They also upheld the “Ameritariff for protection, as beneJackson attacked the Bank as

226. Jackson re-elected; "Removal of Deposits." (1833.) The Presidential election came on just after Jackson's veto of the bill for the renewal of the charter of the Bank. Both he and his opponents were willing to make that question the issue of the campaign. The National Republicans under the leadership of Clay and Webster supported the Bank as an institution necessary to carry on successfully the financial work of the government, and valuable as furnishing a uniform and safe paper currency. can System," as they called a ficial to the country at large. a monopoly using its influence in a way injurious to the country, as failing to do what was expected of it, and as being unconstitutional. Notwithstanding the popularity of Clay, and the strength of the position of the National Republicans on many points, the cry of "monied monopoly," and the confidence of the people in Jackson, carried the day, and Jackson was re-elected by a very large majority of the electoral vote. He naturally took this as an approval of his policy. now directed that government money should not be deposited in the Bank or its branches. This action is generally spoken of as "the removal of deposits." The Secretary of the Treasury did not, however, agree with Jackson, and refused to obey his order; he was accordingly removed, as well as his successor, who also declined to obey his chief. On the removal of this second man, the Attorney-General, Roger B. Taney, was appointed to the vacant post, who immediately did as Jackson wished.

He

227. Nullification. (1832.) Compromise Tariff. (1833.) - Meanwhile the agitation went on in South Carolina. A convention was held which declared that the tariff law was null and void, and that should the national government

CHEROKEES IN GEORGIA.

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attempt to collect the duties by force, it ought to be resisted. The legislature confirmed the action of the convention, claiming the right to secede from the Union, and prepared for an armed resistance. On the receipt of this news Jackson issued his Nullification Proclamation, approved by almost every one at the North, and sent a naval force to collect Iduties in the harbor of Charleston. He also warned the South Carolinians that the laws of the United States would be enforced at any risk. Every one knew Jackson meant what he said, and South Carolina delayed action. The matter now came up on the floor of Congress. The President was authorized to use force if necessary, and through the influence of Henry Clay, a compromise tariff bill was passed under which duties were to be reduced gradually until 1842, when a uniform rate would be reached which would practically amount to a tariff for revenue only. Both parties claimed a victory - the North because the President had been authorized to use force, and complete free trade had not been secured; South Carolina, because she had not given up the principle of state rights, or state sovereignty, as it is more accurately termed.

228. Cherokees in Georgia. (1830-1838.)- Meanwhile the difficulties with the Indians had been partly settled by the removal of the Creeks beyond the Mississippi (sect. 216). The Cherokees had, however, still remained in Georgia, and the Seminoles in Florida. Both were unwilling to change their abodes. Jackson was an old Indian fighter, and had no sympathy whatever with the Indians, and when the state of Georgia tried to get possession of the lands of the Cherokees, he made no objection, neither attempting to carry out the treaties of the United States with the tribe, nor enforcing a decree of the Supreme Court which was in favor of the Cher

okees. On this occasion he is reported to have said, “John Marshall [the Chief Justice] has made his decision; now let him enforce it." The discovery of gold within the Indian reservation hastened the action of the state authorities, who proceeded to divide the land of the Indians and dispose of it by lottery. Finally the United States commissioners forced a treaty from the Indians, in accordance with which the tribes received a large sum of money for their lands, and in 1838 they were driven from their homes at the point of the bayonet, and were moved under the supervision of military forces to the place they now occupy in the Indian Territory. During the journey, which took about five months, nearly four thousand, about one-fourth of the whole number, perished by the way. This is only another example of the inconsistent and even cruel legislation which the United States has so often practised towards the Indians. The Cherokees were civilized, many somewhat educated, and by their treaty with the government they had the right to rule themselves. On the other hand, as Jackson pointed out, it was an anomaly for an independent government to exist within a state. The fault seems originally to have been on the part of the United States in making such a treaty, but as usual, the Indians were the sufferers.

229. "Black Hawk War"; the Seminoles; Osceola. (18321842.) In developing the lead mines of Illinois and Wisconsin the lands of the Winnebagoes and of the Sacs and Foxes were overrun. This led to what is known as the Black Hawk War (1832), from the name of the noted Indian chief who was a leader in it. After a border warfare, in which the young Abraham Lincoln participated, the Indians were overcome and made a treaty by which they gave up about ten million acres of land in return for yearly supplies and an