indicat ipsius historia scripta Graece, iocantem dixisse Carneadi: 'ego tibi, Carneade, praetor esse non uideor [quia sapiens non 15 sum] nec haec urbs nec in ea ciuitas'. Tum ille: 'huic Stoico non uideris'. Aristoteles aut Xenocrates, quos Antiochus sequi uolebat, non dubitauisset quin et praetor ille esset et Roma urbs et eam ciuitas incoleret. Sed ille noster est plane, ut supra dixi, Stoicus, perpauca balbutiens. Vos autem mihi uerenti ne 138 20 labar ad opinionem et aliquid asciscam et comprobem incognitum, quod mimine uoltis, quid consili datis? Testatur saepe Chrysippus tris solas esse sententias, quae defendi possint, de finibus bonorum: circumcidit et amputat multitudinem; aut enim honestatem esse finem aut uoluptatem aut utrumque; nam 20 opinionem : 22 tris: codd. plerique; tis B; ty A de finibus: definitis codd. exc. B tius; qui ueremini Harl. (sed qui in ras.) ut coni. Bentl. who thinks this is no city', i.e. because 15. ciuitas: burgess-body'. huic Stoico: our friend the Stoic'.The word Stoico seems emphatic and suitable. 16. sequi uolebat: made out that he followed'. For this idiomatic sense of uelle cf. Madv. on Fin. 5, 13 and on 2, 102. 18. noster: our friend', as in § 143; cf. § 113. There is no need to read uester, with Davies. 19. Stoicus cf. fragm. 31. balbutiens: eigwr: cf. Diu. 1, 5; Tusc. 5, 75. mihi uerenti: the construction uereri, timere alicui' to fear for some one' seems not to be Ciceronian, though found in Caesar. 20. labar § 59 n.; § 114 n. asciscam et comprobem: cf. Fin. 1, 23 sciscat et probet; 3, 70 adscisci aut probari. 21. quod min. u.: § 18 quo minime uolt. 22. Chrysippus: the same enumeration of possible systems is quoted in Fin. 2, 39-43 Carneades proceeded on a very similar plan in the Carneadia diuisio' of the possible views concerning the summum bonum, which was adopted by Antiochus, and is often quoted by Cic. See Madvig's IVth Excursus to his De Fin., also an elaborate discussion in Hoyer, de Ant. Ascal. Bonn. 1883 pp. 1 sq. (who however fails to compare the diuisio of Chrysippus). That the classification of Chrysippus rather than that of Carneades is used here suits very well the polemic in the context. tris solas: solus is common with numerals in Cic. de finibus: i.e. 'from among possible views of the finis': de as in 1, 4 si qui de nostris. Possibly Cic. wrote fine and the unintelligible tis or tiis which the archetype had for tris in the line above got attached to the word. See cr. n. 23. circumcidit et amputat: these two verbs go together thus in Fin. 1, 44 and 5, 39; De Or. 1, 65; Tusc. 4, 57; cf. too Gell. 7 (6) 5, 8 decisis amputatisque falsis opinionibus. [In Fin. 3, 31 circumscriptis eis sententiis etc. (a passage of like purport with ours) we should probably read circumcisis; circumscriptis could only mean confined in a narrow space', while the context requires the sense 'lopped away'. In Plin. pan. 51 reicere et amputare, the true reading is no doubt recidere et a.] 24. utrumque: a combination of the two '; cf. § 132. qui summum bonum dicant id esse, si uacemus omni molestia, eos inuidiosum nomen uoluptatis fugere, sed in uicinitate uersari, quod facere eos etiam, qui illud idem cum honestate coniungerent, nec multo secus eos, qui ad honestatem prima naturae commoda adiungerent: ita tris relinquit sententias, quas putet 5 139 probabiliter posse defendi. Sit sane ita-quamquam a Polemonis et Peripateticorum et Antiochi finibus non facile diuellor, nec quicquam habeo adhuc probabilius-uerum tamen uideo quam suauiter uoluptas sensibus nostris blandiatur. Labor eo ut adsentiar Epicuro aut Aristippo. Reuocat uirtus uel potius 10 reprehendit manu: pecudum illos motus esse dicit, hominem iungit deo. Possum esse medius, ut, quoniam Aristippus, quasi animum nullum habeamus, corpus solum tuetur, Zeno, quasi corporis simus expertes, animum solum complectitur, ut Calliphon 5 tris U. Goer. relinquit: codd. et H Bait. M (reliquit Cant.); relinqui putet: putat H Bait. M, ut est in B pr. m. et in Cant. U; cf. § 142. 