plerosque deduceret, ut cum in eadem re paria contrariis in partibus momenta rationum inuenirentur, facilius ab utraque parte adsensio sustineretur. Hanc Academiam nouam appel- 46 15 lant, quae mihi uetus uidetur, si quidem Platonem ex illa vetere numeramus, cuius in libris nihil adfirmatur et in utramque partem multa disseruntur, de omnibus quaeritur, nihil certi dicitur: sed tamen illa, quam exposuisti, uetus, haec noua nominetur: quae usque ad Carneaden perducta, qui quartus ab 20 Arcesila fuit, in eadem Arcesilae ratione permansit. Carneades autem nullius philosophiae partis ignarus et, ut cognoui ex eis, assertio, exc. G. II dicens in eam: dies iam MSS exc. G; corr. Maduig; disserens de sua G, quae est aperte coniectura librarii; secuti tamen sunt HBM. 12 plerosque: pleros APV¥. 15 mihi: nisi E;

9 esse turpius: esset t. MSS.

cf. § 14.
Móywv (the same phrase in Diog. 9, 101):
ib. 1, 183 ἴση πιθανότης: ib. I, 26 ισοσθέ
νης διαφωνία : to the same purpose are the
common phrases appeyia (P. H. 1, 190)
and dopioría (ib. 1, 198). This doctrine
of Arcesilas places him exactly on a level
with Pyrrho; cf. Num. ap. Eus. pr. Eu.
14, 6, 5 Μνασέας γοῦν καὶ Φιλόμηλος καὶ
Τίμων οἱ σκεπτικοὶ σκεπτικὸν αὐτὸν προσο-
νομάζουσιν, ὥσπερ καὶ αὐτοὶ ἦσαν, ἀναι
ροῦντα καὶ αὐτὸν τὸ ἀληθὲς καὶ τὸ ψευδὲς
καὶ τὸ πιθανόν ἦν τοίνυν Πυρρώνειος πλὴν
Tôi ở róparos. So Timon quoted by Num.
14, 5, 12 traces Arcesilas' inspiration to
Menedemus, Pyrrho and Diodorus, as well
as to Crantor and Theophrastus. Sextus
finds it hard to draw a distinction between
Arcesilas and the Sceptics; see P. H. 1,
232-234 where he says that A. con-
sidered ἐποχὴ an ἀγαθὸν, οὐ πρὸς τὸ
φαινόμενον (like the Sceptics) but πρὸς
τὴν φύσιν. Plutarch wrote a treatise περὶ
τῆς διαφορᾶς τῶν Πυρρωνείων καὶ ̓Ακαδη-
μаikov: see Volkmann I p. III.
description given of A. by Aristo the
Chian is well known: ‘πρόσθε Πλάτων,
ὅπιθεν Πύρρων, μέσσος Διόδωρος" (parodied
from Homer: see Sext. 1. 1.; Eus. 1. 1.;
Diog. 4, 33). As to his supposed esoteric
and dogmatic teaching see n. on 2, 60.
For the expression 'momenta rationum'
cf. n. on 2, 124.

18 exposuisti: MSS exposui; corr. Durand.

The

14. adsensio sustineretur: see 2, 59 n. hanc...uidetur: a very different view in De Or. 3, 67 Academicorum nomen est unum, sententiae duae.

15. Platonem: on the connexion of Arc. with Plato see 2, 74 n.

ex illa uetere: 'as belonging to the

old school'. The construction is elliptic for 'quasi ex. i. u. esset' or 'ut e. i. u. prouectum'; the nearest parallel I have found is Verr. 3, 170 ciuitates, ex quibus in primis numeranda est ciuitas Halesina; cf. such expressions as in Ter. Eun. 165 ex Aethiopia ancillulam; also Nägelsb. Stil. § 124, 5.

16. cuius in libris etc.: nn. on 2, 74. nihil...et: Draeger II p. 20.

in utramque partem: the practice is discussed in n. on 2, 7. Diog. 4, 28 says of Arcesilas that he ̊ πρῶτος εἰς ἑκάτερον èπexeipηoe'. In 9, 51 a similar statement is made about Protagoras. The phrase in utramque partem (ἐπ ̓ ἀμφό Tepa) is common throughout Latin, e. g. Ter. Haut. 47 and 440; Hor. S. 2, 2, 66 in neutram partem; Cic. Att. 3, 21 quamcumque in partem.

17. omnibus: for omnibus rebus: see n. on § 27.

18. exposuisti: the MSS error is of a common kind; cf. § 5 where one MS has didici for didicisti.

noua: the general name for the Academy from the time of Arcesilas; so Fin. 5, 7; Leg. 1, 39 recens A. In Cic. we find no trace of a division of the Academy into Old, Middle (beginning with Arcesilas) and New (beginning with Carneades), which Sextus P. H. 1, 220 says was the division generally adopted.

19. quartus: see 2, 16.

qui illum audierant, maximeque ex Epicurio Zenone, qui cum ab eo plurimum dissentiret, unum tamen praeter ceteros mirabatur, incredibili quadam fuit facultate.........

