for those lasting monuments which perpetuate the oppressions of the kings of England and the patient sufferings of the colonists. When we compare the extensive grant of territory contained in the charters of King James I. to the London Company with the narrow limits to which the colony of Virginia was afterward reduced; when we review the arbitrary conduct of that monarch in suspending the powers of that company by proclamation, and the equally unjust proceedings of his son, Charles I., in taking the government into his own hands; and when we contemplate the gradual but progressive encroachments of his successors on the rights of the people till resistance became indispensable, we shall cease to wonder that so few evidences of their turpitude have been suffered to remain. What was left undone by the predecessors of George III. was consummated during his reign.

"All the papers, except a few fragments deposited in the archives of the Council of State and other public offices within the reach of his myrmidons, were, with more than savage barbarity of the Goths and Vandals, committed to the flames."

There is not in the United States so great a depository of interesting materials for a history of the early settlement of the seaboard States as is to be found in the thirteen volumes of Hening's Statutes at Large.

We are chiefly concerned, however, at this time, in tracing the relation of

the State of Illinois to that commonwealth, and the influence of her laws upon our own judicial history.

The administration of justice in Virginia was extremely cheap and simple in its details.

Commanders of plantations held monthly courts for the trial of civil actions not exceeding the value of one hundred pounds of tobacco, and for the punishment of petty offenses, reserving the right of appeal to the quarter court held by the governor and council, which possessed the supreme judicial power under the different charters, and had original jurisdiction in all cases whatsoever. Commissioners of monthly courts succeeded to commanders of plantations, with the like jurisdiction in civil cases; which was afterward extended to five pounds sterling. The jurisdiction of the court was further extended to sixteen hundred pounds of tobacco, and they were to be called county instead of monthly courts; and that of a single magistrate was final as far as twenty shillings sterling.

In consequence of the great distance of many of the counties from James City, where the quarter courts were held, jurisdiction was finally given to county courts in all cases of law and equity, and the trial by jury secured to those who desired it. The decision of the county court was at first final as for sixteen hundred pounds of tobacco, and for all sums. above that appeal was allowed to the quarter court, and from thence to the

In the year 1643, the first act was passed for regulating lawyers, though they had certainly attended the several courts before that period. By the first law on the subject, no attorney was permitted to plead without a license, which was granted by the court in which he practiced; nor could an attorney have a license from more courts than the quarter and one county court.

Their fees were twenty pounds of tobacco in the county, and fifty pounds in the quarter court; and no attorney could refuse to be retained, unless employed by the other side. In 1645, all mercenary attorneys were expelled from office.

In 1647, that act was amended by adding a clause to it declaring that no attorneys should take any fees; and if the court should perceive that either party by his weakness was likely to lose his cause, they themselves should either open the case or "appoint some fit man out of the people" to plead the cause, and allow him a reasonable compensation if no other attorneys were admitted.

In 1656, the act prohibiting attor neys was repealed; the governor and council were authorized to license them for the quarter courts, and the commissioners for the county courts, and if any controversy should arise concerning their fees, it was to be settled by the courts respectively. In 1657-8, the law against mercenary attorneys was again revived.

Clerks of county courts were at one time appointed by the governor, but afterward by the courts themselves.

Commissioners of county courts (the same as justices of the peace) were formerly appointed by the gov ernor, afterward by act of assembly, but at the commencement of the commonwealth they were appointed by the House of Burgesses; afterward they were recommended by their court, and commissioned by the governor and council, and finally their appointment was confirmed by the assembly.

During the same period the county courts recommended three or more to the governor and council, out of which they made a selection for sheriffs, who were to continue in office for one year only."

AMONG the men who have been a power in making the city of Tacoma. one of the finest in the west, is Hon. Thomas Carroll, who, in the days when the place was a struggling and almost hopeless village, turned the tide in its favor.

He was born at Philadelphia, Pa., June 30, 1842, but when ten years old his parents moved to a farm in Waupaca County, Wisconsin, where the son grew up, helping his father on the farm and occasionally attending school in the little log school-house. His mother, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Stuart, is a decendant of the House of Stuart, and possesses in a marked degree the graces of womanhood. Robert, the father was born in Ireland, in 1811, of an ancient AngloIrish family, but early conceived a strong dislike to the system of government existing in his native land, and like many another, emigrated to America.

It was the intention of the parents to send the son to Philadelphia to prepare for College in the fall of 1860, but in the meantime the war broke out, and although but seventeen years of age, three days after the attack upon Fort Sumter he enlisted, but was rejected on account of his small size and boyish appearance,

but on the 11th of August following he again enlisted and was accepted as a member of Company A, 8th. Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, and passed muster, and was immediately. sent to St. Louis, Mo., where, on the evening of his arrival, his company was sent to Big River Bridge and engaged in battle with Jeff Thompson's forces. He was afterward in the battles of Fredericktown, Mo., New Madrid, Point Pleasant, Island No. 10, Farmingtown, Corinth, Iuka, Danville, Corinth 2d, Holly Springs, Jackson, Miss., Raymond, Vicksburg, Mechanicsburg, Richmond, La., and numerous smaller engagements.