9 labor eo: laboro codd., exc. B1G labore; corr. Gruter. 14 ut Call. ut delet I. id esse si: cf. § 18 ita...si, with n. uacemus molestia: cf. § 131. 3. quod facere: n. on I, 41. cum honestate: Callipho §§ 131, 139. 4. prima naturae commoda: n. on 1,23. 6. sit sane ita: so Brut. 279; more commonly sit ita sane, as in Leg. 1, 2 where the phrase is followed by uerum tamen as here. 7. finibus: here fine bonorum et fine malorum; see § 114 n. 8. adhuc of course purely temporal, not with probabilius, after the fashion of the silver writers. 9. labor: nn. on $$ 59, 114; also Hor. ep. 1, 1, 18 nunc in Aristippi furtim praecepta relabor. II. reprehendit manu: cf. Q. Rosc. 48 ueritas ipsa mihi manum iniecit; Sen. ben. 6, 16, 7 ingenium latens et pigrum iniecta, ut ita dicam, manu extraxit; ib. 6, 42, I quasi manu prendere uerentis; Cic. Fin. 5, 6 rapior illuc, reuocat Antiochus. Munr. on Lucr. 6, 569. pecudum the supporters of pleasure were freely called in ancient times pigs, sheep, oxen, worms, fleas, etc. A great collection of abusive passages will be found in Hoyer's pamphlet, De Ant. Ascal. p. 46. Cf. 1 § 6. 12. medius: neutral'; a very fa vourite use in Livy, as 2, 27, 3 medium se gerere. Aristippus...Zeno: in the De Finibus it is repeatedly urged that a true view of the finis must take account of both mind and body; see esp. 4 §§ 17, 25 sq. 14. ut Call.: the ut is repeated for the 16. probare: § 131 n. was thought' (cf. n. on I § 22); probably by Metrodorus and Philo; see § 78. Cf. Rep. 3, 9 Carneades saepe optumas caussas ingeni calumnia ludificari solet. For the latitude in argument of Carneades, cf. Tusc. 5, 83; and see Hirzel, Unters. III pp, 193, 4. 18. 19. sed: see n. on 1, 41. ueritas: the confusion of ueritas and seueritas is common in MSS; so Verr. 15 tem sequar, cuius quidem sententiam Carneades ita studiose defensitabat, ut eam probare etiam uideretur (quamquam Clitomachus adfirmabat numquam se intellegere potuisse quid Carneadi probaretur) sed, si istum finem uelim sequi, nonne ipsa ueritas et grauis et recta ratio mihi obuersetur? Tune, cum 20 honestas in uoluptate contemnenda consistat, honestatem cum uoluptate tamquam hominem cum belua copulabis? XLVI. 140 Vnum igitur par quod depugnet relicum est, uoluptas cum honestate. De quo Chrysippo fuit, quantum ego sentio, non magna contentio. Alteram si sequare, multa ruunt et maxime 25 communitas cum hominum genere, caritas amicitia iustitia, reliquae uirtutes, quarum esse nulla potest, nisi erit gratuita. Nam quae uoluptate quasi mercede aliqua ad officium impellitur, Lamb.; incl. Bait. 18 istum f.: coni. H, scr. Bait. M; ipsum f. codd. (ipsum G). 19 ueritas: Cant.; seueritas cett. exc. G (uoluntas). obuersetur: aduersetur Lamb. H Bait. M. tune: ita scripsi; tum codd.; tu edd. (tun Guilelmus et Bait.). Act. 1, 3; 3, 162; Leg. 1, 4. Cf. Fin. 4, 55 ipsa ueritas clamabit (in re simili); Q. Rosc. 48 (qu. above). obuersetur: the text is quite right: cf. Tusc. 2, 52 obuersentur honestae species uiro; Sest. 7. tune...copulabis: truth is supposed to address Cic.; cf. § 34 conuicio ueritatis. For the form cf. § 61 n. Tun, men and the like are probably not Ciceronian. 20. consistat takes her stand '; to render by the Eng. phrase consist in ' would be an error; cf. Phil. 1, 18 Pompei consulatus... constitit in legibus, and above 1, 42. 21. hominem cum belua copulabis : so Off. 3, 119 (of Callipho and Dinomachus, who held the same view) Cic. uses 'hominem cum belua copulare'. This finis suggests Scylla to Seneca (ep. 92, 6). Hoyer, Ant. Asc. p. 43, qu. Aug. contra Iul. Pelag. 