quaerere ex eo uiderenturne illa Philonis aut ea num uel e Philone uel ex ullo Academico audiuisset aliquando? Negabat. Philonis tamen scriptum agnoscebat; nec id quidem dubitari poterat; nam aderant mei familiares, docti homines, P. et C. Selii et Tetrilius Rogus, qui se illa audiuisse Romae de Philone et ab 5 12 eo ipso illos duos libros dicerent descripsisse. Tum et illa dixit Antiochus, quae heri Catulus commemorauit a patre suo dicta Philoni, et alia plura, nec se tenuit quin contra suum doctorem librum etiam ederet, qui Sosus inscribitur. Tum igitur et cum Heraclitum studiose audirem contra Antiochum disserentem et 10 item Antiochum contra Academicos, dedi Antiocho operam diligentius, ut caussam ex eo totam cognoscerem. Itaque compluris dies adhibito Heraclito doctisque compluribus et in eis 5 Tetrilius Rogus: Tertullus Rhodius ed. Heruagiana;

4 homines: omnes codd. Raecilius Guilelmus; Rocus Ursinus; Tretilius Harl. A2V2y Harl.; uid. adn. ad 1 § 17.

is just possible that id has fallen out before umquam.

I. quaerere : exx. of the historical infinitive from Cic. are collected in Draeger 13 § 154.

uiderenturne: for uiderentur see n. on § 146; for ne, where the answer 'no' is expected, my n. on Cato m. 56; also below $75. The instance here is peculiar, as num follows in the next clause. For the omission of esse see my n. on Cato

m. 22.

illa...ea: n. on 1, 1 and § 29 below.
Philonis: sc. esse.

e Philone audiuisset: but below, audi-
uisse de Philone. Cic. uses ex, de, ab,
after audire (with the sense of 'from ')
the first being commonest, de and ab
being of about equally frequent occur-
rence, according to my observations,
though Madvig on Fin. 1, 39 seems to
imply that de is found a good deal oftener
than ab. Some exx. of de and ex are
collected in Draeger 1a, § 286, 2.
Cf. n.
on 1, 8 a fontibus.

2. Academico: the word is here confined to the sense of New Academic'.

3. Philonis...agnoscebat: 'he recognised it as a work of Philo'.

nec...quidem: this is of course not a genuine case of nec...quidem with the sense of ne...quidem, but possibly even here, as in so many other places where MSS give nec for ne with following quidem, ne should be read; cf. n. on 1, 7.

6 duos: duo codd. exc.

9 et cum: cum et M post Goerenzium.

4.

sage.

Selii: known only from this pas[MS Harl. has Gellii.]

5. Tetrilius Rogus: the soundness of the text here is doubtful. Rogus (an illomened name) occurs nowhere else, but Rocus is found (as Ursinus pointed out) on denarii of the gens Crepercia. If Cic. wrote 'Crepereius Rocus', the changes to 'Tetrilius Rogus' would not seem strange or improbable to any one acquainted with the tricks which even the best Ciceronian MSS play with proper names.

ab eo...descripsisse: had copied from Philo's own manuscript'. Cf. Att. 13, 21, 4 scripsit Balbus ad me, se a te quintum de finibus librum descripsisse; Hor. sat. 2, 3, 33 si quid Stertinius ueri crepat, unde ego mira Descripsi praecepta haec; Liu. 1, 32, 5.

7. heri: for this indication of the contents of the lost 'Catulus', see Introd. P. 58.

dicta Philoni: these words do not necessarily imply a personal interview between Ph. and Catulus the elder: the dat. may only mean 'in reference to Ph.'; cf. Phaedrus 1, 7, 3 hoc illis dictum est, 'this fable is à propos of those persons'. Cf. Introd. pp. 42, 60. Philoni may be a gloss. What these dicta were is plain from § 18, where see nn.

