oners at Richmond, Salisbury, and Andersonville, and there undergoing the terrors of cold, nakedness, and starvation. It also sent on every flag-of-truce boat from Fortress Monroe ample stores of clothing, cordials, nourishing food, medicine, and restoratives, for the poor fellows who were exchanged, and who, but for this timely relief, would have many of them died on the voyage. It has organized a system of furnishing fresh supplies to the hospitals around Washington at prime cost, which it brings from Philadelphia in arctic cars, thus preventing frauds, and the commissions formerly obtained by the hospital stewards, and furnishing more and better supplies to the inmates of the hospitals for less money. It has caused reforms to be instituted in our own convalescent and parole camps, and in the prison camps of the rebels, which our Government hold as prisoners, promoting the health and comfort of both in every possible way. Its agents and superintendents have often brought off men under fire from the battle-field, and four of them were taken prisoners by the rebels, after Gettysburg, and notwithstanding the kindnesses bestowed by the Commission on rebels, wounded and prisoners, were subjected to the meagre fare and intolerable filth of Libby prison and Castle Thunder, for months, when two of them were finally released on parole.

4. The Department of Field Relief-The Commission has maintained a chief inspector for the armies of the East, and another for the military division of the Mississippi, whose duty is to superintend the work of field relief. He has under his command a superintendent and assistant-superintendent of such army, two field storekeepers and two messengers, and one or more relief agents to each army corps. These relief agents are furnished with one or more wagons of supplies and ambulances, and move with their corps in the field, ministering to the wounded on the field, furnishing bandages, cordials, and nourishment, and aiding the surgeons and assistant-surgeons in the field hospitals. They also render assistance and supply deficiencies in the care of the sick in camp. The expenditure of the Commission for the Field Relief Department has been about $190,000.

5. Still another department of the Sanitary Commission's work has been its Auxiliary Relief Corps. This was first organized in May, 1864. Its object was to supply the deficiency of systematic personal attendance and work in the hospitals, or among the wounded on the field. It employed in the Eastern armies (in Virginia and the Department of the South) forty men regularly, and the number was in creased during the severe battles of May and June, by volunteers, to one hundred and fifty. In all, four hundred different agents were employed, and more than seventy-five thousand patients served with suitable food, delicacies, cordials, clothing, &c., &c., previous to Jan. 1, 1865. Personal ministrations to the sick and wounded, in the way of conversation, writing

letters, supplying them with stationery, postage stamps, newspapers, magazines, and books, also formed a part of the duties of this corps.

In these labors it has constantly had the aid and cooperation of the Medical Department, and, where it could be bestowed, that of the Quartermaster's Department; and the generals and commanding officers in the field have, almost without exception, given it their hearty sanction and assistance. Without these, its work would have been fourfold more expensive than it has; but even with this assistance, it has necessarily had to incur large expenditures, and has distributed supplies to an immense value. At the commencement of its work, when it was expected that the war would be a brief one, it made its appeals to the public for fifty thousand dollars, a sum which it was thought would suffice to accomplish its purposes; but with the increasing proportions of the war, increasing means were found necessary. While, of most descriptions of supplies, their stock derived from the branches was ample, there were some, such as the best qualities of wines and brandies, quinine, &c., which could only be obtained by cash purchases. The transportation of their supplies, though much of it was given by railroad companies, was still very expensive, while the maintenance of their homes, lodges, offices, and directories, required a heavy outlay. The Commission, as such, received no compensation, and of its officers, the President, Vice-Presi dent, and Treasurer, received no pay; while the Associate Secretary for the West, the only other member of the Commission now in service (except the Executive Committee), having left his residence and practice at Cleveland for Louisville in the Commission's service, has a moderate salary. The Commission has regarded it necessary for the proper performance of its extensive, varied, and onerous duties, to employ paid agents, and has in its employ about two hundred. To none of them are salaries paid so large as they could receive in other business, but they remain in the work because they love it. The aggregate salaries, previous to May, 1864, was about $15,000 per month, and of other expenses from $30,000 to $35,000 per month, making a total sum of $45,000 to $50,000 per month; but with the progress of the gigantic campaigns, and the terrible battles, both East and West, in the months of May, June, July, and August, 1864, this expenditure was greatly increased. For the months of May and June alone the outlay was $525,000, and for the season more than $1,000,000. The expenditure of supplies varies with the occurrence of great battles. During, and immediately after, the battles at Gettysburg, supplies to the value of $75,000 were distributed there. To the army of the Cumberland, within ten days after the disastrous battle of Chickamauga, six thousand packages were sent; and immediately after Chattanooga, five thousand packages and boxes went forward.

