gorge he laid his head upon his hands and wept aloud; for when the waters laid her body on its eastern banks neither the fury of the waves nor the battle with the rocks in that terrible journey to death had robbed her face of a smile.

But two things remained undisputed: The white man never divulged the secret of the cavern gate, and the truth was shown of that belief, that All who love must journey upon hills of happiness or into ravines of grief," and of that say ing, "The red man and the white cannot live together."

GEOGRAPHICAL NEWS.

MR. THEODORE BENT, the explorer of Mashonaland, has done some good work at Axum, in Abyssinia, copying inscriptions and photographing ruins, obelisks, etc., in the turmoil of a war which at last drove him out of the country.

MR. ASTOR CHANLER and his Austrian companion, Lieutenant von Höhuel, after ascending the Valley of the Tana River, in East Africa, reached in March last the eastern slope of the Jombene Mountains, which run in a direction southwest from the high peak, almost under the equator. mountain with densely wooded sides. The forest continued to the height of 15,000 feet; the land at the base of

Kenia itself was in full view before them, a bare-topped

the mountain and the lowest slopes were covered with grass. The Jombene Mountains are inhabited by a dense population, the Wamsara on the west side and the Waembe, an agricultural people, on the eastern side. The latter are

GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.

THE year 1893 will be memorable in the history of Arctic expeditions. Dr. Nansen, who sailed in the Fram from Christiana, June 24th, sent on the 21st of July from Berlevaag, 70 miles to the eastward of North Cape, a telegram reporting progress. This may be the last news of him for some years. He was satisfied with his ship, and all had gone well, though the ice in the White Sea was said to be in bad condition. His course lay for Yugor Strait, between Waigatz Island and the Russian coast. In the strait he would take on board 30 sledge dogs, and at the Olenetz River in Siberia 26 more. He hoped to reach by the end of August the west coast of the New Siberian Islands, and then to steer directly north till the ship became fist in the ice, with which she will drift, as he believes, to the North Pole.

MR. PEARY left Portland, Me., in the Falcon, on the 8th of July. On the 17th he wrote from Battle Harbor in Labrador a letter to the New York Sun. He hoped to write

once more from the northern coast of Labrador before the early winter cut him off from the world. His plan is to establish winter quarters on Inglefield Gulf in Northwestern Greenland, and to start in March next with eight or nine men on sledges over the inland ice to Independence Bay, discovered and named by him, July 4th, 1892. From Independence Bay one party is to go to the north as far as possible; another is to explore the coast of Greenland to the southeast as far as Cape Bismarck, beyond which the coast to the northward is now utterly unknown. From Cape Bismarck this second party will return across the inland ice to the winter quarters, and there be joined by their comrades from the north.

MR. F. G. JACKSON proposes to reach the North Pole by way of Franz Jose.'s Land. He left England in the last week of July for Nova Zembla, where he intends to pass next winter alone, exploring the island. It is much to be feared that he is doing a very rash and unnecessary thing, and that even if he returns from his desperate venture he will return practically empty-handed.

CHITRAL, an independent state at the base of the Hindoo Kush, has been visited by two Englishmen, the Hon. C. G. Bruce and Dr. Robertson. They traveled from Gilgit, a distance of 200 miles, over the Shandur Pass, more than 12,000 feet above the sea. It was bitterly cold weather, with a high wind The scenery was magnificent, and the Valley of Chitral was closed, they found, by the Tirech Mir, a two-peaked mountain, 25,000 feet in height.

plantations of sweet potatoes, yams, cassava, beans, sugar cane, and millet of two kinds.