9. Sosus: Chappuis quotes Stephanus of Byzantium to show that Sosus, like Antiochus, was a native of Ascalon, and was accounted a Stoic. Chappuis thinks

Antiochi fratre Aristo, et praeterea Aristone et Dione, quibus 15 ille secundum fratrem plurimum tribuebat, multum temporis in ista una disputatione consumpsimus. Sed ea pars, quae contra Philonem erat, praetermittenda est; minus enim acer est aduersarius is, qui ista, quae sunt heri defensa, negat Academicos omnino dicere; etsi enim mentitur, tamen est aduersarius lenior. 20 Ad Arcesilan Carneadenque ueniamus'.

V. Quae cum dixisset, sic rursus exorsus est: 'primum mihi 13 uidemini-me autem nomine appellabat-cum ueteres physicos nominatis, facere idem, quod seditiosi ciues solent, cum aliquos ex antiquis claros uiros proferunt, quos dicant fuisse popularis, ut 25 eorum ipsi similes esse uideantur. Repetunt enim a P. Valerio, qui exactis regibus primo anno consul fuit, commemorant re

19 lenior leuius Cant.; leniorum ; leuior Harl. 25 enim a: ita scripsi; iam codd. exc. Cant. (iam a); iam a uel ii a edd.

that Sosus was a deserter from the Academic to the Stoic camp.

inscribitur: the present tense here has reference to the multiplication of copies; whenever a copy of the work is made the title 'Sosus' is attached. Inscriptus est would have meant that the name Sosus' was given to the book, once for all, by its author. The perfect might have been expected here in view of tenuit preceding; but the present is everywhere commoner than the perfect; see Cato m. §§ 13 and 59; Tusc. 1, 57; Off. 2, §§ 31 and 87; Brut. 205; Suet. Ner. 11; Tac. Or. 21 and 38. For the perfect see Diu. 2, 1; Or. 2, 61; Att. 8, 5, 2.

et cum: for cum et (cf. et item etc. below); a not uncommon transposition. It is in fact here an example of what grammarians call coniunctio (see n. on 1, 9). Cf. also Madv. on Fin. 2, 15; and n. on § 69, below.

10. et item: cf. n. above, I § 5.

12. compluris...compluribus: the repetition is one of the many signs of haste which this treatise betrays.

14. Aristo: for Aristus see n. on 1, 12 above.

Aristone this Aristo was a Peripatetic of Alexandria; see Diog. Laert. 7, 164. Possibly the mistake of Plutarch, Brut. 2 (see n. on 1, 12) in substituting Aristo for Aristus was due to a reminiscence of our passage.

Dione: Dio belonged to Alexandria, and is stated to have been an Academic.

physicos: cf. § 55. The attack of Lucullus is answered by Cicero in §§ 72 -76. The two passages should be carefully compared.

23. nominatis: the word is contemptuously used, as will be seen from the reply in § 75 non nominare modo illustris homines sed imitari.

24. proferunt: 'quote'; so used in S$ 14, 53.

quos dicant: note the force of the subjunctive; 'intending to represent them'. popularis : δημοτικούς.

26. exactis...anno: the juxtaposition of the ablative absolute and the ablative of

liquos, qui leges popularis de prouocationibus tulerint, cum consules essent; tum ad hos notiores, C. Flaminium, qui legem agrariam aliquot annis ante secundum Punicum bellum tribunus plebis tulerit inuito senatu et postea bis consul factus sit, L. Cassium, Q. Pompeium; illi quidem etiam P. Africanum 5 referre in eundem numerum solent. Duos uero sapientissimos et clarissimos fratres, P. Crassum et P. Scaeuolam, aiunt Ti. Graccho auctores legum fuisse, alterum quidem, ut uidemus, palam, alterum, ut suspicantur, obscurius. Addunt etiam C. Marium; et de hoc quidem nihil mentiuntur. Horum nomi- 10 Harl. 8 ut uidemus...ut suspi

3 annis: annos E. 6 duos: A2BV Cant. cantur: deleuit Gruterus, incluserunt Bait. H.

time, without any connecting link, is worthy of notice. The abl. abs. is a separate independent clause which takes the place of words depending on primo anno, such as post exactos reges or ab exactis regibus.