The receipts of the Commission, from its or

ganization in June, 1861, to Oct. 1, 1864, were in money $3,083,124.58; of this amount about $1,000,000 has been received from the States and territories on the Pacific slope, including about $700,000 from California alone. Aside from this, its branches have received in money to December, 1864, about $2,000,000, which has been expended in the purchase of supplies, in local relief, and in the support of establishments of special relief under their direct charge. Its expenditures for the same period were $2, 467,958.55, and in the months of October and Nov., $263,000, making its total expenditure from June, 1861, to Dec., 1864, $2,731,203.79. The value of articles received in kind as contri

butions by the Commission, from June, 1861, to Oct., 1864, was $8,406,272.78, of which $5,286,439.85 consisted of bedding, hospital furniture, and wearing apparel; $1,362,560.42, of hospital food and delicacies; $298,437.28, of miscellaneous supplies, and the remainder unspecified articles. The branches of the Commission, twelve in number, had furnished supplies to local institutions, soldiers' families, hospitals, &c., to the amount of between two and three millions more. Previous to July 1, 1864, the cost of distribution was only 3.76 per cent. of the amount distributed. The heavy expense of chartering steamers and employing auxiliary relief agents, &c., during the campaign of 1864, increased the cost of distribution to 4.88 per cent. of the value of the supplies distributed.

During the autumn and winter of 1863-'4, and the spring and summer of 1864, a series of fairs were held in several of the principal cities of the Union, in the interest of the Commission and its branches. These fairs were more gigantic in their conception and execution, and yielded larger returns than any enterprises of the kind ever attempted in this country. The Chicago fair, the first held, realized about $80,000 net; that at Boston, about $140,000; Cincinnati, $240,000; Albany, $80,000; Cleveland, about $80,000; Brooklyn, N.Y., $401,000; New York City, $1,200,000; Pittsburg, $100,000; Baltimore, $55,000; Philadelphia, $1,080,000. Several of the smaller cities collected at fairs for the same object, from $10,000 to $20,000. These sums were not, except in the case of the New York and Philadelphia fairs, paid wholly into the treasury of the parent Commission, a part, and in some cases the whole, being reserved for the purchase of supplies and material, and the support of local institutions for the soldiers or their families. The supplies and material thus purchased, of course, have since appeared, or will eventually appear, in the receipts in kind of the parent Commission.

II. THE WESTERN SANITARY COMMISSION. This organization is entirely distinct from the United States Sanitary Commission, but, like that, knows no State boundaries, but ministers alike to the needs of soldiers from all the States, though from its location it has only supplied the wants of Western armies, and of the freedmen and white refugees of the Mississippi Val

ley. It derived its first authority to act from the following order of Maj.-Gen. Fremont: HEADQUARTERS,

ST. LOUIS, MO., Sept. 5, 1861.

Special Orders No. 159. With a view to the health and comfort of the volunteer troops in and near to the city of St. Louis, a Sanitary Commission is hereby appointed, to consist of five gentlemen, who shall serve voluntarily, and be removable at pleasure. Its general object shall be to carry out, under the properly-constituted milsuch sanitary regulations and reforms as the wellitary authorities, and in compliance with their orders, being of the soldiers demands.