5, 50 placet tibi secta Dinomachi honestatem uoluptatemque coniungens, quod philosophi quoque huius mundi qui honestiores uidebantur, Scyllaeum bonum esse dixerunt, ex humana scilicet natura belluinaque compactum. For copulare cf. Sen. dial. 7, 6, 3 sq. negant posse uoluptatem a uirtute deduci... non uideo quomodo ista tam diuersa in eandem copulam coniciantur. The contrast between the whole phrase and hominem iungit deo above, should be noticed. 22. uoluptas cum honestate: these words are explanatory of par, so that cum does not depend on depugnet; cf. Hor. s. 1, 7, 19 Rupili et Persi par pugnat uti non compositum melius (sc. par) cum Bitho Bacchius. 23. Chrysippo: so Fin. 2, 44 Chr. totum discrimen summi boni in earum (uirtutis et uoluptatis) comparatione positum putat. 24. magna contentio: so Fin. 3, 41 cf. Fat. 12 and § 129 n. on maior dissensio. si sequare...ruunt: for this form of the conditional sentence cf. Draeger 112 p. 718 sq., where numerous exx. will be found; also above, I §§ 7, 10; 2 §§ 20, 23, 43. 25. communitas: a rendering of KOLνωνία. 26. reliquae n. on § 73. quarum esse etc.: similar language in Fin. 3, 70. nulla potest nisi erit: Madv. on Fin. 3,70 in hac coniunctione-hoc fieri non potest nisi fere semper coniunctiuus subicitur praesentis; futuri et perfecti indicatiuus ponitur'. gratuita disinterested'; so Fin. 2, 99 g. probitas, and often. 27. quae: by attraction for quod; see § 30 n. ea non est uirtus, sed fallax imitatio simulatioque uirtutis. Audi contra illos qui nomen honestatis a se ne intellegi quidem dicant, nisi forte, quod gloriosum sit in uolgus, id honestum uelimus dicere: fontem omnium bonorum in corpore esse, hanc normam, hanc regulam, hanc praescriptionem esse naturae, a qua qui 5 aberrauisset, eum numquam quid in uita sequeretur habiturum. 141 Nihil igitur me putatis, haec et alia innumerabilia cum audiam, moueri? Tam moueor quam tu, Luculle, neque me minus hominem quam te putaueris. Tantum interest, quod tu, cum es commotus, adquiescis adsentiris approbas, uerum illud certum 10 comprehensum perceptum ratum firmum fixum uis esse, deque eo nulla ratione neque pelli neque moueri potes: ego nihil eius modi esse arbitror, cui si adsensus sim, non adsentiar saepe falso, quoniam uera a falsis nullo discrimine separantur, praesertim cum iudicia ista dialecticae nulla sint. II uis 7 putatis: putabis Man.; putas Goer. 10 adquiescis: ad. q. escis A (cum i sup. q), ascriscis B'; adquiescis BE4; acquiescis U; asciscis G; assisscis Cant. esse: ita scripsi; fuisse uis codd. plerique; M; om. uis ; fixum esse uis Durand. 2. honestatis appositional or definitive genitive; above § 71 honesti inane nomen; also 1 §§ 6, 19. ne intellegi quidem: 1,6 n. 3. quod gloriosum sit in u. a hit at Epicurus; see the very similar language quoted directly from him in Fin. 2, 48 and Tusc. 5, 73; also Tusc. 3, 42. gloriosum in uolgus: in uolgus in 4. hanc § 30 n. 5. praescriptionem: 1, 23 cr. n. 6. aberrauisset: plup. in spite of praescriptionem esse before, because that phrase implies a perfect (hoc a natura praescriptum esse). See the interesting remarks and illustrations in Lieven, Consec. Temp. p. 18 sq. 7. putatis: although audi precedes, and tu follows. For similar changes see S$ 32, 79, 101. om. fuisse G, quem secuti sunt H Bait. 14 falso: Cant.; false cett. (falsae B). 9. cum es: § 57 n. 10. adquiescis: Cic. would hardly have put asciscis at the beginning of the enumeration without an object (aliquid). Asciscere implies active partisanship (cf. Lucr. 5, 87 and 473), acquiescere only passive assent. II. ratum fixum: cf. 27 n. and fragm. 17 n., and, for the string of synonyms, § 23 n. uis esse: fuisse in the MSS seems a corruption of uis esse, make it out to be ': cf. § 137 sequi uolebat; N. D. 3, 64. nihil eius modi: cf. § 113. 