I. prouocationibus: 'different kinds of appeal'; cf. Rep. 1, 62 prouocationes

omnium rerum.

tulerint...essent: cf. Lieven p. 49.

2. tum ad hos: ellipse of perueniunt (cf. § 42) or ueniunt (cf. § 144). Verbs of motion are often omitted thus; see n. on § 143 a Chrysippo pedem nusquam, and cf. § 71 nunc ad ea (sc. ueniamus), also n. on 1, 2 Roma.

4. inuito senatu: the agrarian law of Flaminius (for which see my n. on Cato m. § 1) was the first statute after the Hortensian law of 287 B.C. which passed in spite of the opposition of the senate.

5. L. Cassium: the author of a ballot-act (Leg. 3, 35); the judge whose court was called scopulus reorum; the propounder of the question 'cui bono?'

Q. Pompeium: the man who made the disgraceful treaty with the Numantines, which was repudiated by Rome in 139 B.C.

P. Africanum: the younger. Cf. Leg. 3, 37 Cassiae legis culpam Scipio sustinet, quo auctore lata esse dicitur.

12 similiter: simile codd. exc. Y.

held the office of pontifex, and was consul in the year when Gracchus was murdered (Att. 1, 19, 4; Verr. 4, 108). Cic. accuses him of half-heartedness concerning the legislation of Gracchus (Tusc. 4, 51; Dom. 91; cf. Val. Max. 3, 2, 17), and Plutarch charges him with secretly instigating Gracchus (Ti. Gracch. 9). Scaeuola presided at the comitia when Gracchus sought the tribuneship for the second time (Plut. c. 18). He refused to sanction the irregular attack made on Gracchus and his followers by Nasica. After the murder he, like many others, turned round, and praised the chief murderer, though personally at enmity with him (De Or. 2, 285). Still he opposed the reactionary measures advocated by Scipio (Rep. 1,31).

8. auctores legum: the same phrase in Liu. 6, 36, 7.

ut uidemus: many scholars have thought that the statement about Marius below proves Lucullus to have held that the demagogues lie about all excepting Marius. But the inference is not necessary. All the words addunt...mentiuntur imply is that whatever may be the truth of the demagogic statements about others, the statement about Marius is true; but the possible truth of some of the other statements is not excluded. Indeed in § 72 all these statesmen are called 'claros uiros, sed popularis'. Part at least of the difficulty here has arisen from a misunderstanding of the words ut uidemus. They form a very common abbreviation for ut scriptum uidemus, as we find recorded in history'. See n. on § 129 ut scriptum uideo. A similar concession.. about the philosopher Empedocles is made below.

nibus tot uirorum atque tantorum expositis eorum se institutum sequi dicunt. Similiter uos, cum perturbare, ut illi rem pub-14 licam, sic uos philosophiam bene iam constitutam uelitis, Empedoclen, Anaxagoran, Democritum, Parmeniden, Xenophanen, 15 Platonem etiam et Socraten profertis. Sed neque Saturninus, ut nostrum inimicum potissimum nominem, simile quicquam habuit ueterum illorum nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti uerecundia. Et tamen isti physici raro admodum, cum haerent aliquo loco, exclamant quasi mente incitati,

14 Xenophanen: xenoplatonem C; zenofontem platonem Cant. 4. 17 ueterum: uestrum .

Empedocles quidem, ut interdum mihi furere uideatur, abstrusa esse omnia, nihil nos sentire, nihil cernere, nihil omnino quale sit posse reperire; maiorem autem partem, mihi quidem omnes, isti uidentur nimis etiam quaedam adfirmare plusque profiteri se 15 scire quam sciant. Quod si illi tum in nouis rebus quasi modo 5 nascentes haesitauerunt, nihilne tot saeculis, summis ingeniis, maximis studiis explicatum putamus? Nonne, cum iam philosophorum disciplinae grauissimae constitissent, tum exortus est ut in optima re publica Ti. Gracchus qui otium perturbaret, sic Arcesilas qui constitutam philosophiam euerteret et in eorum 10 auctoritate delitisceret, qui negauissent quicquam sciri aut per

