rights of nations involve the duties of protecting them by international association.

And these things, as they spring from Christianity, must partake of its nature. Democracy must be intelligent and self-restrained, or it can neither understand its relative duties, or maintain its own rights.

It is here that the general Intelligence and conservatism of the American comes in with decisive weight. In republics man must be educated to self-restraint, and respect for law, the embodiment of the social compact, and of the will of the People. Without this, republics cannot exist.

"This Government, the offspring of our own choice, completely free in its principles, and containing within itself a provision for its own amendment, has a just claim to your confidence and support. Respect for its authority, &c. are duties enjoined, by the fundamental principles of true liberty.”

" *

Nationality always asserts itself. But it is when nation helps nation, that we have the crowning victory of the People, a power of organisation and self-denial, that ensures the ultimate, though gradual, triumph of Principle over force. The growing solidation of the Peoples, and an increasing division and distrust among Despots, are the natural results of the universal, social, and political progress of the masses.

This question is profoundly stirred by the conflict in America, and the contradictory sympathies and endeavours of Governments and Peoples, in relation thereto.

* Washington's Farewell.

It behoves, now, Democracy to be consistent, calm, clear, and resolute. It must take its stand on the fundamental principles of Christianity, and the three other great revolutions of the world, for they furnish, each a step, towards the final logic of victory.

In revolutionary epochs all fear of consequences is cast off,-Thought is free, and passion wings it, passion, sentiment, without which nothing is ever thought out, or fought out, without which mere Intellect has no generative force, without which no great deeds are ever done. Then are first principles established, and we witness the greatest efforts of the most majestic attributes of Man.

The central thought and life of each of these revolutions, (however diversely time and circumstances may have influenced its development) was the same the value of the Individual Soul. De Tocqueville (let us repeat it) says of American puritanism, that it was

"Not merely a religious doctrine, but corresponded in many "points with the most absolute Democratic and republican "theories. The General principles were all recognised and "determined by the laws of New England. The intervention "of the people in public affairs, the free voting of taxes, the "responsibility of authorities, personal liberty, and trial by "Jury."

The Charter of Frenchmen;-the Declaration of the "rights of man," was nearly coincident in point of time, and is identical in substance, with the great settlement of American liberties. declared all men free and equal. It declared the responsibility of all officials to the sovereign people.

It

Their right to change the Government, and to meet in public assembly. Their right to prompt justice, to authentic trial, and to freedom of worship and of the press.

Except in America, these Principles have everywhere been defrauded of their victories. Nowhere else is responsibility to the people, and representation of the people, completely carried out, and universal Democracy has long looked to America for the grand moral impulse.

The complete realisation of the principle of Democracy, belongs inevitably to the providential education of the Human race. Soon or late, it must come, and we believe it is coming now.

Broadly stated, Autocracies and Oligarchies tend only to complete the few. Representative Governments tend to complete the many. Democracies tend to complete the all.

In whatever epoch, or with whatever "enlightenment," Man will not be governed for himself, till he is governed by himself, he cannot become a creature "looking before and after," in politics, except by the exercise of those faculties of self Government, in respect of all his relationships, here and hereafter, which are his right and his duty as Man.

All this, we think, is absolutely plain,-from the laws of human selfishness, the necessities of social order and advancement, and the capabilities of the Human Soul.

For in a measure it may be said, that Autocracy at its best affirms little but the fact and necessity of Order and Law, that Oligarchies and

partial representations are a compromise between Law and Freedom,--and that all tend (as the firmamental universe through space) to some point of final adjustment of Law and Freedom, Order and Authority, the Man and the Institution, to be reached by the Democracy of the future.

The Logic of History is as simple and sublime as it is absolute; at every stage, from Cæsar to the Citizen, from the autocrát to the broadest based democracy, the two conditions of all organised life have had to be realised, or the system that could not realise them has been destroyed for want of them. Thus, from cycle to cycle, has the world been put back or forwards, to learn the needful lesson, or take the rightful prize. Order and Progress, Loyalty and Right, Conservatism and Radicalism, are the positive and negative poles of politics, but really own one life and law.

The two must be equally present in every completed revolution. Despair may begin a revolution but it cannot end it. And wherever a yet larger number of men are prepared by self restraint and energy, by that mutual trust which can alone render combination against authority possible, to take the next step, the nation will always be the stronger and the world will always be the better for the change.

Thus the fight of thought, of agitation, or of arms, will be fought in every nation, as larger and still larger numbers of qualified men knock at the doors of power, and from autocracy to oligarchy, from oligarchy to representation, from representa

tion of the few, to representation of the all, will nation after nation be completed in politics and in

men.

со

But the same energies, habits, principles, that enable individuals to combine against domestic wrong, will impel nation also to combine with nation against their oppressors.

This battle of the future is scented from afar by all parties, who see in the freedom, and loyalty, and union, of Americans, their own representative or antagonistic forces.

Accordingly, the Aristocrats all over the world are "revolting!"-In America by arms; in Europe, by opinion, although the letter of the law, as well as the spirit of equity, is against the South.

The Aristocrats are at last "revolting!" It is an instructive spectacle, and Gentlemen who never before approved of revolutions, have now acquired a holy horror of repression, and will carry it with them to their dying day.

The great Democratic nation is in danger of succeeding. It is being "made." This is the heart and essence of the American question, and it is the head and front of the North's offending, for in the perfectibility and progress of the People, the oligarchs of all countries believe and tremble.

The third great stage of the conflict between Democracy and Oligarchy has arrived.

The Solidarité of Despots has destroyed itself by its own extravagance and Obstinacy. It exists no