A WORK on Deep-sea Sounding, published by Captain A. S. Barker, U. S. N., gives an account of the work done by the Enterprise, of the United States Navy, in soundings around the world, south of the equator. Two hundred and seventy-two casts were taken outside of the 100-fathom line which marks the continental limit, and most of these showed depths of between 2 and 34 miles. Between 45° and 50° S. Lat. there were 57 soundings made in the Pacific 10 gave depths of 2 to 2 miles, 21 depths between 2 and 3 miles, and 13 depths between 3 and 34 miles. Conical mountains rising from the floor of the ocean were found; one in the Atlantic west of Cape Town, with 731 fathoms of water on the top, had on each side a depth of 2,500 fathoms, and another off the South American coast, in the same ocean, with 378 fathoms on top and more than 2,000 fathoms on the sides. These submarine mountains often form the foundations of atolls in the coral seas.

for July, shows from the Old Testament and the Egyptian monuments that Mount Sinai is not in what is called the Sinaitic Peninsula. The Yam Suf of the book of Exodus is not, he affirms, the Red Sea, but the Gulf of Akaba, and he is inclined to look for Mount Sinai on the borders of Midian and Edom, among the ranges of Mount Seir and in the neighborhood of the ancient sanctuary of Kadesh-Barnea, the site of which has been found at 'Ain Qadis.

PROFESSOR A. H. SAYOE, in the Asiatic Quarterly Review

MR. LEFROY, the surveyor of the State of Perak in the Malay Peninsula, has lately made the ascent of Gunong Kerban, which he finds to be 7,127 feet in height, the greatest elevation in Perak. This mountain is in the inthe neighboring range, and flows in a general southerly diterior on the Upper Kinta River, which has its source in rection to its mouth on the Strait of Malacca. The Valley of the Kinta seems to be fertile, especially on the south Mount Kerban is a mass of gray granite for about 5,000 side of the mountains, where the slopes are long and gentle. feet, and then occurs a schistose formation, which is wearing away.

M. FOURNEREAU, who is charged with an archæological mission in Siam, has penetrated to Sukhodaya, the old capital of the Thai people. Here he found ruined temples, buried in the forests, and slabs of sandstone with carved figures and numerous inscriptions. Three days' journey from this place he came to Sangkalok, once famous for its pottery: and here M. Fournereau counted 40 old kilns. All the civilization which once flourished here

was swept away by the incursion of the barbarians from the north; a story everywhere repeated. Another ruined city was Lophaburi, founded in A.D. 600, and the residence of the Siamese kings in the season of floods. An exploration in the same great peninsula has just been concluded by M. Bonin, starting from Than-hoa, on the Gulf of Tonquin. He crossed the mountain chain which bounds the valley of the Mekong on the east, and passed through the Moi country to the source of the River Attopeu, an affluent of the Mekong. The Attopeu flows northwest, west and southwest, around the Pu-Atrat Mountains. M. Bonin describes the Mois on the Laos slope of the range as more civilized than the others, industrious cultivators of the ground and good workers in iron.

In June last Lieutenant Zalievski left St. Petersburg for

Yeniseisk, where he expected to be joined in August by

Lieutenant Dobrotvorski, in command of three steamers

laden with rails for the Trans-Siberian Railway. These steamers left Dumbarton, Scotland, July 15th, for Norway, where they were to load and then to proceed to the Yenisei River and ascend it to Yeniseisk. Icebound as they are, the great Siberian rivers can be made to help the cause of civilization.

In Africa, Sir Gilbert Carter has made an exploration in the hinterland of Lagos, to the east of Dahomey, from Abeokuta, by Iseyiu, Oyo and Ilorin, to the Niger, and back to Lagos by a route to the southeast and then westwardly. The journey lasted three months, part of the time through districts ravaged by the smallpox, but without damage to the white men of the party. The country was for the most part well populated, and the inhabitants showed a friendly disposition. In all, 57 geographical positions were determined. News from the lake region of Africa reaches the outer world at long intervals, and always in a fragmentary and dubious shape. Information concerning Emin Pasha's movements toward his old province has long been wanting, and the stories of his overthrow and death at the hands of the Arabs have found their way to the coast through so many different channels that their substantial accuracy is not to be doubted. Emin represented to the Arabs two forces equally hateful in their eyes -the Egyptian rule which he so long upheld in the Equatorial province, and the European civilization, which threatens the Arab domination in Africa at every point. He was an enemy to be dealt with, when the opportunity presented itself; and his romantic career has come to an end.