3 maiorem...partem: maiore

I quidem ut...uideatur: quidem uidetur Cant. parte Cant. 4 se scire: om. se Vy Harl. 5 quasi modo nascentes: spuria haec iudicauit P. Ciacconus. 8 tum exortus est ut in: edd. post Gruterum; tum exorsus est in C; t. ut exortus e. i. Cant. ; t. ut exorsus e. i. V24 Harl.

1. Empedocles...uideatur: the genuineness of these words (often doubted) is amply guaranteed by the criticism they receive in § 74. Compare what Lucretius says of Empedocles (1, 731) carmina quin etiam diuini pectoris eius uociferantur.' In Lael. 24 the word uaticinari is used of him.

2. cernere probably refers to the mind, as sentire to the senses; though the contention of Goerenz on Leg. 2, 26 that cernere could not be used of the senses is quite wrong.

quale sit in its real essence'.

3. maiorem partem etc.: most of them are held [by men in general], while I hold all of them to be even too dogmatic on some points, etc.

4. plus quam...sciant: for sciant, not sciunt, cf. n. on § 23 potius quam...pro

dat.

5. quasi modo nascentes: as several scholars have doubted the genuineness of these words, I give the following passages: Tusc. 2, 5 ut oratorum laus senescat, philosophia nascatur; Sen. ep. 95, 14 fuit uetus illa sapientia tum maxime nascens rudis ; N. Q. 7, 32, 1 philosophia adhuc nascitur; Quint. 10, 1, 16 noua illa uelut nascentia; Cic. Or. 39 λoyodaidáλous, quorum satis arguta multa, sed ut modo primumque nascentia. Nascens is often used with the sense not of 'newlyborn', but of 'immature', or 'rising'; cf. Brut. 27 where nascentes Athenae is opposed to adultae; see also Fam. 1, 7, 8; Plin. ep. 6, 6, 6; ib. 8, 4, 7; ib. 9, 4, 2 quasi incipientia; Petron. sat. §

9 per

4 (ed. Büch.) eloquentiam induunt pueris adhuc nascentibus. Similar expressions occur in Greek, as Ael. uar. h. 8, 8 τη τέχνην τὴν γραφικὴν ὑποφυομένην ἔτι : ib. 10, το ή γραφικὴ ἢν τρόπον τινὰ ἐν γαλαξὶ Kai σmapɣávois. [Vell. 2, 99, 1 has 'orientium iuuenum', meaning, exactly, 'rising young men'.] A passage very similar to ours is Arist. Met. 1, το ψέλλιζομένῃ γὰρ ἔοικεν ἡ πρώτη φιλοσοφία περὶ πάντων, ἅτε νέα τε καὶ κατ ̓ ἀρχὰς οὖσα. For quasi with participle see § 74.

6. haesitauerunt: n. on § 52.

9. optima re publica: cf. De Or. 1, I. The parallel between the one excellent government and the numerous dogmatic schools, all at war with each other, is rather halting. It is worthy of remark that Arcesilas is here treated as a rebel against dogmatism generally, not (as in Book I) against the so-called Old Academic system.

qui...perturbaret: 'bent on disturb

ing'.

II. delitisceret on the choice between -esco and -isco in the termination of these verbs see Corssen, Ausspr. 2, 285.

qui negauissent: 'who, as he claimed, had denied'.

12. quorum e numero: Cic. nearly always says quo e numero, not quorum, just as he says ex eo numero rather than ex eorum n. See Stuerenburg on Arch. 16 and cf. Wichert, über den Gebrauch des adjectivischen Attributs, p. 39; Mayor on Phil. 2, 25.

tollendus est: singular predicate with