12. 14. falso: substantive, like incognito in § 133. 15. iudicia: Kpiтnpia, as in the next §; see n. on 1, 30. 16. uenio iam: Dialectic was already treated in §§ 91-98, but merely to shew that the boasted rules of the Stoics led to no certitude; here it is considered with a view to the choice of the supposed sapiens, as was Ethics in §§ 129-141 and Physics in §§ 116-128. Sextus also in A. M. 7, 48 sq. gives a list of conflicting schools. 17. Protagorae etc.: the words we have here are not Protagoras' own, but a generally current explanation of his principle · πάντων χρημάτων μέτρον εἶναι ἄνθρωπον 15 Venio enim iam ad tertiam partem philosophiae. Aliud iu- 142 dicium Protagorae est, qui putet id cuique uerum esse, quod cuique uideatur: aliud Cyrenaicorum, qui praeter permotiones intimas nihil putant esse iudici: aliud Epicuri, qui omne iudicium 20 in sensibus et in rerum notitiis et in uoluptate constituit. Plato autem omne iudicium ueritatis ueritatemque ipsam abductam ab opinionibus et a sensibus cogitationis ipsius et mentis esse uoluit. Num quid horum probat noster Antiochus? Ille uero 143 ne maiorum quidem suorum. Vbi enim aut Xenocraten se25 quitur, cuius libri sunt de ratione loquendi multi et multum probati, aut ipsum Aristotelen, quo profecto nihil est acutius, nihil politius? A Chrysippo pedem nusquam. XLVII. Quid ergo Academici appellamur? An abutimur gloria nominis? 17 putet: codd.; putat B2 et edd.; cf. § 138. 22 cogitationis: codd. non nulli cognitionis; uid. adn. 23 noster Ant.: uester A. Dau.; cf. § 137. Dau. e marg. cod. Regii; numquam codd. et edd. plerique; uid. adn. qui codd.; corr. Manut. so largely discussed in Plato's Theaetetus. See Zeller 14 p. 982. qui putet: but putant after; similar changes in §§ 102, 115. There seems no reason why Cic. should not use the causal clause in the one case and the descriptive relative clause in the other. Such slight changes in thought are natural. Wopkens, Lect. Tull. p. 108, ed. Hand discusses similar changes of mood. 18. Cyrenaicorum: n. on § 76. For the word intimas cf. tactus intimus in § 76 and t. interior in § 20. 20. in sensibus: see § 79 n. This statement of the кpiтnpior of Epic. agrees closely with that in Diog. 10, 31 Tàs aloθήσεις καὶ τὰς προλήψεις καὶ τὰ πάθη (pleasure and pain). For details see Zeller III, p. 386 ed. 3 or E. Tr. p. 401 n. rerum notitiis: see n. on § 30; Zeller E. Tr. p. 403. 22. cogit. ipsius: merely of thought'. It is surprising to find no reference to the lôéal here; see p. 54. The confusion between cogitatio and cognitio in MSS is common. See Wesenb. Em. to Tusc. III p. 17; Madv. on Fin. 3, 21. Cogitationis is better here, because mind is contrasted with sense above. 23. num quid horum: cf. n. on 1, 13 ea Philonis. 24. ne maiorum q.: for maiorum see 27 nusquam : § So n.; and for the ellipse cf. § 82 qui 25. ratione loquendi: here a render- 27. pedem nusquam: cf. § 58 transuersum digitum, with n.; Ter. Ad. 227 pedem nusquam; Att. 7, 3, 11 mihi certum est ab honestissima sententia digitum nusquam; Fam. 10, 31, 6 nullum uestigium abs te discessurus sum; Plaut. Asin. 596. And for the ellipse Att. 5, 20, 6 interea e Cappadocia ne pilum quidem; also above, §§ 13, 71; Draeger § 116. The passages quoted shew that in the proverb pedem nusquam is usual; Deiot. 42 where numquam begins the clause and pedem discessisse follows at an interval, is hardly parallel to our passage. 28. appellamur: i.e. Old and New Academics alike. Hirzel III 304 strangely argues that Cic. must have taken this judgment about Ant. from a book by Philo. Surely it was a matter of notoriety. gloria nominis: = glorioso nomine; abuti KaTaxphobai as so often in rhetorical works, to make a wrong use of a term. Cf. Fin. 1, 61 honestum, non tam |