the forty-first degree of north latitude; thence along said thirty-third degree of longitude to the crest of the Rocky Mountains; thence northward along the said crest of the Rock Mountains to its intersection with the forty-fourth degree and thirty minutes of north latitude; thence eastward along said forty-fourth degree thirty minutes to the thirty-fourth degree of longitude; thence northward along said thirtyfourth degree to the forty-fifth degree north latitude; thence eastward along said forty-fifth degree to the twenty-seventh degree of longitude; thence south along said twenty-seventh degree to the forty-first degree north latitude; thence west along said forty-first degree to the place of beginning, shall be, and is hereby, incorporated temporarily into and made part of the territory of Dakota."

It is computed, from reliable information, that the entire yield of gold from the mines east of the Cascade range, during the season of 1861, was nearly $5,000,000; and it is calculated that the yield of 1862 and 1863 approximated to $20,000,000.

This territory embraces within its boundaries the productive mineral regions of Salmon River, Boise, Oro Fino, Beaver Head, Warren's Diggings, and numerous other mining localities that have been recently discovered. The principal towns in Idaho, are Lewiston, the capital, situated at the junction of the Clearwater with Snake River, and from whence is transported in boats, by teams and pack animals, the greater proportion of the supplies used by the mining population scattered throughout the territory. Oro Fino, which lies nearly due south of Lewiston, Elk City, Florence, Placerville, and Bannock City, are also places of considerable importance commercially, and contain an average of fifteen hundred inhabitants each. Considerable trade is also carried on at Forts Boise, Benton, Owen, Lemhi, Hall, and Bonneville, at some of which troops are stationed for the protection of immigrants and settlers against the depredations of the numerous bands of Indians who roam over that vast scope of country.

The Oro Fino gold mines were discovered during the summer of 1860, by a prospecting party under command of Captain Pierce. A portion of this party passed the winter of 186061 in the mines of Oro Fino, and such was the result of their labors that nearly five thousand miners and traders found their way to these mines during that year, and succeeded in establishing the towns of Oro Fino and Elk City. The discovery of rich gold mines in this vicinity naturally excited prospecting parties to extend their researches. Accordingly, in 1861, a party of men under the direction of J. J. Healy, successfully worked on Salmon River. Other parties also worked in the Oro Grand District. In May, 1862, rich gold discoveries were made in what is now known as Warren's Diggings, to which the rush was so great that the rival towns-Richmond and Washington-were at once established.

In the summer of 1862 a party of prospecters, under the command of a miner name Grimes, entered the Boise region in search of gold, but, whilst encamped upon a small creek, they were attacked by Indians, and their leader killed. The locality is now known as Grimes's Creek, situated midway between Placerville and Bannock City.

INDIAN TERRITORY.-This territory comprises the tract of country adjoining Kansas and Arkansas, to which the southern Indians have been removed from their former residences within the limits of the old States. The number of these tribes is large, and a general feeling of discontent prevails among them because of the destitution of their families and the failure of the Government to send into their country a sufficient force to preserve order and protect them against the wholesale plundering, robbing, and thieving to which they have been subjected at the hands of the rebels, and of whites professing to be their friends and loyal to the Government. Probably no portion of the country, of equal extent within the territorial limits, is better adapted to the business of stock-raising than is this country owned by these Indians. Prior to the war they had engaged in this business extensively, and many of them owned herds of cattle numbered by thousands. When the people were driven forth their stock was neces sarily left behind without ostensible owners. The Confederates availed themselves of this condition of things to procure immense supplies of beef for their armies.

MONTANA. This territory was organized under an act passed at the last session of Congress. Its boundaries are as follows: "Commencing at the intersection of the twentyseventh degree of longitude west from Washington with the forty-fifth degree of north latitude; thence due west on said forty-fifth degree to its intersection with the thirty-fourth degree of longitude; thence due south along said thirty-fourth degree to the forty-fourth degree and thirty minutes; thence due west along said forty-fourth degree and thirty minutes to its intersection with the crest of the Rocky Mountains; thence following the crest of the Rocky Mountains northward till its intersection with the Bitter Root Mountains; thence northward along the crest of the Bitter Root Mountains to its intersection with the thirty-ninth degree of longitude; thence along said thirty-ninth degree northward to the boundary line of the British possessions; thence eastward along said boundary line to the twenty-seventh degree of longitude; thence southward along said twentyseventh degree to the place of beginning."

