that leads them to similar methods of disrepute. Youthful life in the country, with its pure air and healthful exercise of body and mind, until habits of industry and correct ways are cultivated, is far better than that of the town, surrounded, as it is, to a greater or less extent, by nearly every species of demoralizing and vicious. influences. A boy left without paternal direction from childhood, who acquires a taste for farm life and work, grows up to sturdy manhood with good habits-having made his own way from a wage-worker to business success in pursuits in the country and the town-illustrates this view.

Josephus D. Caughran acquired an early taste for agricultural pursuits. His father, James Caughran, a native of New York, but of Irish descent, was a farmer, but died when his son was but two months old, leaving him in the care of his mother, whose maiden name was Harriet Bamford, a native of Indiana, whose father was in the war of 1812, enlisting at the age of fourteen years. Josephus was born on a farm near Muscatine, Ia., the 12th of July, 1839; attended the district school during winters; worked on the farm summers, when old enough, until he was eighteen years. of age; then entered Cornell (Iowa) College, remaining a year and a half, when, in 1861, he enlisted as a private soldier in Company H of the Eleventh Iowa Infantry Regiment, serving gallantly until the close of the war; reenlisting as a veteran in December,

1863; was promoted to a sergeant, and, later, was commissioned a lieutenant.

At the close of the war, in 1865, Mr. Caughran was honorably mustered out of service and returned to his home in Muscatine county, where he taught a district school for a year or two. He then purchased a farm and carried on farming in Iowa with success until 1872, when he sold out and removed to Shelby, Ia., where he engaged in grain, lumber and banking business for thirteen years, with good success.

In 1885 the asthma compelled Mr. Caughran to seek another latitude; and, being attracted to the Pacific Coast, he came to Tacoma, where he invested money in the manufacture of wooden ware and shingles. At the end of about a year misfortune overtook him in the destruction of his establishment by fire, he losing $14,000 thereby. He first organized the shingle trade in Tacoma, and made the first shipment of this now extensive product of Western Washington to Iowa, Illinois and Ohio.

After his fiery loss, Mr. Caughran, in January, 1887, having made some investments in Tacoma real estate, turned his attention to the real estate business, in which he has since, to a greater or less extent, continued with success. Meantime he has also engaged in various other enterprises, among which was the shipment, under his charge, in 1888, of the first wheat from Tacoma to foreign parts

through the Tacoma Dock and Warehouse Company, the shipments that year reaching about a million bushels. He also was one of the promoters and organizers of the Pacific Navigation Company, of Tacoma, in 1888, of which he is now president, its fleet now containing four Puget Sound steamers. In 1888 Mr. Caughran was elected a member of the city council of Tacoma and served two years; was an active and comprehensive member, serving as chairman of the committee of streets and on publie property, and on the committee having charge of the sewerage system. For these city improvements about $1,500 were expended during these two years. In May, 1890, the new city council selected him as a member of the charter commission of fifteen freeholders, provided by law to frame a new city charter for Tacoma, and was elected June 10th in a contest between two tickets. He is a member of the Tacoma Chamber of Commerce, and in 1887 was (and now) a member of the

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executive committee thereof. He is an attendant of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and also a member of the Republican party.

Mr. Caughran was married at Muscatine, Ia., February 22d, 1868, to Miss Mary Ann Morton, a native of Ohio, born August, 1844, who moved with her parents to Muscatine; is a niece of W. G. Barnard, a prominent coal and iron operator of Bellaire, O. He has four children, to each of whom Mr. Caughran is giving a collegiate education, the two oldest daughters now going through the Northwestern College at Evanston, Ill.

Through adherence to purpose, industry, perseverance and manly methods through life, Mr. Caughran has achieved a fair success in the accummulation of a competency, as he enters the shady side of life, thus illustrating that any young man can achieve success through any pursuit if he has the will and the push.

CHARLES W. HOBART.

1566.

AN edition of the Bible in English (Cranmer's version) was printed at Rouen by Hamillon, at the expense of Richard Carmarden.

An edition of the Bible was printed in French at Geneva by Perrin, and one in Italian, at Venice, by Andrea. Muschio.

The Psalms of David, translated. into Latin verse by George Buchanan (while he was a prisoner in a monastery of Portugal, by order of the Inquisition), is thought to be the first edition of this celebrated version. In the production there are no less than twenty-nine varieties of metre, and therein is the famous epigram of Buchanan to Mary, Queen of Scots: "Nympha, Caledoniæ quæ nunc feliciter oræ Missa per innumeros sceptra tueris auos." The Bibles of this edition also contain curious wood-cuts representing the signs of the Zodiac and the occupations of the inhabitants of Strasbourg. A copy is in the possession. of Mr. David Laing.

*Copyright, 1889, by Charles W. Darling.

1567.