The Commission shall have authority, under the directions of the Medical Director, to select, fit up, and furnish suitable buildings for army and brigade hospitals, in such place, and in such manner as circumstances require. It will attend to the selection and appointment of women nurses, under the authority and by the direction of Miss D. L. Dix, General Superintendent of the nurses of Military Hospitals in the United States. It will cooperate with the surgeons of the several hospitals in providing male nurses, and in whatever manner practicable, and by their consent. It shall have authority to visit the different camps, to consult with the commanding officers, and the colonels and other officers of the general condition of the troops, and aid them in proseveral regiments, with regard to the sanitary and viding proper means for the preservation of health and prevention of sickness, by supplies of wholesome and well-cooked food, by good systems of drainage, and other practicable methods. It will obtain from creasing the comfort and promoting the moral and the community at large such additional means of insocial welfare of the men, in camp and hospital, as may be needed, and cannot be furnished by Government regulations. It will, from time to time, report directly to the commander-in-chief of the department the condition of the camps and hospitals, with such suggestions as can properly be made by a Sanitary Board.

This Commission is not intended in any way to interfere with the Medical Staff, or other officers of in the discharge of their present arduous and extrathe army, but to cooperate with them, and aid them ordinary duties. It will be treated by all officers of the army, both regular and volunteer, in this Department, with the respect due to the humane and patriotic motives of the members, and to the authority of the commander-in-chief.

This Sanitary Commission will, for the present, consist of Jas. E. Yeatman, Esq.; C. S. Greeley, Esq.; J. B. Johnson, M. D.; George Partridge, Esq.; and the Rev. William G. Eliot, D.D. J. C. KELTON, Ass't. Adjt.-Gen. By order of Maj.-Gen. JOHN C. FREMONT.

The authority conferred by this order was recognized and confirmed by Maj.-Gen. Halleck, who added Dr. S. Pollak to the Commission, and still later, viz., December 16, 1862, by an order from the Secretary of War (Hon. E. M. Stanton), extending the field of its labors, and reappointing the members of the Commission as at first constituted.

This Commission has not devoted its attenton to as wide a range of topics as the United States Sanitary Commission, but has confined itself to the work of superintending hospitals, furnishing supplies, appointing nurses, visiting and caring for the sick and wounded of the army of the Southwest Frontier, the District of East Arkansas, the armies operating on both sides of the Mississippi, and the Mississippi Naval

Flotilla; it has at all times acted in concert with the Medical Directors and Inspectors of these armies, and on account of their efficient supervision of the condition and sanitary wants of the armies under their charge, has not found it necessary to appoint separate medical inspectors. It has the superintendence of twelve hospitals (one for officers and another for military prisoners), having accommodations for about eight thousand patients, besides ten large hospital steamers and floating hospitals; it has established Soldiers' Homes, and Soldiers' Lodges, at St. Louis, Memphis, and Columbus, Ky., and agencies at Helena, Milliken's Bend, and Springfield, Mo., and has prepared, published, and distributed a large edition of a "Treatise on the Preservation of the Health of the Soldier, the cooking of food, the preparation of diet for the sick, the duties of nurses and attendants, and the organization and general management of hospitals." It has during 1863 and 1864 given special attention to the necessities of the freedmen in the Mississippi Valley, and its officers have interested themselves in the adjustment of wages, and in securing just and considerate treatment of the emancipated slaves from those who have rented the plantations, which had been abandoned by rebel owners. The Commission have expended about $40,000 in the relief of freedmen. It has also kept a registry of the location and condition of invalid and wounded soldiers in the Western armies. It has also provided to a considerable extent for the large number of white refugees from the States in insurrection, who have drifted into St. Louis, and were in a condition of great suffering.

The Western Sanitary Commission has received from its organization to January, 1865, a little more than $1,000,000 in cash, of which $500,000 was the net result of a fair held in St. Louis, in May, 1864; and about $2,000,000 in supplies.

Two

III. OTHER SANITARY COMMISSIONS. or three of the Western States have established organizations dependent partly upon legislative grants, and partly upon contributions, for the care of the sick and wounded soldiers of their respective States, and their families, to which they have given the name of "State Sanitary Commissions."