The following incidents of his army life are given by "Tom's" old comrade and friend, Major Arthur A. Putnam, the present Internal Revenue Collector for the Puget Sound District:

After the battle of Richmond he was detailed for special duty as scout, in which capacity he continned to act during the rest of the war, and in which service he met many perilous adventures, but always came out all right, ofttimes by aid of his ready wit. On one occasion, just after the battle of Jackson, he was sent ahead of the corps as scout. He was informed that Gen. Tuttle's division, to which he belonged, would be in Clinton

that evening, where he was to join his regiment. After riding all night he arrived just at daylight at Clinton, and rode right up the main street, when he found to his surprise, not Gen. Tuttle's army, but a townful of rebel soldiers. He took in the situation in a flash, and when the officer in command of the Confederate force stepped out to accost him, he saluted the officer and said that Gen. Grant was marching on Clinton; that upon leaving Jackson the citizens of that place had fired upon some of the Union soldiers who had been left behind, and in consequence the army were very much enraged, and Gen. Grant had sent him ahead to warn the people of Clinton to remove from the town with their women and children and valuables. The officer thanked him kindly for the information, and he was allowed to proceed on through the town, but as soon as out of sight of the rebel guard, he made a hasty circuit around the town and rejoined his command the same evening.

In the Fall of 1862, five companies of the 8th Wisconsin were sent to . Town Creek, with instructions to take the fort there, thus opening the way by railroad from Tuscambia, Ala., to Murfreesboro, Tenn. Believing there was danger of the command falling into an ambush, the officer in command called for a volunteer to go ahead as a scout. Carroll, yet a mere boy, stepped for'ward and was sent ahead. After

traveling nearly all day without seeing anyone, friend or foe, he came in sight of the fort just about sundown. After making a careful reconnoisance he came to the conclusion that the fort had been abandoned by the rebels, and he thereupon scaled the outer works and entered the fort and took possession. While sitting upon top of the outer wall, keeping a sharp lookout for whatever might happen, the skirmish line of his command came in sight, and seeing him upon the walls of the fort, mistook him for one of the supposed rebel garrison, and were about to open fire when it was discovered that " Tom " had taken the fort all alone. This story was told of him at a Grand Army of the Republic reunion some years ago, and brought out the remark, "Well, I was only a brat of a boy, then, and didn't consider it much to take a fort."

Always of a brave and daring disposition, he was the ringleader in many an army exploit, but there is one incident told of him by his old comrades that always makes "Tom" wince. At the time when the Chicago Times was making its cowardly attack upon the government, and calling the Union soldiers "Lincoln's hirelings," large numbers of that sheet were shipped to Memphis and other Southern cities. The boys, who were at Germantown, organized a committee, of which "Tom" was leader, and when the offensive sheet arrived by train, they entered the car, threw out

about a ton of Times and made a bonfire of them. The following day the train pulled into Germantown as usual, with a carload of the detested paper, and the committee were soon aboard. "Tom," who was ahead, ran straight up against the muzzle of a cocked revolver in the hands of a grizzled-looking old man in the garb. a United States mail agent, with a little cap shading his cool, grey eyes, as he said to Tom: "No, sir, you can not touch those papers, they are United States mail, and it is my duty to see that they are delivered." boys backed slowly off the car, somewhat crestfallen.

The

At the battles before Vicksburg, Mr. Carroll was severely wounded in the arm, and was sent to the military hospital at Keokuk, Ia. The ladies of the place were very attentive to the wounded, bringing delicacies to tempt the appetite of the sick, fruit and flowers, and books and papers to read. Among these patriotic women was Annie J. Frazier, then a school girl at Keokuk, in whom the wounded soldier took more than a passing interest, and when the war was over, in 1865, he returned to Keokuk, married her, and settled in the town of Salem, Ia., where he engaged in the lumber business, having in the meantime spent about a year at the Commercial College at Keokuk as student and teacher. Here he became a member of the M. E. Church, to which he stili belongs. It had always been his ambition to become a lawyer, but his

lack of college education, which he had been led to believe a prerequisite to success and eminence in the law, held him back, although he had always been a great student, and all through the war had carried his books with him, reading history and jurisprudence.

At Salem he soon came to be looked upon as one of the most enterprising citizens of that town. He found time, often until late at night, to continue his studies. About 1871 he entered as a law student under Judge Leroy G. Palmer (a brother of Gen. John M. Palmer, of Illinois), at Mount Pleasant, Iowa. Judge Palmer was a distinguished lawyer,and an active and influential leader of the Democratic party of Iowa. He took a warm interest in his student, and a strong attachment gew up between them. In 1872 Mr. Carroll was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of Iowa. He at once entered into active practice, and became one of the leading advocates of that section of Iowa. It was through his efforts largely that the Keokuk & Northern Railroad, now part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, was built, and Salem given railroad connection with the outside world. He also built the first public hall or theatre' in Salem, and at his own risk procured an opera company to open the house with a week's engagement. The people appreciated his enterprise, and the house was packed every night. While in Salem he was a