A Welsh version of the entire New Testament, except the book of Revelation, was translated by the Bishop. of St. David's and edited by William Salesbury. In this work, printed at London, valuable assistance was rendered by the Bishops of St. Asaph, Bangor, Hereford and Llandaff. The printing is in long lines, thirty-one to the full page. The book of Revela

tion is ascribed to Huet. The whole version was made from the Greek, collated with the Latin, and although its fidelity has not been disputed, yet there are faults in style and orthography. It is divided into chapters, but has no distinction of verses, except in a few books toward the end. It was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth and was printed in black-letter, at the expense of Humphrey Toy. This is the first New Testament printed in the Welsh language, although a Welsh version of the Bible in manuscript is preserved at Celydd. Five years earlier a law was enacted by parliament enforcing the translation of the entire Scriptures into the Welsh lan

guage, and, in consequence of such enactment, the bishops above named superintended the preparation of this edition, only five hundred copies of which were printed.

An edition of the Bible was printed in Latin at Antwerp by Plantin, and Rovillius and Tornæsius each printed a separate edition in Latin at Lyons. An edition of the Bible was printed in French by Etienne at Geneva.

1568.

An edition of the Bible was printed in English at London by Richard Jugge. This is identical with the "Bishop's Bible," and it is a revision of the "Great Bible," undertaken by Archbishop Parker, whose name does not appear upon the title-page. On the inner page is engraved a portrait of Queen Elizabeth. This Bible is sometimes called the "Treacle Bible," from the circumstance that in Jeremiah viii, 22nd, it reads, "Is there no treacle in Gilead?" It is also occasionally called the "Leda Bible," from the use of one of a series of capital letters designed after Ovid and used by Jugge in his other books. The Bishop's Bible was published about ten years after Queen Elizabeth ascended the throne, for it was determined that an authorized translation should be secured which would be free from the party spirit animating the translation of the "Breeches Bible," and fairly represent the biblical knowledge of the day. A number of competent

Greek and Hebrew scholars were employed in the revision of the text, and

bishops as well as laymen worked. together, in order to accomplish as speedily as possible the task which they had undertaken. The most important part was entrusted to the following named clergymen: Pentateuch-W. E. W. Extoniensis, Alley, Bishop of Exeter; II Samuel-R. M. R. Menevensis, David, Bishop of St. David's; II Chronicles-E. W. E. Wigornensis, Home, Bishop of Winchester; Daniel-T. C. L. T. Covent et Lichf Bentham, Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield; Malachi-E. L. E. Grindal, Bishop of London; II Maccabees -J. N. J. Norricensis Parkhurst, Bishop of Norwich; The Acts—R. E. R. Eliensis Cox, Bishop of Ely; I Corinthians-G. G. Goodman, Dean. of Westminster. Archbishop Parker had no desire to confine the work to the clergy, but he signally failed in his efforts to obtain much aid from laymen. Although initials were affixed by most of the translators to their work, it was the intention of the archbishop that the translation should be regarded as the work of the church and not of individuals. As each translator finished the work assigned to him he returned it to the primate, who had the whole affair under his supervision. There were also translated, in addition to the above-named books, Genesis and Exodus, the Gospels of Matthew and Mark, and most of the epistles of Paul. The prefaces were written by the archbishop. The appended notes are free from sectarian bias, due, without doubt, to

the instructions each translator received not to make unnecessary alterations in the text of the Great Bible, to which the people had become accustomed, and to make use of no bitter notes on any text. When completed, the whole work was formally sanctioned by the synod. The books of this Bible are arranged as Legal, Historical, Sapiental and Prophetic, and the combination produced by this classification in the New Testament is as follows: The gospels, the general epistles and those to the Hebrews, Titus and Philemon are called Legal; the rest of the epistles of Paul are the Sapiental; the Acts of the Apostles are the Historical, and Revelation comes under the head of Prophetical. At the beginning of the book of Joshua is the portrait of Dudley, Earl of Leicester, and at the commencement of the Psalms is that of Cecil, afterwards Lord Burleigh. When the whole work was ready for publication, Archbishop Parker wrote. to Cecil, requesting him to obtain. from the Queen a license for this version, which request was readily granted. A full page of the text has fifty-seven lines, and the whole number of the engravings, including the title, portraits and maps, is one hundred and forty-three. The preface, which first appears (written by Archbishop Parker), reads thus: "Search yee the Scriptures, for in them yee think to have eternal life, and those they bee which beare witnesse of me."

The archbishop then refers to the various translations which had followed one another in such rapid succession and requests the reader "Not to be offended with the ambiguity of translations, since no offence can bee justly taken for this newe labour, nothyng prejudicing any other man's judgment by this doyng, nor yet hereby professing this to be so absolute a translation as that hereafter myght followe none other that myght see that whiche as yet was not understanded." In this edition was also retained Cranmer's prologue. The translators of the Authorized Version probably selected from the eight folio editions of the Bishop's Bible this edition as their basis for the Authorized Version of 1611.

An edition of the Bible was printed in English at Geneva, by John Crespin; the Psalms of David were printed in Dutch by A de Solemne, and an edition was printed in Latin at Lyons, by Frellonius. An edition of the Bible was printed in Latin and French at Geneva, by Jacques Bourgeois, and at the same city the New Testament was printed In Greek, by Stephens. An edition of the Bible, annotated by Rene Benoist, was printed in Latin and French at Paris, by M. Guillard. A version of the Gospels, and of the Epistles, were made in Misteco, a language spoken in Oajaca, Mexico. This version was made by Benedict Ferdinand, but no portion of it is known to be extant. Owing to the