ACCORDING to reports from the Pacific whaling fleet, the season of 1892 was a remarkably open one in the Arctic Ocean. Captain McGregor, of the Orca, is said to have declared that the fleet could have passed through from the Pacific to the Atlantic if exploration had been its object, but he is also made to affirm that no vessel had ever gone north or east of Cape Bathurst; and both statements may have originated with the reporter, who is wholly responsible for the announcement that the whaler Newport had reached the latitude of 84° N. A letter from Professor Davidson, of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, says: "The captain reached only 73°, and is dreadfully annoyed that the newspaper reporter made such an erroneous statement when he had the truth before him." News at any price sometimes costs too much.

THE Antarctic Ocean, so long neglected, was visited last winter (the summer of the southern hemisphere) by the Dundee whalers Balaena and Active. A report read before the British Association gives the limits of Lat. 63° and 64° 40' S., and Long. 52o and 57° W., for the region of obser

vation, the western limit being Terre Louis Philippe and Joinville Land. The land was snow-clad, except on the steepest slopes, which were of black, apparently igneous, rocks. Sonth of Lat. 60° the sea was full of icebergs. Sixty-five great bergs and many smaller ones were seen in one day. The longest was 30 miles long, another was 10 miles, and several were between 1 mile and 4 miles in length. The highest was 250 feet above the water, and all the bergs were tabular in form. Soundings made off Danger Islets gave depths of from 70 to 300 fathoms. There were periods of fine, calm weather, alternating with severe gales, accompanied by fog and snow. The average temperature for December was 31°.14 Fahr.; that for January, 31°.10, and that for February, 29°.65. The lowest point was 209.8 Fahr., on the 17th of February, and the highest 37°.60, on 29.804 inches. Further information from the South Polar The barometer never rose above the 15th of January. region may be looked for in a few months, when the steamer Antarctic, a Norwegian vessel, returns from her whaling cruise to the south of New Zealand, in the part of the ocean where Ross attained his highest latitude in 1842.

MR. E. A. MARTEL, who has done so much exploratory work in the district of the Causses in France, has just published a full description of the subterranean river of Bramabiau. This river has many ramifications in the grotto from which it takes its name, and their total length amounts to 6,900 yards. Mr. Martel's opinion is that the caverns through which the river flows are the original fractures of the limestone formation, eroded by the water. The Grotto of Bramabiau is, in size, the third in Europe, the largest being Agtelek, in the County of Gömör, Hungary, and the second in rank the well-known Adelsberg Grotto.

A PAPER by M. A. Hautreux, in Bulletin 14-15 of the Bortigations made by him on the currents of the Bay of Bisdeaux Society of Comm. Geog., gives the results of invescay. He dropped floats made of two bottles tied to a cord 33 meters (nearly 12 feet) in length. The lower bottle was weighted so as to keep the upper empty bottle from being ficial layer of water. driven by the wind: and the two drifted with the superNo current northward along the coast was observed, and all the floats released west of France drifted toward the southeastern angle of the bay. This landward drift has been fatal to many vessels on the

north coast of Spain, and M. Hautreux's continued obser

vations will have a value for navigators.

LAKE LEOPOLD II. has been carefully studied and mapped by Mr. Mohun, United States Consul on the Congo, and M. F. de Meuse. The lake lies south of Lake Mantumba, in E. Long. 18° and between S. Lat. 2° 45', the point at which its outlet issues to join the Congo, and S. Lat. 1° 05'. It receives no important stream, and it is generally shallow, especially toward the north west, where the shore line is formed by vast marshes; and the forest comes down to the edge of the lake. All the region is inundated in the rainy season, and the water covers everything but the trees and the tops of the white-ant hills. The population of the lake basin is extremely dense, but the villages are built at a distance from the water, and the woods hide them from

sight. To the west of the lake live the Tomba; to the east, the Gundu; and these peoples are constantly at war. Their flotillas are always cruising about, landing armed men to attack the villages and carry off slaves and plunder The plantations produce the banana, the manioc, Indian corn and peanuts; but, with their endless fighting, the people make only a bare subsistence.

