member of the city council eight years, also president of the school board, and received other evidences of the esteem in which he was held by his neighbors, and when, on account of failing health, caused by too close application to business, he left Salem, the people turned out en masse, held a public meeting at the City Hall, passed resolutions of the most complimentary and affectionate character, and with the city band, escorted him to the train which was to take him to the Pacific. A mere circumstance took him to Tacoma, where he had some legal business to attend to for an old client, and being so well pleased with the climate, he decided to locate there, which he did in the February following. He was at once recognized as an able lawyer, and participated in most of the legal battles of those days, being equally effective in the Village Justice Court or the Supreme Court of the United States.

In 1886 Mr. Carroll was elected City Attorney of Tacoma. When he entered upon the duties of the office he found a city government powerless to act, several hundred men who had been employed in street improvements clamoring for their pay, while large land owners, refused to pay the street tax, claiming that under the charter, the city had no authority to make the levy. In this claim they were supported by eminent legal talent, but Mr. Carroll thought the law under which the city attempted to act was constitutional.

He therefore fought the matter out in the Supreme Court of the Territory, which eventually sustained his opinion. Seventy miles of streets were made and over one hundred and fifty miles of sidewalk built in consequence, and other important improvements made. Although the city was largely Republican, Mr. Carroll was three times elected City Attorney on the Democratic ticket.

In November, 1885, the anti-Chinese movement culminated in the removal of all the Chinese from Tacoma. Fifty-three prominent citizens of Tacoma and other towns in the same (Pierce) county, including the Mayor of Tacoma, two members of the city council, the Probate Judge of the county, and the President of the Young Men's Christian Association of Tacoma, were indicted by the United States grand jury, sitting at Vancouver, on the Columbia River, one hundred and sixty miles from Tacoma, for participation in the expulsion of the Chinese. They were taken from Tacoma to Vancouver by United States troops. Mr. Carroll was employed by the indicted citizens to defend them. He started for Vancouver, but was not allowed to accompany the prisoners. He reached there in time to raise points which led the court to adjourn until the United States Attorney could communicate with the Attorney-General at Washington, and which finally resulted in the dismissal of the indictments against his clients. This case

brought him into especial prominence as a shrewd and able lawyer; for the whole Puget Sound country was in a state of high excitement over the Chinese question and the prosecutions that arose out of it. Mr. Carroll took an active part in the settlement of the Chinese problem by Congressional legislation. He co-operated with the Governor of the Territory (now United States Senator W. C. Squire) and others in impressing upon the authorities at Washington City the extreme importance of providing for the total exclusion of a class of contract-laborers who had excited such strong antipathy on the whole Pacific coast. The exclusion act was the outcome of the representations made to Congress.

Mr. Carroll has held successively all the offices in the I. O. O. F. and the Encampment, and also all the offices. in the G. A. R., being commander of the Post in 1887, at the time of the memorable Grand Army excursion to the Pacific coast, when they entertained Gen. Alger and his party, Gen. Sherman, and many other noted soldiers.

being away several days. On his return he found the people had taken him up and had sent to the President a petition of 3,000 freeholders, asking for his appointment as Governor. In the meantime Eugene Semple had been proposed for the office, and the President intimated that unless the Democrats of the Territory would unite upon some one, he should appoint Mr. King of Georgia. Upon receiving this information, Mr. Carroll went to Col. M. Kaufman, of the Democratic Territorial Committee, and together they sent a telegram to the President, in which Mr. Carroll formally withdrew his name, and recommended that Governor Semple be appointed, and within forty-eight hours the appointment was made.

One of Mr. Carroll's latest official honors was his appointment, at the hands of Governor Semple, as Commissioner of Washington Territory to the Centennial Celebration of the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, held in Philadelphia, in February, 1887.

of 1889, died of pneumonia, at the age of fourteen years.

Mr. Carroll is of a liberal disposition, and popular with rich and poor alike. He thoroughly appreciates

the pleasures which his success in life now enables him to enjoy. He has visited, with his family, nearly all places of interest in his native land.

In the recent Democratic State Convention of Washington, held at Seattle, Mr. Carroll

received yet another evidence of the high estimation in which he is held, being nominated for Congress by acclamation.

1556.

AN edition of the Psalter was printed at Geneva, by Stephens, and Hans de Laet published at Antwerp an edition of the Bible in Dutch. The publications of the latter were continued by his son, who was associated with Salmasius, and put in circulation many valuable works, some of which formed a portion of the series issued by the Elzevirs of Leyden. The Elzevirs were Dutch printers celebrated for the accuracy and beauty of their typography. The first eminent printer of the family was Lewis, or Lodewijk, who lived at Leyden, and died in 1617, leaving four sons, Matthew, Lewis, Gilles, and Bonaventure, all of whom were publishers. The business was continued by Abraham, a son of Matthew,

* Copyrighted, 1889, by Charles W. Darling.

and his partner Bonaventure, who published editions of the classics which are still highly prized for their beauty and correctness. The Greek New Testament is among their masterpieces. A press was subsequently established in Amsterdam by Lewis, grandson of the Lewis first mentioned. Several other members of the family were distinguished as skillful print

ers.

