests then began to give way; the soil reimbursed the husbandman; and an American character began to enlarge itself. Their growth was so rapid, their lands so rich and extensive, their spirits so emboldened by prosperity and intelligence, and an enlarged

mode of thinking and acting, that in one hundred and fifty-five years from 1620, England was fearful of her young America; she sought to subdue the colonies; they were unconquerable; they demanded their independence to be acknowledged by her, and it was in the year 1783 in the form of separate colonies, or states. The object of confederation between the Colonies for mutual defence against their common enemy was now over, and they turned their considerations to self-government. Their trials and privations had been severe; an ordeal they had passed through, to fit them for nobler acts. The articles of confederation between the Colonies became obligatory in March, 1781, a draft of which was brought to the notice of Congress as early as the 12th of July, 1776; a period of near five years required to elapse, ere this first important step was taken, to feel, at home and abroad, the force and the characteristics of a nation!

Long before the colonies of North America had severed their relations from the British empire, in all their organic acts and characteristics with reference to each other, they were wholly sovereign, acknowledging allegiance only to their mother and father land. Up to within eleven years of the Declaration of Independence, they were political bodies, ever jealous of the favors and exclusive privileges which their parent land should confer on one at the expense of the others. With reference to each other, they were distinct nationalities, unharmonious and exacting in their natures, as were the motives which induced them to leave their native lands. The plea of perse

cution, the love of novelty natural to our being, and the spirit of adventure, shortly after the discovery of America, effectively and naturally contributed to turn the minds of Europeans to new regions where disappointed ambition and broken down fortunes might begin anew the tussle of life. Here the red man of the forest held dominion and sway, and was lord of this new continent, before whom all else bowed and supplied his wants. The rights, natural to existences of color in a barbarous state, though of a different hue, were then as now considered by white nations as secondary, and to be dealt with as the whims and caprices of those coming in contact should deem fit to administer.

The right of granting the lands of the red man, by the crowned heads of Europe, to companies for the purpose of settlement, was never considered by the Indians till settlers had arrived; possession was then taken by an ostentatious display of the efficacy of gunpowder; and in some cases, an apparent, yet a reluctant right was forced from the native rulers to settle upon their lands, and yet this arbitrary right was acquiesced in, by the most conscientious of those days, in the same manner as the right of trade is now forced, by superior genius, upon most of the Asiatic nations. To the most conscientious and just of all mankind in the fullness of thought and reason, we would ask, what difference there is between taking a nation's means and the free volition of their actions away, with respect solely to themselves, and the enforcement of involuntary service upon them? in neither of which acts do the natives of their respect