CARLISLE, GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK HOWARD, seventh Earl of, born in London April 18, 1802, died at Castle Howard, Dec. 5, 1864. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church College, Oxford, where he attained a high reputation as a scholar, being especially distinguished for his skill in versification. In 1821 he obtained two of the University prizes for his poems, the Chancellor's prize for Latin, and the Newdegate for English verse. He took his degree in 1823 and was first class in classics. At this time and until his elevation to the peerage he bore the courtesy title of Lord Morpeth. In 1826 he accompanied his uncle, the late Duke of Devonshire, to Russia to attend the Coronation of the Emperor Nicholas, and was a great favorite in St. Petersburg from his rank and his engaging manners. Soon after his return he was elected to the House of Commons for the family-seat of Morpeth, and one of his earliest speeches (in 1830) was a defence of the character of the Russian Emperor, who was charged with great cruelties in suppressing the Polish insurrection. This occasioned, at first, some displeasure on the part of the Liberals, with whom Lord Morpeth had ranged himself on entering the House; but his evidently strong sympathies for Reformatory measures and for every measure which would elevate the working classes soon won their confidence. After the passage of the Reform Bill, in 1832, Lord Morpeth represented the West Riding of Yorkshire from 1833 to 1844, when he was defeated by the Conservatives. From 1835 to 1841, under the Melbourne Administration, he was Secretary of State for Ireland. In 1844 he visited the United States, and made an extended tour, carefully investigating its institutions and the social and intellectual condition of its people, and after his return prepared a lecture on the United States, which he delivered before the Mechanics' Institute at Leeds and to other bodies of workingmen, which was afterward published, and did much to diffuse correct views in regard to the United States among the community. In 1847 he was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of the EastRiding of Yorkshire, and from 1846 to 1848 he sat in the House of Commons for the West Riding of Yorkshire. In October, 1848, the death of his father caused his elevation to the peerage as Earl of Carlisle, and under the Russell administration he took his seat in the Cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, which office he held from 1849 to 1851. In 1853 he was elected Lord Rector of the University of Aberdeen. From 1851 to 1855 he did not hold office, and visited the East. After his return, he published a graceful and pleasant volume of his travels, entitled "A Diary in Turkish and Greek Waters." On the accession of Lord Palmerston to the Premiership, in 1855, he was nominated Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland and held the position till the incoming of the Derby Ministry in 1858, when he was superseded, but after the return of

Lord Palmerston to power, he resumed the Viceroyalty, which he retained till August, 1864, when he resigned, in consequence of ill health. His administration in Ireland was very popular, and he won the good-will of all classes by his amiable manners and his deep interest in all that concerned the workingclasses. In 1858 he published a work on the. prophecies, entitled "The Second Vision of Daniel." Lord Carlisle had taken a great interest in the reformation of juvenile delinquents, and had not only encouraged and regulated the establishment of reformatories throughout the United Kingdom, but had established a model institution of the kind on his estate at Castle Howard. He had also commenced the erection of a church at Welburn, near his estate, but died before its completion.

Throughout the struggle in which we have been engaged for the past four years, the Earl of Carlisle has ever been the fast friend of the United States, and had, in public and in private, avowed his firm belief in our final success, and his earnest sympathy with our cause. These avowals had drawn forth the hostility and displeasure of many of the English nobility, but his manner and bearing, as well as his intimate knowledge of American affairs, were well-fitted to disarm prejudice and add weight to the cause he advocated. The Earl was unmarried, and is succeeded by his brother the Hon. and Rev. William George Howard, Rector of Landesborough in Yorkshire.

CHASE, IRAH, D. D., an American Baptist clergyman and theologian, born in Stratton, Vermont, Oct. 5, 1793, died at Newtonville, Mass., Nov. 1, 1864. He graduated at Middlebury College in 1814, and immediately entered the Theological Seminary at Andover, Mass. In 1817 he was ordained as a Baptist minister, and after a year of missionary labor in Western Virginia became, in 1818, a professor in the theological school at Philadelphia of which Rev. Dr. Staughton was the presiding officer, and which was soon after transferred to Washington. He continued in this professorship for seven years, one of which he spent in Europe. In 1825 he removed to Massachusetts, and took a prominent part in the establishment of the Newton Theological Institution at Newton Centre, Mass. In this Institution he was a Professor for twenty years, but resigned in 1845, to devote himself to theological and literary investigations. In 1830 he visited Europe a second time, and was instrumental in founding the Baptist Mission in France. Since that period he has published "The Life of John Bunyan;" "The Design of Baptism, viewed in its relation to the Christian Life; "The work claiming to be the Constitution of the Holy Apostles, including the Canons, revised from the Greek; ""Infant Baptism an Invention of Man; " together with a large number of Sermons and Essays, and numerous contributions to theological reviews on questions of Church history and doctrine.