The Governor of the territory is Sidney R. Edgerton. The country is rich in gold and silver mines. Virginia City has grown very rapidly, with a mining population attracted by the diggings. The Indians are numerous in the territory, and were troublesome during the year. The great want of the territory is adequate machinery to develop its wealth and

capital to make the proper explorations. The population of the territory is about 20,000, of which nearly one-half are at Virginia City. The Governor's residence is at Bannock City. NEBRASKA.—An act was passed by Congress at its last session, to enable this territory to form a State Government. The delegates elected to prepare a Constitution met at Omaha on July 4th, and voted to adjourn sine die. The vote for delegate to Congress was for Hitchcock, Republican, 3,486; Miller, Democrat, 2,399. The Legislature contains thirty-one Republicans, and twenty-one Democrats. The Governor of the territory is Alvin Saunders, and the Secretary Algeron S. Paddock. Their official residence is Omaha. The greater number of the four bands of Sioux Indians, which are under the charge of the Indian Superintendency, remained hostile, and military operations against them were continued through the year. MajorGeneral Pope, in command of this military Department, recommended to the Government to gather the Indians around military posts, disarm them, and compel them either to become good farmers and Christians, or to starve. Others proposed to buy lands for them with their annuities, and scatter them among the whites throughout the thickly-settled portions of the country.

NEW MEXICO. This territory has continued undisturbed since its successful occupation by the Federal forces in 1862. The Governor is Henry Connolly, and the Secretary Wm. F. M. Arny. Capital Santa Fé. Some difficulties occurred between the military and some of the civil authorities, as appears by a letter of Judge J. G. Knapp, making charges against Gens. Carlton and West. In stating the classes of offences which he charges, he says:

They have set up in New Mexico a military despotism worse and more oppressive than the worst and most cruel tyrants of any country have ever established, and threaten citizens with imprisonment and death who dare oppose their unjust and oppressive measures: and all this is done when no enemy is near nor any necessity exists for their conduct.

WASHINGTON TERRITORY, situated in the extreme northwest, contained in 1864 an estimated population of 14,000. The capital is Olympia, and the Governor William Pickering; secretary, Elwood Evans. The Legislature consists of a Council and House of Representatives, which assemble annually on the first Monday of December. The former is composed of nine members, and the latter of thirty. The total vote of the territory in 1863 for a delegate to Congress was 3,231. Of these votes George E. Cole, Democrat, received 1,644; and J. O. Raynor, Republican, 1,446; and 41 scattering. The estimated value of property in 1864 within the territory was $5,482,521. There are five weekly papers published in the territory. This territory possesses great natural advantages, having a vast seaboard on the Pacific Ocean, the Straits of St. Juan de Fuca and adjacent waters. The Columbia River and its numerous tributaries

flow through the territory from the 49th to the 46th parallel of latitude.

The commerce of the people residing on the seaboard is principally confined to lumbering, fishing, and coal-mining. Large cargoes of spars, lumber, shingles, &c., are constantly shipped to San Francisco, the Sandwich Islands, South America, China, New Zealand, and ports in Europe. Large quantities of coal are shipped from Bellingham Bay, where a company, with a capital stock of $1,000,000, is extensively engaged in mining. Oysters, salmon, and other varieties of fish, are also exported in large quantities. The Columbia River forms the line of division between the State of Oregon and Washington Territory. Passing along, in a northerly direction, the first place of importance on the seacoast of Washington Territory is Shoalwater Bay, a picturesque sheet of water which has the reputation of producing the finest flavored oysters on the coast. The country bordering the bay is very generally settled by men who unite with the occupation of farming the avocation of fishing. Large quantities of oysters are annually shipped from Shoalwater Bay to San Francisco, Sacramento, Portland, and other places on the Pacific coast. Large quantities of piles and spars are also shipped from this point, which, together with the shipment of about 30,000 bushels of oysters, make the value of the exports from this locality about $120,000. This bay was discovered by Lieut. John Meares, in the Felice, July 5, 1788, and upon sounding for an entrance, discovered so many shoals that he gave it the name it at present bears. A lighthouse was erected on Cape Shoalwater, which was first illuminated on October 1st, 1858. The height of the tower is 411 feet from the base, and 87 feet above the level of the sea. Oysterville and Brucefort are the names of the villages on the bay. Passing along the coast about thirteen miles further north is Gray's Harbor, a bay which was discovered by Gray in 1792, and named by him Bulfinch Harbor, after one of the owners of his vessel; but the present name was subsequently applied to it by Lieut. Whidby, who surveyed it in 1792, and called it Gray's Harbor, in compliment to its discoverer. This bay is extensively settled by enterprising people, who have erected lumber and flouring mills, and established a town near the point where the Chehalis River empties into the bay. Several smaller streams also empty into this bay. The Chehalis is navigable for boats for a distance of sixty miles, and drains the country well suited for agricultural purposes. North of Gray's Harbor are the Queniult, Raft, Queets, Ohahlats, Quilcuyats, and several smaller rivers emptying into the Pacific Ocean south of Cape Flattery, which forms the southern headland of that vast expanse of water known as the Straits of Juan de Fuca. The entrance to this strait is about fourteen miles wide, and the distance from the entrance to Whidby's Island, its eastern boundary, is eighty-four miles. The depth of water through