They have generally expended their moneys for those services which may be more appropriately rendered to a soldier by his own State, or its representatives, than by others, such as the furnishing means of reaching home during a furlough, or of reaching his regiment when he has been detained from it by sickness; the procuring of the allotment of his pay or bounty, or the rendering him contented by the care of his family. The Indiana State Sanitary Commission, fostered and prompted by the energetic and patriotic Governor of that State, has accomplished much good in this way, and up to February, 1864, had expended $320,000 in its succor of Indiana soldiers. The Iowa State San

itary Commission has been also very efficient. It has expended $175,500 to February 1, 1864. An organization of a similar character, though we believe not with the same name, exists in Wisconsin, having originated with the late lamented Governor, Louis P. Harvey, who lost his life in a journey to the field of Shiloh, to distribute its bounties. It has contributed largely to the aid of the soldiers, and its benefactions have not been confined to those from Wisconsin. In Illinois, there is an officer called a Commissioner-General, whose function it is to collect stores and supplies from the towns and counties of the State and send them forward for distribution, after each great battle. In New York, a State Soldiers' Depot was established in July, 1863, in Howard street, New York City, and received an appropriation from the State Legislature of $200,000, which combines the character of a Soldiers' Home, hospital, and reading-room, and has its couriers on each train on which New York and other soldiers come from the Army of the Potomac, and meets them coming from other points, by steamers or otherwise, cares for the comfort of the sick and wounded, administering, under the direction of its surgeon, cordials and nutriment while in transit, protects them from the sharpers who would plunder them, and in every way looks after their interests. It has expended since its organization in June, 1863, about $65,000 in money, and has distributed clothing, etc., to the amount of over $10,000 more. It has fed and lodged over 15,000 soldiers, and given aid and counsel to thousands more. The plan for establishing national cemeteries in the vicinity of our great battle-fields, at Gettysburg, Antietam, Chattanooga, etc., has been greatly promoted by its earnest advocacy.

One of the best of the institutions of this class is "The New England Soldiers' Relief Association," located at 194 Broadway, New York, and organized April 3, 1862. Its founders and supporters were New England men and women, but its doors have been opened to, and its charities lavished upon, the soldiers of every State. That a soldier was on furlough, or sick or wounded, discharged, or in trouble, has been ever a sufficient passport to its halls and its sympathies. Since its organization it has received, registered, lodged, fed, aided, and clothed, sick and wounded or disabled soldiers from thirty-one States, the District of Columbia, the regular army, the navy, and the Invalid Corps, to the number of about 45,000, and has fed or lodged, and rendered assistance to many thousands more, who were not sick, wounded, or disabled. It has a Hospital Record and Directory, very full and complete, of the inmates of all the military hospitals of New York and New England, which is kept up to date by daily reports from each hospital, and gives full particulars in regard to the location, condition, and final disposition of each patient. This register contains about 40,000 names, and is so complete that the Sanitary Commission,

in February, 1864, relinquished theirs for that Department, in its favor. It has a good hospital for the sick or wounded soldiers, with a skilful surgeon, careful attendants, and assiduous volunteer night watchers; furnishes an asylum to those unfortunate soldiers who, discharged from the service without means, find themselves homeless and shelterless, giving them a home till employment can be provided for them. It also interests itself in procuring transportation, bounties, and back pay for the soldiers, and furnishing information to the friends of those who are sick, or have died, relative to procuring their dues. Religious services are conducted every Sabbath at its rooms. Much of the service rendered, including that of the Superintendent, is voluntary, and without compensation. Indeed, the Superintendent has, in addition, paid large sums from his own pocket, for the relief of soldiers, in cases where such relief could not properly come from the State funds, or the funds of the Association. The Superintendent of this Association acts also in the capacity of State Military Agent for the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Indiana, and is authorized to render such assistance as may be needed to the soldiers of those States coming to New York.

SANTANA, PEDRO, an ex-President and General of San Domingo, born in the early part of the present century, died in San Domingo June 14th, 1864. He first brought himself into notice in 1844, when by his successful efforts to secure the independence of the Dominican republic of the island of Hayti he acquired from his countrymen the title of the "Liberator." In the same year he was elected President of the republic, which office he held until 1849. During this period treaties were concluded with France and Great Britain, and the new nation was established on a firm footing. Retiring from office upon the election of his successor Jimenes, in 1849, he was almost immediately afterwards called to assume the dictatorship upon the invasion of the country by Soulouque, the Haytien emperor, whom he defeated in a decisive battle near Savanna Numero on April 22d. Jimenes having fled the country, Baez was elected the constitutional President and Santana laid down his dictatorship. In 1853 he was reelected for another term of four years, distinguishing himself in 1855 and 1856 by signally defeating Soulouque, and in 1857 he was again succeeded by Baez, who signalized his return to power by becoming the leader of the clerical or reactionary party. So distasteful did this prove to the people that in September, 1857, Santana was enabled to head a revolutionary movement which led to the expulsion of Baez in the succeeding year, and the restoration of liberal rule. When, in the spring of 1861, the Spanish Government, taking advantage of the confusion prevailing in the United States, undertook to reannex the Dominican republic to its domin