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CHILI, a Republic in South America. The President of the Republic is José Joaquin Perez, who was elected, by a unanimous vote, on September 7, 1861. The President is assisted in his executive functions by a Council of State and a Ministry, divided into four departments, namely: the Ministry of the Interior and of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Justice, of Public Instruction, and of Ecclesiastical Affairs, and the Ministry of War and Marine. The ministers appointed for these four departments on June 20th, 1862, were Manuel Antonio Tocornal, Victorino Lastarria, Miguel Guemes, and Marcos Maturano. The excitement produced in Chili in consequence of the seizure of the Chincha Islands by Spain, led to the resignation of two of the ministers, those of the Interior and of Finance, who were succeeded by Alvaro Covarrubias for the Interior, and Alexander Reyes for the Finances. The Council of State is composed of the ministers, two members of the Courts of Justice, one ecclesiastical dignitary, one general, and several other high functionaries.

According to a report of the Minister of the Interior, the population of the Republic amounted, on December 31st, 1863, to 1,700,055 inhabitants; 849,284 men, and 850,771 women.

The receipts of the Government in 1861 amounted to 5,850,821 piastres, and in 1862 to 6,287,155 piastres. In the budget of 1863 the receipts were estimated at 6,244,887 piastres, the expenditures at 7,585,983 piastres, and the deficit at 1,341,096 piastres.

The Home Debt in December, 1862, amounted to 3,185,625 piastres, and the Foreign Debt to 1,485,800 piastres.

The army, on April 20, 1863, consisted of 2,871 troops of the line, and 28,077 national guards. The fleet, according to a report furnished by the Minister of War to Congress, was, in August, 1863, composed as follows: 1 screw corvette, of 200 horse power, with 20 guns; 1 screw sloop, of 200 horse power, with 5 guns; and two paddle steamers, of 100 horse power, with 2 guns; total, 4 steamers, with 27 guns.

The movement of commerce in 1862 was as follows: Imports, 17,226,655 piastres, against 16,676,314 in 1861; exports, 21,994,432, against 20,349,634 in 1861. In 1863, the imports amounted to 20,487,517 piastres, an increase over those of 1862 of 3,260,862 piastres.

The number and tonnage of vessels which entered and cleared at the ports of the Republic in 1861 and 1862 were as follows:

The Government and people of Chili took a very active interest in the difficulty between Peru and Spain. (See PERU.) The current of public opinion was strongly in favor of aiding Peru in case of a war. The Congress of Chili passed a resolution, by which the Spanish war vessels were forbidden to coal in the ports of Chili. Another resolution was adopted objecting to the recognition of a Mexican monarchy.

This Congress terminated its sittings on Dec. 27th. They approved the public expenditures for the year 1865, and also sanctioned an increase of two millions of dollars on the estimates for public purposes, most of which will be expended on the augmentation of the navy. For this purpose two vessels are under construction in England.

The Government of Chili has for some time devoted its attention to the best means to be adopted for the colonization of the vast tracts of rich country at their disposal, and a decree appointing a commission to report on the subject has been passed. The commissioners met on the 25th of December, and approved of the following measures:

1. The foundation of an emigration office, with branches in Europe.

2. The acquisition by the Government of lands in the central provinces, to instal the emigrants provisionally.

3. A system of contracts between owners of estates gration Office. and the emigrants by medium of the Central Emi

4. The assignment of an annual sum by the Government to encourage emigration.

Already a considerable progress has been made by Chili in this object. Admiral Fitzroy, in a speech made before the English Royal Geographical Society on May 9, 1864, pointed to the fact that the new German colony of Port Montt, in a region which, when he surveyed the coast, was peopled only by small bodies of savages, had in ten years become a town of 15,000 inhabitants. A little further to the north there was a place where twenty or thirty ships at a time were loading coal; while at the period of his visit only but a few fragments of coal were seen lying about, which no one thought worth picking up. The range of the Andes is rich in minerals, and the whole of the country to the west is well timbered. Indeed, the country is already becoming the abode of civilized men; for a number of new settlements have lately sprung into existence along the eastern coast and in the Straits of Magellan, as well as on the western side. The forests of the Chilean side include extensive clusters of apple trees of good edible varieties, and the country also possesses three different kinds of potatoes, better than any he had ever eaten at home. Admiral Fitzroy was only surprised, considering the deterioration of the potato plant in England, that some adventurous Englishman had not been out to this region to procure a stock of fresh plants.