1 epicurio: epicuro A Harl. 2, Ey; Epicuro et Harl. 1, Burn. addit Krische: et to G; om. cett.; et copia dicendi HBM.

ACADEMICORUM POSTERIORUM FRAGMENTA.

EX LIBRO I.

1. Nonius p. 65 Merc. Digladiari dictum est dissentire et dissidere, dictum a gladiis. Cicero Academicorum lib. I: quid autem stomachatur Mnesarchus? quid Antipater digladiatur cum Carneade tot uoluminibus?

2. Nonius s. u. concinnare p. 43.

Idem in Academicis lib. I:

qui cum similitudine uerbi concinere maxime sibi uideretur...

EX LIBRO II.

3. Nonius p. 65. Aequor ab aequo et plano Cicero Academicorum lib. II uocabulum accepisse confirmat: quid tam planum uidetur quam mare? e quo etiam aequor illud poetae

uocant.

3 e quo: ae quo cod. Paris.

2 qui cum quicum Quich. et M e coni. Halmii.
Nonii, n. 7667, unde Quicherat ab aequo coniecit, M scripsit.

I. Mnesarchus: see n. on 2, 69.
Antipater: cf. n. on 2, 143.

digladiatur: 'crosses swords'; the word is almost, if not quite, confined to Cicero's writings; the metaphorical sense is in Off. 1, 28; Tusc. 4, 47; the literal in Leg. 3, 20. Cf. the odd word digladiabilis given by the Dictt. from Prudentius; also N. D. 1, 93 Epicurus... Timocratem...totis uoluminibus conciderit. Evidently this fragment belongs to that historical justification of the New Academy with which I suppose Cic. to have concluded the first book of the second edition; see Introd. pp. 44-46.

2. similitudine: 'owing to the resemblance'; cum is of course conjunction, not preposition.-It is difficult to imagine the context in which this fragment occurred. It cannot refer to the harmony so often asserted by Antiochus to exist between Stoics and Old Academics, since that depended on resemblance of doctrine, not of terms. On consideration, I cannot see that August. contr. Ac. 2, 14 and 15 imitates the context of this pas

R. C.

sage, as Krische supposes (p. 58).

concinere: somewhat rare in the metaphorical use; cf. Fin. 4, 60; ib. 5, 83; N. D. 1, 16; ib. 2, 19; Liu. 6, 35, 9 concinentes collegas; Amm. Marc. 22, 16, 13 monumentorum ueterum concinens fides. Concentus is often the equivalent of consensus; cf. Sen. ben. 6, 30, 3 concentu consensuque; Plin. pan. 46; also ovváde, Plato, Phaed. 92 c and often; Ovvwdós, Arist. Eth. Nic. 1, 8, 8; Tà άmadorтa, Sext. P. H. 1, 200.

3. quid tam planum etc.: this fragm. clearly forms part of those preliminary sceptical arguments which Cic. in the first edition included in his answer to Hortensius; see Introd. pp. 44-46. The argument ran: 'what seems so level as the sea? Yet it is easy to prove it not level.' Quicherat qu. in support of his reading Varro L. L. 7, 23 aequor...quod aequatum poetae uocant.

poetae the best prose writers avoid acquor in the sense of sea; like so many other poetical expressions, it was first used in prose by Sallust; it is common from

II

4. Nonius p. 69. Adamare. Cicero Academicorum lib. II: qui enim serius honores adamauerunt uix admittuntur ad eos nec satis commendati multitudini possunt esse.

5. Nonius p. 104. Exponere pro exempla boni ostentare. Cicero Academicis lib. II: frangere auaritiam, scelera ponere, uitam suam exponere ad imitandum iuuentuti.

6. Nonius p. 121. Hebes positum pro obscuro aut obtuso. Cicero Academicorum lib. II: quid? lunae quae liniamenta sunt? Potesne dicere? cuius et nascentis et senescentis alias hebetiora, alias acutiora uidentur cornua.

7. Nonius p. 162. Purpurascit. Cicero Academicorum lib. II: quid? mare nonne caeruleum? At eius unda, cum est pulsa remis, purpurascit, et quidem aquae tinctum quodam modo et infectum....

8. Nonius p. 162. Perpendicula et normae. Cicero Academicorum lib. II: atqui si id crederemus, non egeremus perpendiculis, non normis, non regulis.

6 sunt? Sic Quich. ex Nonii codd.; sint potesne H B M. 7 et quidem... infectum haec Nonio non Ciceroni tribuit Quich., qui pro lectionibus codicum 9 adulescentibus: lentibus codd.,

tinctum et infectum dedit tinctae et infectae.

Val. M. onwards. Aequor with the sense of planities is met with only once in prose, viz. Cic. Diu. 1, 93 in camporum patentium aequoribus; where the Leyden MS 84 has (a pr. manu) ecoribus and the true reading may be regionibus.