ions, Santana became, by means of bribes, a ready instrument to effect this purpose. By his proclamation of March 18, 1861, he announced the union of the State with Spain, and was rewarded with a lieutenant-generalship in the Spanish Army, a title of nobility, and various decorations. That his action was not in accordance with the wishes of the people was seen in the sanguinary resistance to Spanish rule which followed, and which will prove in all probability successful. Santana died hated by his countrymen and neglected by those to whom he had assumed to sell the republic.

SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN. The two duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, together with the duchy of Lauenburg, were formerly dependencies of the crown of Denmark; but on the death of King Frederic VII., the difference of opinion as to the lawful successor of the late king in the duchies, where the salic law had formerly been in force, led to a war of Austria and Prussia against Denmark, which terminated in a treaty of peace, concluded at Vienna on Aug. 1st, 1864, and providing (in the 1st paragraph) that "His Majesty the King of Denmark renounces all his rights to the duchies of Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg in favor of their Majesties the King of Prussia and the Emperor of Austria, engaging to recognize the arrangements their said Majesties shall make in respect of those duchies."

The question of succession was not solved at the close of the year 1864. The chief claimant was Frederic, prince of SchleswigHolstein Sonderburg Augustenburg, born July 6th, 1829. His chief competitor was the grandduke of Oldenburg; but Prussia indicated that she also would present a claim, if not to the lawful succession, yet to the right of possession of the duchies, or, at least, of a part of them.

On Dec. 7th, 1863, the Federal Diet of Germany, on the motion of Austria and Prussia, resolved to execute the federal laws against Denmark, and compel her to revoke the fundamental law of Nov. 18, 1863, as far as the duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg are concerned, as inconsistent with the rights of these duchies and of the German confederacy, of which they form a part. The decision of the question of succession was reserved. A motion for a "federal occupation" of Holstein and Lauenburg was rejected, as prejudging the decision of the question of succession. Austria, Prussia, Saxony, and Hanover were ordered to furnish a contingent for the federal army, which was to take possession of Holstein; but only the forces of the two latter States were to march into the duchies, while those of Austria and Prussia were to form a corps of observation. The whole federal army was placed under the chief command of the Saxon General Hake. On the approach of the German troops, the Danes evacuated the duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg, with the exception of a small strip of land to the north of the Eider (the crown

works at Rendsburg, and six villages claimed by the Danes as belonging to Schleswig).

The Federal Commissioners, which accompanied the federal army, at once organized a provisional Government. The "Holstein Government," which had been established on Nov. 12th, 1862, by the King of Denmark at Ploen, for the administration of the duchies, was abolished and a "Ducal Government" established at Kiel.

The Prince Frederic of Augustenburg suddenly and unexpectedly arrived at Kiel on Dec. 30th, 1863, and addressed a proclamation to the people announcing his arrival and his accession to the Government as Frederic VIII., Duke of Schleswig-Holstein. He was received by the people with great and unanimous enthusiasm. All the towns of Holstein sent deputies to the duke, to pay him their homage, and the clergy, at a meeting held at Neumunster, on Jan. 15th, unanimously resolved to petition the Diet to recognize the rights of Duke Frederic.

