uel L. Young. The firm removed to Toledo, Ohio, in 1850, where it acquired a state reputation; Mr. Waite soon ranked second only to Allen G. Thurman, at the Ohio bar; was elected to Ohio Senate in 1849. In 1871, was selected, with Caleb Cushing and William M. Evarts, to represent the United States before the Geneva tribunal; his quiet but efficient services in this case eventually influenced President Grant to tender the position of chief justice; in 1874 he presided

over the Ohio constitutional convention. Although little known outside Ohio, and doubted by the public, when established in office, his ability and judgment as a presiding officer won general approbation and respect. High character and purity of life lent weight to his decisions. Was made LL.D. by Kenyon College in 1874, and by Ohio University in 1879. Died at Washington, March 23, 1888.

John Albion Andrew, statesman, lawyer, born in Windham, Me., May 31, 1818; died in Boston, Mass., October 30, 1867. His father was a merchant and the son received his education in the public schools and at Bowdoin College, where he graduated in 1837, and then studied law in Boston, being admitted to the bar in 1840, and taking a part in famous slave cases of Burns and Sims in 1850, he came into much renown, and detesting slavery he severed from his party (Whig), in 1848, becoming thereafter antislavery and then an ardent Republican, heading his party's delegation at Chicago in 1860, and was that year elected governor of his state by the largest majority ever given a candidate, and at once set about putting the militia of his state on a war footing, conferring with the governors of the New England states for a like purpose, and was able when President Lincoln issued his Proclamation of April 15, 1861, to dispatch troops at once, for the defense of Washington, the sixth Mass. regiment being the first to suffer the shedding of blood in the war by an attack from a mob while passing through Baltimore on its way to Washington. Governor Andrew was continued in office till 1866 and then refused further services and continued in the practice of law till his death. Because of his heroic service and intense patriotism during the civil war he is lovingly remembered by the citizens of his state as chief of those famous six "war governors," of those dark and trying years.

His

Thomas Hart Benton, statesman, born near Hillsborough, N. C., March 14, 1782, died in Washington, D. C., April 10, 1858. father, who was a lawyer, died before Thomas was seven years of age, leaving several children of whom Thomas was the eldest. He attended public school and a grammar school for a time and also studied at Chapel Hill University, but did not graduate, having removed with the family to an extensive land grant of the father's in Tennessee, at what is now Bentonville He afterward studied law and was admitted to the bar in Nashville in 1811 and then served a term in the legislature, and among

In

other reforms obtained the right of a trial by jury for slaves. In the war of 1812 he raised a regiment of volunteers and was aid-de-camp to General Andrew Jackson, their strong friendship being afterward broken by a melee with pistols and knives that darkened the future of both men. 1813, he removed to St. Louis, Mo., and published a paper, and in 1820 was elected United States senator, which office he held to 1850, when he was defeated by the ultra slavery men of his party, and to break their ascendency in the party he ran as representative to Congress in 1852 and was elected, but was defeated at the next two elections and then he devoted himself to literary pursuits, writing the "Thirty Years' View," "Abridged Debates from Foundation of the Government to 1856," and a "Review of the Dred Scott Case." He was one of the "giants" in Congress, a determined opponent of Calhoun's doctrine, a tireless worker and secured many reforms in the interest of the Great West he delighted in. Of his four daughters the second became the wife Gen. John C. Fremont.

John Caldwell Calhoun, statesman, born in Abbeville district, S. C., March 18, 1782; died in Washington, D. C., March 31, 1850. His father, Patrick, was a native of Ireland, well educated, Protestant in religion, a surveyor by profession, a captain of a company in the frontier times, and for last thirty years of his life a member of the state legislature. He died when John was thirteen years old, and the lad was fitted for college by his brother-in-law, the Rev. Dr. Waddell, and entered Yale in 1802, and after graduation studied law at Litchfield, Conn., and was admitted to the bar in 1807, and the following year was elected member of his state legislature 1808-10, and from 1811-17 was a member of Congress, and the latter year became secretary of war in Monroe's cabinet, December 16, 1817, to March, 1825. He was elected vice-president of the United States by the Congress that elected John Quincy Adams president in 1824, and was re-elected vice-president in 1828, on the ticket with President General Jackson, and resigned in 1832, being that year elected

United States senator, which position he held to March, 1843, and then was secretary of state 1844-5, in President Tyler's cabinet, and from 1845 till his death again United States senator. He was a man of unblemished character, rigid in his morals, simple and unpretending in his manners, of great intellectual force and attainments, honored and almost idolized by the people of his state, bold and fearless in spirit, and an earnest patriot and prince of political philosophers, however astray some of his views may be from the unfoldings of that Providence in history that has regard alone for righteousness. He was the great champion of that doctrine of "state sovereignty" that the civil war annihilated forever.