4. qui enim etc.: this fragment refers either to the late arrival of Stoicism on the field of philosophy or to the late period of life at which Antiochus broke away from the New Academicism.

adamauerunt: see n. on 2, 9.

commendati...esse: here commendati is a mere adjective; Cic. could not have written the perfect infinitive. Cf. Prou. cons. 38 huic dignitati esse commendati uolunt; Arch. 18; Verr. 4, 81; Off. 1, 28 desertos esse. A curious passage is Fam. 12, 13, 1 (Cassius) neque enim omnium iudicio malim me a te commendari, quam ipse tuo iudicio digne ac mereor commendatus esse.

possunt esse see n. on 2, 22.

5. frangere etc.: nothing can be guessed as to the context of this fragm.

iuuentuti: dependent on exponere. 6. quid? lunae etc.: this belongs to arguments such as we have in 2, 105 and elsewhere, where the changing aspects of

the same object are treated as invalidating the evidence of the senses.

senescentis: often used of the moon, as by Plin. n. h. 2, 41.

7. quid? mare: this fragm. must form part of the same passage as no. 6; it closely resembles 2, 105; so closely that either the reference to book II in Nonius is wrong, or Cic. transferred the matter of 2, 105 to an earlier part of the work, in writing the second edition.

nonne for the position of this word in the sentence cf. n. on 2, 86.

unda: its waters'. This collective sense of unda is rare in prose; cf. Liu. 24, 34, II nauem undae affligebat.

cum est pulsa: for the indicative cf. Madv. on Fin. 1, 10.

aquae: it is difficult to guess the complete construction here; aquae cannot be nom. plural, as Cic. would not use the plur. to denote the sea.

8. atqui etc.: the argument is: 'if the senses were as trustworthy as you dogmatists assert, we should have no need of instruments to aid them '.

si id crederemus: i.e. if we believed in the certitude of our senses.

perpendiculis: plumb lines; norma

9. Nonius p. 394. Siccum dicitur aridum et sine humore...... Siccum dicitur et sobrium, immadidum... Cicero Academicorum lib. II: alius (color) adultis, alius adulescentibus, alius aegris, alius sanis, alius siccis, alius uinulentis...

10. Nonius p. 474. Vrinantur. Cicero in Academicis lib. II : si quando enim nos demersimus, ut qui urinantur, aut nihil superum aut obscure admodum cernimus.

II. Nonius p. 545. Alabaster. Cicero Academicorum lib. II: quibus etiam alabaster plenus unguenti puter esse uidetur.

EX LIBRO III.

Cicero ad Att. XVI. 6. § 4. De gloria librum ad te misi: at in eo prooemium id est, quod in Academico tertio.

12. Nonius p. 65. Digladiari...idem tertio: digladiari autem semper, depugnare cum facinerosis et audacibus, quis non cum miserrimum, tum etiam stultissimum dixerit?

unde ualentibus Quich. M; senibus ed. Nonii 1500. alius sanis: sic ed. Nonii 1514, HB. II puter esse: sic HB; putre esse codd.; putere Quich. M, aliquot edd. Nonii secuti. uidetur: uideatur Quich. M. 12 cum fac.: in fac. codd., fortasse recte;

et fac. Quich. M.

(which seems to come in some way from
γνωρίμη) is the mason's square (γνώμων);
regula is a carpenter's rule (κavúv).
9. alius adultis: sc. color, 'com-
plexion' (so in Fin. 2, 64 and often).
Changes of complexion in health and
sickness were much dwelt on by the
sceptics, as may be seen from Sext. A. M.
7, 198 and 413; P. H. 1, 44.

sanis...siccis: see n. on 2, 88.

IO. si quando etc.: the diver here is in the position of the fishes noticed in 2, 81, which are unable to see what lies immediately above them, and so illustrate the narrowness of the power of vision.

nos: for nosmet ipsos, as often in Cic. urinantur: to the exx. in the lexica add Plin. n. h. 2, 111; cf. urinator 'diver'; oupla a kind of water-bird.

aut...admodum: cf. n. on 2, 86.

11. quibus etc.: in view of this fragment, the statement made in Introd. p. 62 that the tenth sceptic Tрóπos is not represented in the Academica, requires modification.

alabaster: here only in classical Latin with the sense of ἀλάβαστος or ἀλάβασ Tpos, a box of ointment; the use does not occur again till the Vulgate.

puter: used by Varro, but rather less common than the form putris which Gerlach wished to read here.

esse uidetur: note the dactylic rhythm not avoided, for which see n. on

2, 117.

12. digladiari autem etc. this and the succeeding fragments to no. 19 inclusive must (if rightly referred to book III) form part of Varro's answer to Cic., for which see Introd. p. 50. Fragments 12-16 incl. must have formed part of the new matter introduced into the second edition. The purport of the context of fr. 12 was probably this: just as there is a limit beyond which the battle against criminals cannot be maintained, so after a certain point we must cease to fight against perverse sceptics and let them take their own way. Cf. 2, 17 id quidam e philosophis...non putabant. Krische p. 62 seems to think that Varro here accused the younger Stoics, Mnesarchus and Panaetius, of betraying the battle against the sceptics. But where else is it said that even Panaetius abandoned the Stoic κριτήριον ?

audacibus: 'desperadoes'; see my n. on Lael. 19.