An edition of the New Testament was published at Cracow, in Polish, by Leonard, and was translated from the Vulgate. Although designed for the use of Roman Catholics; it never received the sanction of the Pope, because many passages had been taken from the Bohemian Bible. It is familiarly known as the "Old Cracow Bible," and copies are now very rare.

An edition of the New Testament in Italian came from the press of

Tornes & Gazeio, at Lyons. A copy is in the possession of Mr. H. J. Atkinson.

Another copy is in the library of Mr. C. D. Gardner.

An edition of Luther's Bible was published at Wittenberg, where the Reformation commenced in 1517, and where lie buried the mortal remains of Luther and Melancthon.

An edition of the Bible was printed in Latin by Tornaesius, at Lyons, the same being a Latin Vulgate in large folio. In the list furnished by Mr. E. M. Barton, librarian of the American Antiquarian Society, at Worcester, Mass., appears the description of a copy owned by that society. It is in the original binding, with blind tooling on the back and sides, strengthened with brass corners and clasps.

An edition of the New Testament, with notes, was published in Spanish at Venice, by Perez, a nephew to the secretary of Charles V. He removed his residence from Spain to Paris, from whence he went to Italy, and established himself at Venice. His edition of the New Testament is merely a revision of Enzina's version.

An edition of Olivetan's Bible was printed by Philip Hamelin, and an edition of the New Testament in Latin and French, was published at Lyons, by Gros and Michel.

An edition of the Bible was printed in Latin at Venice, by Juntas, and an edition of the New Testament was published in English by Badius, at Geneva. The translation was made

by William Whittingham, and this was the first edition of the New Testament which was incorporated one year later in the Geneva Bible. The book is very rare, and is almost unknown. It came under the observation of the compiler of this series of papers, through the courtesy of the librarian of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, England, who courteously sent a valuable descriptive list of the many remarkable and rare Bibles contained in the great library of this college. Among them may also be mentioned a Bible printed at Venice, by Isidori Clarii, but few copies of which edition now exist, probably none in the United States.

Four of the Epistles, written at Smyrna, and two written at Troas, are in Greek and Latin recensions. The longer of the two, in Greek, was first written by Pacaeus, in 1557, the shorter came into existence through the efforts of Archbishop Usher, as it will hereafter be shown. Fifteen of these epistles were found bearing the name of Ignatius, eight of which are viewed by Dr. Hitchcock as spurious. The remaining seven, Ephesians, Magnesians, Trallians, and Romans, were written at Smyrna, while Philadelphians, Smyraeans, and Polycarp, were written at Troas. These are considered genuine, and three of the seven (Ephesians, Romans, Polycarp), have been published later by Cureton with a translation in a still shorter Syriac recension. There has been much controversy over these fifteen

epistles bearing the name of Ignatius, second bishop of the Christians at Antioch, and various opinions have been expressed. Killen thinks them all spurious, but claims that the three in Syriac were the first to be forged, and that the forgery occurred in the time of Origen, 185-254. Bayr and Hilgenfeld also believe them all to be spurious, but hold that the seven shorter Greek epistles were the first to be forged after 150. Cureton, Bunsen, Ritschl, and Lipsius, advocate the genuineness of the three Szriac, and Gieseler, Uhlhorn, Mohler and Hefele, may be reckoned on the side of the shorter Greek recension. The longer Greek differs from the shorter in the greater emphasis which is put first upon episcopacy, and second upon the divinity of Christ. It is certain that Ignatius himself would have countenanced no spurious productions of the Sacred Scriptures, for he was the perfect personification of virtue, and so fearlessly did he bear the standard of his Master, that he was seized by the Emperor Adrian, and thrown to the lions in the Colisseum at Rome.

The first edition of the Genevan, or "Breeches" Bible, was published by Rowland Hill, at Geneva, and it was so called because the seventh verse of the third chapter of Genesis is translated: "And they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves breeches." This edition was printed by Protestants who fled to Geneva in the reign of Queen Mary, and in their

haste they got in two more mis-prints, which in these days add to the value of stray copies. One of these is to be found in Matthew, fifth chapter, ninth verse: "Blessed are the placemakers." In Luke, second chapter, sixteenth verse, the word cratch was substituted for manger, and this word is found in a MSS. gloss on the Gospels, written abont the time of the Norman Conquest. Should the titlepage of an old Bible be lost, these words serve as a ready means of deciding whether it is a copy of the Genevan version. The translation of this Bible was the work of Non-conformists, who retired to the Continent, as has already been stated, after the death of Edward VI. Calvin's brother-in-law, Rev. William Whittingham, afterwards Dean of Durham, was the principal agent, and he was assisted by Gilby and Sampson. A large proportion of the expense was contributed by John Bodley, father of the Bodleian Library, at Oxford, to whom Queen Elizabeth granted a patent for the exclusive right of printing the Bible for seven years. This Bible was printed in quarto, and the convenient size and the distinction of verses by numerical figures was doubtless the cause of its popularity. This Geneva Bible, with Calvanistic notes, was highly esteemed by the Puritans, and it came with them over the waters of the broad Atlantic, when they found a landingplace at Plymouth.

When Miles Standish, accompanied