Lewis Cass, statesman, born in Exeter, N. H., October 9, 1782; died in Detroit, Mich., June 17, 1866. He was educated at the public school and at the academy of his native town, and when seventeen the family removed to Wilmington, where his father, who was major in the United States army, was temporarily stationed, and where Lewis taught school for a time. In 1800 his father settled near Zanesville, O., on land granted him for his services, and Lewis studied law in the office of Governor Meigs at Marietta, O., and in 1803 was admitted to the bar and began practice at Zanesville, and soon acquired a wide reputation as jurist and pleader. In 1806 he was a member of the legislature, and the next year appointed United States marshal of state by President Jefferson, retaining it till 1813. At the breaking out of the war of 1812 he was appointed colonel of the third Ohio regiment volunteers, leading the advance from Detroit into Canada, and was among those surrendered by General Hall, and being paroled, he, in great wrath, carried the first report of the surrender to the United States government. On being exchanged he was made brigadier-general, and took a brave part in the battle of the Thames, and at close of war was appointed governor of territory of Michigan, and explored five thousand miles of the Northwest, made twenty-two treaties with various Indian tribes, and created, organized, and set in motion the machinery of civilized government throughout an immense section of country. In 1831 General Jackson made him his secretary of war, and resigning during the second term because of ill health, he was sent to France as United States minister, and resigned in 1842, and was elected to United States Senate in January, 1845, and being put in nomination for president by the Democrats, he resigned his seat in 1848, but not being successful, was re-elected senator in 1849, and again re-elected in 1851, and then was appointed secretary of state by President Buchanan in 1857. During the

preliminary secession movements of 1860 he was in favor of compromise, but resigned when Buchanan refused to reinforce Major Anderson at Fort Sumter, having completed a long term of fifty-six years of public service. During the civil war he sided with the Union, and had acquired much wealth through investments in real estate.

Henry Clay, statesman, born in "the Slashes" district, Hanover county, Va., April 12, 1777, died in Washington, D. C., June 29, 1852. His father, a Baptist clergyman, died when Henry was four years old. He attended a log cabin schoolhouse, and worked on a farm in his early years. Then his mother remarried and went to Kentucky to live, and when he was fourteen he was placed as errand boy in a small retail store at Richmond, Va., and a year later got a place in the office of the clerk of the Court of Chancery, and then was copyist for Chancellor Wythe and read law, and in 1796 studied for several months in the office of the attorney general, and in 1797 was admitted to the bar and removed to Lexington, Ky., where he soon acquired great fame in the conduct of criminal cases, and had an extensive practice. Was elected to the legislature in 1803 and in 1807 and 1808, being speaker of the House in the latter year. He also filled out an unexpired term of several months in the United States Senate in 1806-7 and again one of two years in 1809 and 1810 and at the expiration of this last was elected representative to Congress and chosen speaker of the House 1811-14 and was the leader in inciting war with Great Britain. Re-elected speaker in 1813, he resigned the following January to accept the position of peace commissioner with John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, Jonathan Russell, and Albert Gallatin, and as such signed the treaty of Ghent, December 24, 1814, and declining the mission to Russia was re-elected to Congress in 1815-21 and 1823-5, and was five times elected to the chair of speaker of the House. He was a candidate for president in 1824 and on the election of John Quincy Adams by the House he was appointed secretary of state 1825-9. He was then chosen United States senator in 1831 and served until March 31, 1842, and then again was senator in 1849-52. He was candidate for president in 1832, but was defeated by Jackson, and again in 1844 and defeated by Polk. He was noted during his long public life for his great eloquence, his advocacy of what he called "The American system "of a protective tariff, his championship of the South American Republics against European control, his opposition to but vacillating course with human slavery in the South, and his spirit of compromise with that wrong.