out the strait may be inferred from the fact that the officers of the U. S. Coast Survey found no bottom in its deepest parts, even with 150 fathoms of line. Juan de Fuca Straits is the main artery for the waters of Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, Possession Sound, Hood's Canal, Canal de Haro, Rosario Strait, Bellingham Bay, and the vast Gulf of Georgia, extending between Vancouver's Island and New Caledonia for a distance of 120 miles, with an average width of 20. This strait was discovered in 1787, by Berkely, while in command of a boat's crew of the ship Imperial Eagle. In June, 1788, Berkely communicated the fact of its existence to Meares, who sent a party to explore it, and applied to the strait the name of "Juan de Fuca." Gray and Vancouver entered this strait in 1792, but to the latter the world is indebted for the first authentic account of its vast extent and numerous surroundings. Sailing along the Strait of Juan de Fuca, on the south-or Washington Territory-shore, Neah Harbor, Clallam Bay, Port Angeles, New Dungeness, and Port Townsend are passed, thence up Admiralty Inlet into Puget Sound, to Budd's Inlet, the head of which is located at Olympia, the capital of Washington Territory. From this point to the forty-ninth parallel of latitude-the dividing line between the United States and British possessions-a large number of bays, harbors, and ports, line the vast sheet of water extending the entire distance.

UTAH.-The estimated population of this territory in 1864 was 80,000. The number of counties in the territory is fourteen. The popular election is held on the first Monday in August, and the Legislature assembles on the second Monday in December. This body consists of a Council and House of Representatives. The former is composed of thirteen members, and the latter of twenty-six. The assessed property in the territory amounts to $5,051,176. The Federal Governor is James D. Doty, and the Secretary Amos Reed. The Chief Justice is John Titus, and the Associates Charles R. Walte and Thomas J. Drake.

There is another organization in the territory known as the Mormon Church, or Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, as follows:

First Presidency.- The first quorum of authority in the Church is the First Presidency, and is composed of three members, viz.: Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, Daniel H. Wells.

Twelve Apostles.-The next quorum in authority is the Twelve Apostles, viz.: Orson Hyde, Orson Pratt, John Taylor, Wilford Woodruff, George A. Smith, Amasa M. Lyman, Ezra T. Benson, Charles C. Rich, Lorenzo Snow, Erastus Snow, Franklin D. Richards, George Q. Cannon.

Seventies. The next quorum in authority is the Seventies. The seventy members that constitute the first quorum of seventies, are all presidents of the first ten quorums of seventies, making seven presidents to each quorum; the

members of all the other quorums of seventies number sixty-three, each quorum having seven presidents. There are sixty-eight quorums of seventies organized in Utah Territory.

High Priests.-There is a quorum of High Priests, the numerical extent of which is not defined. This quorum has a president and two counsellors.

There are also quorums of Elders, Priests, Teachers, and Deacons.

The Seventies and High Priests in the various settlements in this territory have meetings, and are regulated by a local presidency, separate from, but subordinate to, the standing presidencies of their quorums.

John Smith (son of Hyram Smith) is presiding patriarch. There are several other patriarchs in the church.

High Council.-There is a High Council, composed of twelve members, organized at Great Salt Lake City, and in all the principal settlements of the territory.

Bishops. The territory is divided into wards; over each ward is a bishop, with two counsellors. Great Salt Lake City is divided into twenty wards. Edward Hunter is the presiding bishop.

Membership. In the territory, the numerical membership of the Church will nearly correspond with the population. Throughout the United States there are branches and members of the Church, but at present so unorganized that the number is not known.

There are organized branches and conferences of the Church throughout England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Denmark, Norway, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, and in other parts of the world.

