COMPACT, SOCIAL- continued. The duties essential to, 55, 56 (Averment of CONFEDERACY. Our association of States, The Union necessarily a, 48, 49, 136, 156. CONGRESS. The powers of, the result of a The Continental, declares the new federaliz- Legislative powers of, 149, 150. Both Houses of, elected by, and do represent The House of Representatives not national, Is to propose amendments, 152 Is a, of States, not of the people at large, 179, A diplomatic as well as a legislative body, And the power to admit new States, 354. Vote on ordinance, id. Her leading statesmen on the proposed union, "We the people," means, 90, 91. Declares acts of Congress in violation of the CONSENT. The phrase "consent of the peo- In republican government means "will of Of the States to the Constitution, 172 et seq. "A REPUBLICAN FORM OF GOVERN- Meaning according to the fathers, 255 et seq. Errors in exposition, 256. "THE 14th PARTY TO THE COMPACT." The general government erroneously al- The real 14th party is "the United States," "NULLIFICATION." First appearance of South Carolina's false position, 261, 262. Distinction between nullification and seces- "THE LOST PRINCIPLE." Sections, or The idea of a compact of sectional equilibri- In a republic the proper word is will, 264. Parties govern and tend to destroy liberty, "THE CHARTER OF OUR LIBERTIES." The understanding then and now, 265, CONSERVATIVE ERRORS continued. SOCIAL COMPACT. CONSTITUTION. THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT SECESSION. A right within the law of self- Its surrender indefensible, 268 Union, 46. Excludes the idea of No evidence of, of the States, 58, 145, 156, Repudiated by all in Massachusetts, 80-82, Mr. Dench and Gen. Brooks on, 80. Gov. Bowdoin, Sumner, Parsons, Sedgwick, Fisher Ames's strong assurances, id., 376, 377. Pleas and assurances of the Federalists, 82, The amendments guarding against, 85, 86, The amendment respecting delegated and Possibility of, under the new government strongly urged, 107, 159, 276, 877 et seq What was understood by the charge, 109, 110. Pith of the doctrine of, 142, 143. Did the American people really adopt, 168, Problems for the supporters of, 285, 286. The idea emphatically disowned and de- Would have been a fatal objection to the new Grand result of the movement against, adoption of amendments IX., X., XI., 378. The Expounders" have made a spurious, False charges adopted as expoundings of, id, No coercive power over States in, 23, 178, 196, Settles pro tanto international questions Evidences a federation of sovereignties, 42 Not the, but the States "reserved," 53, 54, Recognizes citizens as of States. 56, 143, 151, The wills that made it survived, 57, 58, 73, Itself provides for its amendment by States, Is law in a State by her will, 64, 77, 120, 154, And the Social Compact; Expounders' sub- Is the delegating of an extensive trust, 75, continued. CONSTITUTION, THE The federal, is an addition to a State's, id. As "the supreme law," 78, 120, 137, 141, 142, The national," of the consolidationists, 121, Was a mere proposal of the convention to Is a league or compact, 137, 140, 141, 166, 202. Or "Deed" as executed, 138-140, 154. The true presentation, 137, 138, 139, 154' ment, the States, and the Union, 147 et seq. And the Confederation, 144, [Diagram] 152, Is not a Government, 153. No evidence that a nation ordained, id., 155, A complete idea of, 140, 154. Contains only delegated powers, 155, 172, 191, Ratifying alone established, 168, 169, 172, Does not of itself prove its authority, 154, Was never voted on by the people directly, The signatures to merely authenticate the Is the law of the Government's being, 172, The States are named in, 174, 175. Is not a law over the States, 176, 178, 196, Federal in its establishment, pro tanto na- Is necessarily a federalizing instrument, 184. Aims not at State coercion, 201, 384. Constitutional compact." Criticism of Mr. Does not contain the word "sovereignty," - - The true and the false construction of the Meaning of the guaranty clause of, 151, 256, The great constitutional charter"- earlier A constitution of Government, definition, 266. The clause providing for the admission of Is subject to the will of the people, 303, 329. CONSTITUTION, THE-continued. Federal usurpations violate, 376, 391, 392. Proves the State the sole object of treason, CONVENTION OF '87. Held States the par- Members were citizens and agents of States, Said the new system was "the Federal govern- Character and work of, 154, 155, 172, 173, The signatures simply authenticate and re- The States' instructions to the deputies, 198, The aim was to federalize, 199. Eliminated "national" from the system, 200. Action on the preamble, 201, 202. Adopted a compact of Federal government, "United States" means the people as States, Was a voluntary assemblage of equal sove- On the mode of enforcing Federal jurisdic- CONVENTION, STATE. Authority and pow- And ratification, 140. The ratifying conventions, their action and Curtis's presentation of Webster's claim, 165, Strengthening the, 174, 178, 188 (note, p. 186). Union excludes the idea of consolidation, id. The Constitution a contract among sovereign Question with the confederating States, 282. CURTIS, G. T. Present principal of the Merely repeats and amplifies, 52. Fallacy of a second social compact, 64, 173, Authorities he does not quote from, 88. Congress the final judge of its constitutional powers, 161. What he claims for Webster, 165, 166. And the ordinances of ratification, 170, 183, Garbling the ratifications, 183. Ratification a deed, not an ordinance, 188, Shows himself conspicuously unreliable Sovereign authority of a State the highest of The nation form a second social compact, The general government final judge as to its "Political sovereignty" set forth; Sovereign "Granted irrevocably," -unwarranted lan- Fatal admissions v. his "History," 329, 410. American doctrine" as to powers, D. DANA, HON. MR. The government federal, not consolidated, 81. DANE, NATHAN. Original enemy of the Con- Founder of the "Massachusetts school," id. DAVIE, W. R. Consolidation would be an in- State governments necessary to the federal Senate represents sovereignty of the States, id. On the supreme law clause, 177. DAVIS, JEFFERSON. Vindicating him and Or Lee no traitor, 36, 402. Not Davis and Lee, but States, seceded, 36-38. 