Stephen Arnold Douglas, statesman, born in Brandon, Vt., April 23, 1813; died in Chicago, Ill., June 3, 1861. His father was a physician and died suddenly when Stephen was two months old, and the mother with her two children lived on a farm near Brandon, where he remained till fifteen, attending school during the winter months and toiling on the farm in summer. Then he set off for himself, and at Middlebury worked eighteen months at cabinetmaking and, abandoning it through ill health, studied a year at the academy at Brandon, and his mother remarrying and moving to the state of New York, he attended the academy at Canandaigua in 1832 and began the study of law, but the mother not being able to give him the long course required in that state he went west in 1833, and after vain wanderings to many places for employment he was at last stranded at Winchester, whither he went on foot, with just 37 cents in his pockets. He got work as clerk for an auctioneer, and making a good impression as writer and accountant he taught some forty pupils for three months, and studied law at night and practiced before justices of peace on Saturdays, and the following March, 1834, obtained his license and began practice at Jacksonville, Ill., and was that year elected attorney general, but resigned in December of next year, being elected to the House, where he was the youngest member and where his small size in contrast with his mental force and activity led to his being called the "Little Giant," a name that followed him through life. In 1837 he was register of land office at Springfield, and the next year the Democratic candidate for Congress, but his opponent was declared elected by a majority of five votes, albeit some fifty of his were cast out, because his name was slightly misspelled. In 1840 he was appointed state secretary, and in Feb., 1841, elected judge of the Supreme Court. In 1843-6 he was a member of Congress, and from 1847 till his death was United States Senator from Illinois; his last senatorial canvass was made memorable by his joint discussion with Abraham Lincoln on the slavery question, each being then the acknowledged leader of his party in the West. He ran for the presidency in 1860, and received a popular vote of 1,375,157, as against Mr. Lincoln's 1,866,352. He was one of the most brilliant and able men of his day, and might have been president of the United States if he had not yielded to the demands of slavery upon him at a critical hour.

John Hancock, statesman, born in Quincy Mass., January 12, 1737; died there October 8, 1793. His father was a Congregationalist clergyman and died when the son was seven years old, and he was then adopted by his

uncle Thomas, a wealthy merchant, who sent him to Harvard College, when he was thirteen and he graduated in 1754, and then was clerk in his uncle's counting house, and at his uncle's death in 1764 he succeeded to his business and inherited a large fortune. Two years later, when he was twenty-nine, he was representative to the General Assembly from Boston with James Otis, Samuel Adams, and Thomas Cushing as colleagues. After the "Boston Massacre" of March 5, 1770, he was chosen member of the committee to demand the removal of the troops from the city, and was selected to give an oration at the anniversary of that event the following year, when his fearless denunciation of the government gave great offense to the officials. In 1774 he was elected with Samuel Adams (the "Father of the American Revolution"), as a member of the Provincial Congress at Concord, Mass., and chosen its president, and the expedition to that town in April, 1775, that resulted in the battle of Lexington on the 18th, was undertaken to secure their arrest; but they escaped and on June 12 of that year General Gage issued a proclamation offering pardon to all the rebels of the colony save Samuel Adams and John Hancock, whose offenses called for "condign punishment." He was a delegate to the Continental Congress at Philadelphia from 1775 to 1780 and 1785-86, and was its president from May, 1775 to October, 1777, and the "Declaration of American Independence" it issued bore at first only his signature as president. Was major-general of the Massachusetts militia in 1776, and a member of the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention in 1780, and governor from that year to 1785 and then from 1787 was re-elected till his death. He was a learned man for his time, and intensely patriotic and liberty-loving, and, though the largest property owner of his city, publicly said, "Burn Boston, and make John Hancock a beggar if the public good requires it." His only son dying in youth, he gave his fortune to benevolent causes, including large gifts to Harvard College, who honored him with the title of LL.D.