In an address by Brigham Young, in Jan., 1865, he complains of the failure of Congress to admit Deseret into the Union as a State, and suggests that the territorial laws of Utah be declared to be the laws of the "State of Deseret." He further said:

The progress which is being made in the opening of coal mines, by which coal in increased quantities and of an improved quality is being brought into market; in the erection of handsome and substantial stores and public buildings, and commodious and elegant dwellings; in the production of staples and in the advancement of home manufactures of various kinds, is a cause of sincere congratulation. Machinery for the manufacture of woollen and cotton fabrics has been imported and put into successful operation, and I trust the day is not far distant when our impor tation of these articles will be comparatively limited.

The efforts of our citizens to produce cotton have been crowned with very encouraging success. There have been, and still are, many difficulties to be contended with and overcome before the raising of cotcereals in more favorable localities; but the expeton can become as remunerative as the raising of rience gained during the past few years by the citi zens of the cotton-growing districts will be of incalculable benefit to them in their future operations. The recent accessions of strength which those settlements have received, have had an inspiring effect upon the old settlers there, and they feel that many of the difficulties under which they have heretofore labored are about to be overcome.

TEXAS. Agricultural labors in Texas were exceedingly prosperous in 1864. Large numbers of slaves had been brought into the State from Arkansas, and Mississippi, and Louisiana for safety, so that labor became abundant. The crop of cotton was estimated at five hundred thousand bales, thus exceeding the crop in all the other cotton-growing States, which was estimated at four hundred thousand bales. The crop of corn was estimated as sufficient to furnish a supply for two years.

The control of the Richmond Government over the people was in a great measure lost by the Federal occupation of the Mississippi River. The troops raised in Texas during the year remained west of the Mississippi, and took no part in the great campaigns in Georgia and Virginia. The rule of the secessionists was as severe as at any previous period, and those who were known to entertain Union sympathies experienced great suffering.

The military operations in the State were confined to some movements on the Western border, of little importance. Brownsville, opposite Matamoras, was opened to trade by a proclamation of the President, in February; but the Union forces were subsequently withdrawn.

In the latter part of the year the successes of the Federal troops in the East had produced an effect on the public mind; the Union sentiment became more open and avowed, and a disposition was manifested to make peace.

THOMSON, ROBERT DUNDAS, M. D., a Scottish chemist and professor, born in Scotland in 1811, died at Richmond August 17, 1864. He commenced his professional education at the Edinburgh University, and subsequently studied under the auspices of his uncle, Professor Thomas Thomson, at the University of Glasgow. On the completion of his course he was appointed assistant-surgeon in the navy of the East India Company, and as such he proceeded on a voyage to India and China. On his return he commenced the practise of his profession in London, where he continued about eight years, during which time he was instrumental in founding the Blenheim Free Dispensary, acting gratuitously as one of its physicians. At this time he conducted a monthly periodical entitled "Records of General Science," and also assisted in editing the "Annals of Medicine." On his marriage with the daughter of Prof. Thomas Thomson, he removed to Glasgow, and for a period of ten years assisted his uncle in the active duties of his professor's chair, delivering regularly the course of lectures. Subsequently he was appointed Professor of Chemistry in St. Thomas's Hospital, London. In 1856 he was appointed health officer of Marylebone, and afterwards, on being chosen member for chemistry in the council of the University of London, he resigned his professorship at St. Thomas's. Dr. Thomson was a voluminous writer on scientific subjects. He was for three years editor of the "British Annual;" published a book on

"Food for Cattle," also a "School Chemistry," and contributed largely to the Royal Society, of which he was a fellow, and to the Meteorological Society, of which he was president. His more elaborate work, the "Encyclopædia of Chemistry," which evinces enormous labor and research, is well known in the scientific world. His death was caused by a tumor of a malignant character, which ultimately prevented his taking nourishment.

TOTTEN, JOSEPH GILBERT, Brevet MajorGeneral of the U. S. Army, and Chief of the Engineer Department, born in New Haven, Conn., Aug. 23, 1788, died at Washington, D. C., April 22, 1864. He graduated at West Point in 1805, as 2d lieutenant of engineers, and remained in the service until March, 1806, when he resigned and went into civil life, from which he again entered the army in 1808. Promoted to be a 1st lieutenant in 1810, and captain in 1812, he was Chief Engineer of the Army on the Niagara frontier in the campaign of 1812 and 1813. Brevetted as Major "for meritorious services," June, 1813, he became Chief Engineer of the Army on Lake Champlain in the campaign of 1814, and was brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel, September 11, 1814, "for gallant conduct at the battle of Plattsburgh." Passing through the successive grades of major and lieutenant-colonel in his own corps, he became Colonel and Chief Engineer, December 7, 1838. From 1816 to 1838, with but an intermission of two years, he was a member of the Board of Engineers for planning the national defences. During the Mexican war he served as chief engineer of the army under General Scott, until the capture of Vera Cruz, conducting the siege operations against that place, and was brevetted a brigadier-general "for gallant and meritorious conduct" on that occasion. Subsequently he resumed his duties as chief engineer, continuing in their performance with but two short intervals until his death. The fortifications of Newport, R. I., were built under his immediate supervision, and with other defences and fortifications are enduring monuments to his memory. In the first days of the rebellion Gen. Scott urged upon Gen. Totten the acceptance of the position of Commanderin-chief, which the latter declined on the ground of physical inability for field service. Gen. T., amid all his other labors, found time to translate and have published Vicat on Mortars, the work of one of the ablest of the French corps of civil engineers. During the period of twenty-six years in which Gen. Totten stood at the head of the engineer department, he discharged his varied duties with untiring devotion, spotless integrity, and signal ability, as an acknowledg ment of which the President, upon hearing of his serious illness, forwarded his commission as brevet Major-General.