An interesting report was made on March 7, 1864, by the Engineer Durois, upon the new Pass through the Andes, and its practicability, with a view to the construction of a railway. According to this report a railroad could be built within four years, and for a sum not exceeding eight millions of dollars, from the valley of Curico to the summit of the Cordillera, which for security and durability would not be surpassed by any mountain road, and it is believed not more obstructed by the snows of winter than the railways of northern New York and Lower Canada. East of the summits there are no serious difficulties to be encountered. "This grand railway completed," says the report of Durois, "the vast and magnificent Argentine Republic would give to her sister of the Pacific a fraternal embrace on the summit of the mountains, which, until the present, have caused their separation, and the entire world would feel the influence 'of a railway between the Atlantic and the Pacific, as it would not only facilitate and shorten the communication of the Indies and the Pacific with Europe, but afford invaluable advantages to

commerce.

CHINA, an empire in Eastern Asia. Emperor Ki-Tsiang (before his accession to the throne, Tsai-Sung), born in 1855, succeeded his father, Hung-fund, in August 22, 1861. Prime Minister, Yih-soo, Prince of Kung. Population, in 1849, estimated at 415,000,000. Area, estimated by McCulloch, at 76,815 geographi cal square miles; by Malte Brun, at 69,840; by Barrow, at 60,072.

The State Council consists of six members. Subordinate to the State Council are eight colleges, each of which is presided over by a chief director. These colleges are: 1, for external affairs; 2, for nominating and watching the civil officers of the empire; 3, for finances; 4, for worship; 5, for war; 6, for justice; 7, for public labors; 8, for receiving the ambassadors from the tributary countries.

The college of public censors is independent of the State Council. It consists of from forty to fifty members, and it alone has the right to lay remonstrances and complaints before the Emperor. A member of this college always attends the meetings of the eight ministerial departments, without, however, taking part in the discussions. Others are travelling through the empire, and exercising a control over the administration and the higher officers.

The commerce of the ports of Canton and Shanghai, during the years 1860-'62, was as follows:

ing men who have achieved the establishment of railways in British India, paid, in 1864, a visit to China, to ascertain what could be done with the Chinese Government with regard to constructing a railway system in China. The plan proposed by Stevenson is to make the main lines first, leaving the branch lines for a time. Assuming Hankow to be a great commercial centre, one trunk line, in his opinion, should run east to Shanghai, 650 miles, one from Shanghai to Pekin, 850 miles, one from Hankow to Canton, 850 miles, and one from Hankow to British India, 1,600 miles. Stevenson does not advocate all this being undertaken in the first instance, but lays down a comprehensive plan as the principle on which railroads in China should be constructed. He recommends short lines being commenced with all speed between Tientsin and Pekin, and between Shanghai and Soochow, and presumes that these would not only cost little, but would exhibit to the people and the Government the great advantages to be derived from railroads. Stevenson instances the capacity of the Chinese to appreciate cheap and swift travel, by reference to the steamers which ply between Hongkong and Canton. When the fare was one dollar the average daily number of passengers was about two hundred; on the fare being reduced to twenty-five cents, the number rose at least fourfold. The difficulties in the way are classified by Stevenson under three heads: 1st. The cooperation and concurrence of the Chinese Government. 2d. The financial arrangements; and 3d. The engineering difficulties. He meets these by the following consid erations: The 1st is a subject for diplomacyevery point being taken to explain to the Imperial Government the advantages of railways, and the means of constructing them. The 2d he also deems a diplomatic affair, depending on the success of the first. That is to say, should a good understanding be come to with the Imperial Government, an arrangement of such a nature could be made as would satisfy capitalists. The 3d he considers to be partially ascertained from the surveys of the Catholic missionaries of the eighteenth century, which he has closely studied. He advocates, of course, proper surveys being made to confirm or condemn those of the padres.

Should the three points above named be satisfactorily solved, there is no doubt that before long there will be the beginning of a great railway system in China.

The cotton trade in the Chinese empire is progressing most favorably. At Canton and Shanghai, up to June, 1864, 52,000 bales of cotton were actually shipped for London and Liverpool, against 12,000 in the corresponding period the year before. Large as this quantity is as compared with former years, the operations of the market are said to have been sadly crippled by the state of the money market, and the scarcity of sycee silver, in which the native dealers are alone willing to make settlements.