On Dec. 28th, 1863, Prussia and Austria proposed to the Federal Diet to summon the Danish Government not to execute, with regard to the duchy of Schleswig, the fundamental law of Nov. 18th, 1863, and to declare, that in case of a refusal on the part of Denmark, the Germanic confederation would be obliged to procure, by means of a military occupation of Schleswig, a pledge for the accomplishment of their legitimate wishes. This proposition was, on Jan. 14, 1864, rejected by 11 against 5 votes, viz.: Austria, Prussia, Hesse-Kassel, Mecklenburg, and 16th "curia" (the States casting collectively the 16th vote).* The two great powers, Prussia and Austria, declared that they would henceforth carry out their proposition, not as members of the German Diet, but as great powers of Europe. Bavaria, Saxony, Würtemberg, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, SaxeWeimar, Meiningen, Coburg-Gotha, the 13th and 15th "curiæ," protested against this declaration. On Jan. 16th Austria and Prussia notified the Danish Government that they would recall their ministers, if the constitution of Nov. 18th, 1863, were not withdrawn within forty-eight hours. In reply the Danish Government, on Jan. 18th, demanded a delay of six weeks, in order to give it time to convoke the Rixrad of Denmark and Schleswig, and deliberate with it concerning a change in the constitution of Nov. 18. This demand was rejected by Austria and Prussia. On the other hand, the Prime Minister of Denmark, Bishop Monrad, declared on Jan. 27th to the Landsthing that the Danish Government would never consent to a union of Schleswig with Holstein, or to an autonomy of Schleswig, or to a division of the duchy.

The Prussian and Austrian troops, on Jan. 17th, began to move, without obtaining previous authority from the Governments concerned, or from the Federal Diet, through the

For the composition of the Federal Diet, see the article Germany in the ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA for 1863.

territory of Oldenburg and Hamburg. On Jan. 21st they entered Holstein. On the next day the Federal Diet gave its consent to the march of the Austrian and Prussian troops through Holstein, after having previously (Jan. 19th) received the assurance from these two powers that they would in no way obstruct the action of the federal commissioners, or the commanderin-chief of the federal troops. On Jan. 30th the Field-Marshal, Gen. Wrangel, commanderin-chief of the "Austro-Prussian_Army_for Schleswig-Holstein," summoned Lieut.-Gen. de Meza, general in chief of the Danish Army, to evacuate Schleswig. This demand was, on Jan. 31st, rejected by the Danish general.

On Feb. 1st the Austro-Prussian army crossed the Eider, extending its line from Kiel to Rendsburg, the Prussians forming the right wing under command of Prince Frederic Charles of Prussia, and the Austrians the left wing under the command of Lieut. Field-Marshal de Gablenz. The Danish line, which extended from Eckenförde to Sorgbrück, was driven back by the allies. The Austrian vanguard, under command of Maj.-Gen. Gondrecourt drove, on Feb. 3d, the Danes from the fortified positions of Jagel and Oberselk, and stormed the Koenigsberg. The Danish forces then withdrew behind the strongly fortified line of the "Dannevirke." This, however, became at once untenable, when, on Feb. 5th, the Prussians effected a passage over the Schley, opposite Arnis. Amidst constant skirmishing the Danes fell back to the fortifications of Duppel opposite the island of Alsen. In one of the engagements, which took place during this retreat, at Oeversee, Prince Wilhelm of Würtemberg, who commanded one of the Austrian regiments, was seriously wounded. In a few more days the whole main land of Schleswig, with the exception of the fortifications near Duppel, was in the hand of the allies. Immediately on the retreat of the Danes, every town of Schleswig proclaimed Prince Frederic Duke of Schleswig. On Feb. 7th a proclamation from Gen. Wrangel announced to the people of the duchy the appointment of two Austro-Prussian civil commissioners for the administration of the duchy (Baron de Zedlitz for Prussia, and Count de Revertera for Austria). The commissioners, on Feb. 8, issued a procla mation declaring the power of the King of Denmark to be suspended and the laws of the country to remain in force; the expression "royal" authority and the use of the "royal" seal were prohibited; protection was promised to all who would submit to the authority of the generalin-chief; political societies and manifestations, especially such as would aim at prejudging the question of succession, were forbidden. On Feb. 17th the commissioners issued a decree suspending the constitution of Nov. 18, 1863, and by another decree issued two days later, they reestablished the use of the German language in the churches and schools in the places in which it had been suppressed by the Danish edicts of 1851.