TURKEY. An Empire in Eastern Europe. The present ruler is Sultan Abdul-Aziz-Khan, born February 9th, 1830, the thirty-second sovereign of the family of Osman, and the

The budget for 1864-5 shows a revenue of £14,737,231. The expenditure is estimated at £14,571,238. The increase in the latter over that of last year is occasioned by the public debt and the Circassian immigration. A reduction in the army and navy expenses to the amount of £37,758 will be made.

The Turkish army consisted, during the Crimean war, of 105,325 nizam (active army), 103,827 redif (reserve), 7,741 militia; total, 216,893. The duration of military service is five years in the active army, and seven years in the reserve. An order of the Turkish Government, issued in January, 1864, grants leave of absence, during six months of the year, to all soldiers who have served a sufficient time to acquire the experience and practice necessary for military duties. An important saving which forms one of the temporary economics promised in the report on the budget-will thus be effected. Better men will be secured for the army, now that the soldiers will be able for some months in the year to enjoy the comforts of home. The suspension of the conscription is a corollary to the regulation. The order provides that all soldiers and non-commissioned officers who, after having attained the necessary degree of skill in their military drill and instruction, may desire to spend the winter season in their homes, shall be permitted to leave their regiments during that period of the year in which the rigors of the season prevent the practice of military exercise.

The press in Turkey has been hitherto comparatively free; but an edict, issued in December, 1864, greatly restricts this freedom. The following are the chief provisions of the new law:

"Arts. 1, 2, and 3 provide that every paper must be authorized by the Government-the name of the responsible editor printed on every issue-that, if a native, he must be over thirty years of age; and if a foreigner, he must agree to submit to Turkish jurisdiction.

"Art. 8 provides that when any person is mentioned by name in a paper he must be allowed an opportunity to reply in the same paper, occupying not more than the space taken by the original article.

"Art. 9 prohibits the entrance into the empire of any foreign publications hostile to the Turkish Government.

"The remaining twenty-six articles comprise its penal provisions, which are such as the following:

"Art. 14 punishes every offence against 'public morality, good manners, or any one of the religions or creeds professed in the empire,' with a fine of from $15 to $100, or with imprisonment of from one week to three months.

"Art. 17 protects 'friendly and allied sovereigns' against attack by a penalty of imprisonment of from three months to three years, or a fine of from $50 to $500. Every other imaginable class is protected by similar provisions.

"Art. 26 forbids the publication or repro duction 'intentionally and in bad faith' of false news, and of fabricated or false documents, under penalty of from a month to a year's imprisonment, or a fine of from $50 to $250. Prosecutions may take place at any time within six months.

"Art. 33 provides for the doubling of all penalties in case of a repetition of the offence." In July, 1864, the Turkish Government closed all the Protestant missionary establishments, and arrested several converts to Protestantism. In consequence of the remonstrances of the representatives of the United States and other Protestant countries it permitted, however, after a few days the reopening of the Bible and the American missionary societies. In August all the missionary stations were reopened, but the converts in the capital were for the present to be sent to the provinces. The continuance of religious controversy in the Protestant books was also authorized, provided that the Koran was not insulted.

No part of the Turkish Empire has attracted for several years so much attention as the United Danubrian principalities (formerly Moldavia and Wallachia). In virtue of the treaty of Paris of March 30th, 1856, and of the convention of August 19th, 1858, each of the two principalities, contrary to the wish expressed by the people, was to have its own prince, a distinct assembly and a distinct administration. The germ of a future union was, however, laid in the appointment of a joint commission which was to prepare a legislative union. When, however, both provinces elected the same prince, Colonel Alexandre Couza, a