40. Opposed to the policy of secession, 38. Statement of Hon. O. R. Singleton, id., note. note. Comes not within the federal treason clause, Compelled to obey his State, 36, 37, 402. social compact, 290, 291. The true idea of, 291. Embodied in New York's first constitution as tion, 80. DESPOTISM. Change of the federal govern- ment to a corporate. 197, 215, 300. DEVELOPMENT, OR GROWTH. An absurd DIAGRAMS, ILLUSTRATIVE. The deed [fed- The people govern the people, 297. The people as the sovereignty, with govern- The State's repository of powers, 310. Three distinct parts of the general govern- DICKINSON, JOHN. State sovereignty, how The Union a confederacy of republics, 45, Sovereignty of each represented, id., id. His expositions strongly commended by Distinction between federal league and social In case of "bad administration "— what? Government agents and trustees amenable to DIVINE RIGHT. The spurious, 18. The people govern themselves by, 281, 286. Views on coercion, 90, 384. The States sovereign bodies, 367. States the guardians of personal rights, 396. EVARTS, W. M. Amusing mistake of, 295. Strengthening the "public convictions," 174, No power to coerce States, 178. Substituting " deed" for "ordinance," 174, He says the States are not named, 175. Admissions touching the Constitution and Anti-National contemporaneous, 202, 203. Of the language of the Constitution, id. Lessons to be derived from the exposé, 269, "EXPOUNDERS." Leading dogmas of the The people in the aggregate made a constitu- The "nation" evolved, id. 144, 153, 167, 280, States subordinated, id., id., 167, 280, id. 297 Fallacy of a new social compact, 18, 62, 65, Dominion of the government, 12, 18, 296, States have such status and rights as the "Expoundings" and "charges" identical, Their refutation, id., 41 et seq., 53. The government a law unto itself, 19, 298, The chief expounders, 52, 162. The creation of the law supreme over the The federal pact a second social compact, 64, Change from voluntariness to involuntari- Testimony they ignore, 88, 159. The "deed" itself contradicts them, 153. "Supreme-law" sophisms, 176 et seq. Phrase-culling, 181, 186, 187, 197. The three cardinal assumptions of, 181. What the federalist really asserts of our Ratification according to the leading ex- "EXPOUNDERS " continued. Suppression and distortion of the conven- Style of quoting, 100, 199. What their theory involves, 205, 296. Legitimate conclusions, in Lincoln's plain Their unionolatry, and why, 219, 220. Subterfuge respecting the State and federal Ignore dual capacity of the citizen, 295, 296. Notions of Sovereignty, 306, 307, 316 et seq. Sophistical exceptions out of sovereignty, 307, Defences made means of attack, 314. The stand is upon Lincoln's dogma, 315, Arguing from false words, 317. The school's" corner-stone, 316. Test questions touching de-sovereignizing, The alleged change from federation to another The onus probandi, 335, 336. The alleged "understanding," 336. Verbal quibbles, 364. Contradict the fathers, 368. Touching the honesty of their "convictions," What their wrong-doing culminates in, 369. Error on the question of treason, 411, 412. "EXPOUNDING." An essential part of the, Theory of national "absolute supremacy," What the "school" have long tried to con- Example of the most pernicious, 313. 314. Modern, identical with Were refuted by Washington, Hamilton, and Their refutation barely saved the system, 53, Comparison of, with the charges, 159 et seq. F. FACT. The character of our polity is matter Professors of, wanted, 49. Exposition of polity is exposition of, 51. Ordinances of ratification are indestructible The whole subject one of, 274, 368, 369. Facts in the political history of Pennsylva Facts as to the States, 332, 393, 325, 326, 359, FACT-continued. Title of the government an important, 201, "Most palpable of all the facts," 331. FATHERS, THE., The people sovereign the On coercion, 31, 32, 329, 377, 382, 383, 396. On love of one's State, 34, 35, 395, 396. On the commonwealths, 65, 66, 169. 203. Theory of the Constitution, 155, 180, 202, 203 The work of the convention, 201-203. The social compact and the federal pact, 282, Federal and State governments, 311, 312, 355. Sovereignty and "sovereign powers," 317, On delegations of power, 194. Our Constitution of general government, 367, On federal usurpation, 376, 377, 380. FEDERALIST, THE. Testimony of the writers Federal and State governments, agents, and Testimony as to our polity, 43, 44, 179, 186, Story's garbling of, 185. Washington [who knew the writers] says the FEDERALISTS, THE. Overcame the nation- Their theory of the Constitution, 275. ment, 31, 32, 37, 193, 194, 302, 363, 874. Such acts, if enforced, are usurpations, id. FEDERALIZING AND REPRESENTATIVE FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN. Character of the Senate represents sovereign States, id., 102, "FREE, SOVEREIGN, AND INDEPENDENT." I. The people are the States, composing II. The fathers aimed to prevent the federal IV. Federal coercion of States is absolutely V. States have unlimited right of self-de- VI. Defence of the State with arms, in obedi- GIBBON. A Roman chapter of American bis- GORE, CHRISTOPHER. The union of sove- "GOVERNMENT, THE." Abuse of powers Self-consolidation of, 13, 17, 18, 300. on the new. The fathers on the nature of Personnel of the federal,-" citizens" and The general, the creation of the States. 9 et Federal and State Governments, but " cies," agen- ," "trustees," "depositaries," 10, 11, No sovereignty in the general, 36, 37, 53, 54, |