Patrick Henry, statesman, born in Studley, Hanover county, Va., May 29, 1736; died in Red Hill, Charlotte county, Va., June 6, 1799. His father was a Scotchman of excellent education, and his mother a devoted Christian woman of Welsh origin. He attended a small country school till ten, and then was taught the classics by his father and an uncle who was a clergyman, and at fifteen became clerk in a country store for a year, and then the father set up an older brother and himself in such a store, but they were not successful. When eighteen he married Mary Shelton, daughter of a small farmer and tavern keeper, and their parents established them on a near-by farm

to get their living, but after two years they failed of success, and selling his half dozen slaves and farm effects he invested in another country store and when twentythree was again bankrupt, and then set about studying law, and when he applied for admission to the bar in 1760, the majority of the four' examiners signed his license with great reluctance and after much entreaty and promise of future study and reading. And so the greatest orator of his time entered on his career. Three years later he distinguished himself by his plea in what was known as the "Parsons Cause," carrying his case with the jury by his eloquence, against law and equity, and then his practice grew immensely. In 1765, he was a member of the Virginia legislature, where his great speech (afterward sown with his seven resolutions broadcast through the colonies) was as General Gates declared "the signal for a general outcry over the continent," and he was thereafter one of the foremost of the country's statesmen, and a member of his state's legislature, till 1774, and then a member of the Continental Congress at Philadelphia, and the following March 23, 1775, made before his state convention that great speech of his life, ending with, "I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death." He was delegate to the Second Continental Congress, but left it in July, 1775, to become colonel of First Virginia regiment and commander of the forces of the province, resigning in February, 1776, and then was a delegate to the Virginia Convention again, and on the adoption of the state constitution on June 29 of that year, he was at once elected its first governor, and re-elected 1777, and 1778, and 1784, and 1785, and declining further service resumed the practice of law. President Washington tendered him the position of secretary of st... and of chief justice of the Supreme Court, nd President Adams that of minister to France, which he refused. He was one of the greatest and best of the great men of his day.

Thomas Brackett Reed, statesman, born in Portland, Me., October 18, 1839. He was educated in the schools of his native city, and at Bowdoin College, where he graduated in 1860, with honors. He then spent some three years in teaching, meanwhile studying law; and during the closing of the war, 1864-5, served as paymaster on a "tin clad," patrolling the Cumberland, Tennessee, and Mississippi rivers, and, on his discharge in 1865, resumed the study of law and was admitted to the bar, and in 1868 elected to the legislature, and re-elected the next year, and in 1870 elected state senator, and was then made attorney general, retiring

from that office in 1873. He was then for four years solicitor for the city of Portland, and in 1876 was elected representative to Congress, and has since been continuously re-elected, and has gained much renown by his skill as a debater and parliamentarian, and is now the acknowledged leader of the Republican party in the House, and was elected speaker of the Fifty-first Congress, where his famous counting of a quorum gained him much éclat. Mr. Reed has also made some notable contributions to the current reviews, and is prominently mentioned as a candidate of his party for the presidency.

a

Alexander Hamilton Stephens, statesman, born near Crawfordsville, Ga., February 11, 1812; died in Atlanta, Ga., March 4, 1883. His father died when he was fifteen years old. He was very poor and feeble and sickly, and was given an education first by a gentleman of means in a school taught by the Rev. Alexander Hamilton Webster, and then by the Southern Presbyterian Educational Society, graduating from Franklin College (now Georgia State University) in 1832 with the highest honors, and he then taught school and refunded the expense of his education. He then studied law for two months, and July 22, 1834, passed a perfect examination and was admitted to the bar, and made $400 his first year of practice and lived on $6 a month, and soon had a large practice and afterward was able to buy back his father's old homestead. He was member of the state legislature from 183641, and a state senator in 1842, and the next year was elected representative to Congress, where he remained till 1859, when he refused a re-election. In 1860 he made a great Union speech, and in 1861 voted against the secession of his state from the Union, and that year accepted the vicepresidency of the Confederacy, declaring slavery to be its chief corner-stone. At the downfall of the Confederacy he was confined for five months in Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, being released in October, 1865, on his parole. He was elected United States senator the next year, but not allowed to take his seat, and was elected representative to Congress from 1875–82, resigning in the latter year to become governor of Georgia, in which office he died, having for forty-five years held a foremost place in his state and nation, spite of his self-contradic-' tions of conduct with speech before and during the civil war. He was noted among his acquaintances for his unswerving integrity, great resoluteness of spirit, and enlarged benevolence, he having educated at his expense more than a hundred young men, some of whom are now distinguished citizens of the country.