sleepy old German village, that Mr. Steinert's interest was aroused, and his purpose formed of making a collection that would be valuable to lovers of music. It would be difficult to find a spot more picturesque than this little hamlet, with its ancient wall surmounted by three medieval towers above the old entrances. These tow ers were occupied by three officials of the town the first by the Gansehirt, or goose herd; the second by the Kuhhirt, or cowherd; and the third by the town musician, whose function it was to furnish music for high mass on Sundays, as well as for the peasants' dances and military parades, and whose orchestra consisted of the apprentices of masons, shoemakers and tailors. It was also this musician's daily duty at noon to play upon the French horn while the reapers rested. Then at night, at the finish of their arduous labors, when the Angelus tones had died away in the soft German twilight, the notes of the mellow French horn stole softly and sweetly over the old

town.

This man's life must have been quite to his liking, for, as a rule, musicians, like other artists, decidedly dislike troubling themselves with mundane affairs, and he was spared much, perhaps, in that his salary, including free lodgings in the municipal tower, was paid him in a certain number of cords of wood, bushels of corn and barrels of flour, besides contributions from the winegrowers and the brewers. He also received from the different families, at the time of the killing of hogs, a stipulated quantity of "Metzelsup" and sansages, in return for which he annually serenaded those families on New Year's morning.

Secreted in this tower, among old bass viols, drums and trumpets, Mr. Steinert found an old clavichord, upon which he had practiced when a boy, and although made so many years ago it was still in good condition, and he promptly secured

He knew that in the Bavaria of centuries ago there flourished monasteries and convents, where recluse monks cherished the arts. The district of Scheinfeld and the city of Wurzburg were governed by Fürstbischoffes, who were both civil and religious potentates, and under whose. administration art, literature and architecture flourished. So it was but natural to suppose that music had not been neglected, and that the instruments of that period must still exist, unless destroyed during the civil wars. On account of its seclusion this little hamlet was rarely visited by curio hunters, and it seemed highly probable that a search would reveal treasures to delight the collector. In this he was not mistaken, for visits to the quaint old farmhouses, where generations had dwelt one after the other, revealed at

once many of the objects upon which he had set his heart.

In the dark garrets of these houses, up under the red-tiled roofs, he found old clavichords which had been hidden there for years in the obligato society of disused furniture, dust and spiders. Sometimes it was to the astonishment of the householder that he revealed these treasures, so long forgotten; oftentimes he was met with vigorous protests of their absolute non-existence and peremptory refusals of the privilege of search; but a glass of beer or a cigar generally obtained willing consent.

It was a veritable treasure quest, and he frequently philosophized over his dusty instruments in the garrets where light was admitted by removing a tile. Strange and poetical fancies hover over these relics, to which the makers had modestly refrained from affixing names or dates. What had caused their retirement to these shades? Whose fingers had lingered upon their ancient keys? Why had music become so lost an art where such instruments still existed to tempt the yearning, poetic soul of the Bavarian to give it expression on those tuneful strings?

He also found instruments of other sorts in the houses of the lowly mechanics, who did not know the value of them.

The instruments were shipped to America, and it is to this collection that we are indebted for much of our knowledge of the precursors of the piano. It consists of clavichords-instruments in which the tone is produced through the pressure of a brass tangent toward the string; spinets and harpsichords, whose tones are produced by quills and leather tangents plucking the string; and of the early "Hammerclavier" (pianoforte), in which the tone is produced by a hammer striking upon a string.

The clavichord and spinet resemble in form. the square piano, although spinets and virginals of the English and Italian style bear strong resemblance to a diminutive grand piano. The harpsicord resembles in shape the modern grand, but rests upon a frame.

The early musical art found its home in the Catholic Church, but it was strictly vocal, and consisted mainly of the five church tones of the diatonic order. Later on the scale was enlarged to twelve notes in its chromatic form, and instrumental music upon the organ was added, to lead the voices of the congregation. But harmony did not exist, especially in instrumental music, owing to the cumbersome construction of the organ, which required the use of one and sometimes two hands to press down the keys, which were made of wood, and in some instances were nearly